Panoan languages

The Panoan family is generally believed to be related to the Tacanan family, forming with it Pano–Tacanan, though this has not yet been established (Loos 1999).

Jolkesky (2016) notes that there are lexical similarities with the Kechua, Mapudungun, Moseten-Tsimane, Tukano, Uru-Chipaya, Harakmbet, Arawak, Kandoshi, and Pukina language families due to contact.[1]

There are some 18 extant and 14 extinct Panoan languages.[2] In the list of Panoan languages below adapted from Fleck (2013), (†) means extinct, and (*) obsolescent (no longer spoken daily). Dialects are listed in parentheses.

• Mayoruna
  • Tabatinga Mayoruna [most divergent] †
  • Mayo
    • Matses
      • Matses (Peruvian Matses, Brazilian Matses, Paud Usunkid^†)
      • Kulino (of Curuça)* (Kapishtana*, Mawi*, Chema*)
      • Demushbo †
    • Korubo (Korubo, Chankueshbo*)
    • Matis
      • Matis
      • Jandiatuba Mayoruna †
      • Amazon Mayoruna † (two dialects)
• Mainline Panoan
  • Kasharari [most divergent]
  • Kashibo (Kashibo, Rubo/Isunbo, Kakataibo, Nokaman)
  • Nawa branch (from least to most divergent)
    • Bolivian
      • Chokobo/Pakawara (Chokobo, Pakawara)
      • Karipuna [possibly a dialect of Chokobo-Pakawara] †
      • ? Chiriba †
    • Madre de Dios †
      • Atsawaka-Yamiaka † (Atsawaka, Yamiaka)
      • Arazaire †
    • Blanco River Remo †
    • Tarauacá Kashinawa †
    • Marubo
      • Marubo [of the Javari Basin]
      • Katukina (or Waninawa: Katukina of Olinda, Katukina of Sete Estrelas, Kanamari^†)
      • Olivença Kulina
    • Poyanawa*
      • Poyanawa †
      • Iskonawa*
      • Nukini †
      •  ?Môa Nawa* [tentative due to lack of data]
      • Jaquirana Remo †
    • Chama
      • Shipibo (Shipibo-Konibo, Tapiche Kapanawa*)
      • Pano* (Pano †, Shetebo*, Piskino*)
      • Sensi †
    • Headwaters
      • Ibuaçu Kashinawa (Brazilian Kashinawa, Peruvian Kashinawa, Juruá Kapanawa^†, Parannawa^†)
      • Yaminawa (Brazilian Yaminawa dialects, Peruvian Yaminawa, Chaninawa, Chitonawa, Mastanawa, Parkenawa (= Yora), Shanenawa, Sharanawa/Marinawa, Shawannawa (= Arara), Yawanawa, Yaminawa-arara*, Nehanawa^†)
      • Amawaka (Peruvian Amawaka, Nishinawa^†, Yumanawa^†)
      • Môa Remo † (resembles Amawaka)
      • Tuchinawa † (resembles Yaminawa dialects)

Boundaries between the Poyanawa, Chama, and Headwaters groups are somewhat blurred. Karipuna and Môa River Nawa may not be distinct languages, and Chiriba may not be Panoan at all.

Hundreds of other Panoan "languages" have been reported in the literature. These are names of groups that may have been ethnically Panoan, but whose language is unattested. They sometimes are assumed to be Panoan on no other evidence than that the name ends in -nawa or -bo. A few, such as Maya (Pisabo), are unattested but reported to be mutually intelligible with a known Panoan language (in this case Matsés). The people speaking one of these supposed languages, Kontanáwa,[3] was rediscovered in 2002. However, no linguistic information is available, and it is not known if they speak a distinct language.[4]

Below is a full list of Panoan language varieties listed by Loukotka (1968), including names of unattested varieties.[7]

Northern languages

• Pano / Pánobo - spoken in the village of Contamana on the Ucayali River, Loreto province, Peru.
• Maruba / Maxuruna / Mayoruna / Pelado / Dallus - spoken on the Maruba River and Jandiatuba River, state of Amazonas.
• Culino - extinct language once spoken between the Jutaí River, Javarí River, and Jandiatuba River, Amazonas.
• Panau - spoken by only a few families in Seringal Barão, Rio Branco, territory of Acre, Brazil. (Unattested.)
• Cashibo / Cacataibo / Caxivo / Hagueti - spoken on the Pachitea River, Pisqui River, and Aguaytía River, Loreto, Peru.
• Manamabobo - extinct language once spoken on the Pachitea River, Peru. (Unattested.)
• Carapacho / Caliseca - once spoken on the Carapacho River, Peru. (Unattested.)
• Pichobo - once spoken at the mouth of the Paguamigua River in Peru. (Unattested.)
• Sobolbo / Bolbo - once spoken on the Cohengua River, Peru. (Unattested.)
• Mochobo - once spoken between the Guanie River and Guarimi River. (Unattested.)
• Maspo - once spoken on the Taco River and Manipaboro River. (Unattested.)
• Comobo / Univitsa - once spoken in the same region on the Inua River and Unini River. (Unattested.)
• Conibo / Cunibo / Curibeo - spoken along the Ucayali River between 8° 30' and 10° latitude.
• Cháma / Manava / Chipeo / Setebo / Shipibo / Puinahva - spoken on the Ucayali River north of the Conibo tribe.
• Nocamán - spoken at the sources of the Chesco River, Loreto.
• Ruanagua - spoken on the Corjuania River, Loreto. (Unattested.)
• Capanagua - spoken on the Tapiche River and Blanco River, Loreto.
• Busquipani - once spoken on the Alacrán River, Loreto. (Unattested.)
• Custanáwa - spoken on the upper course of the Purus River near the mouth of the Curanja River, Loreto. (Unattested.)
• Espino - spoken on the Curumaha River in the same region. (Unattested.)
• Yura - once spoken on the Piqueyaco River, Loreto. (Unattested.)
• Marináwa - spoken on the Furnaya River, Loreto. (Pike and Scott 1962.)
• Xaranáwa - spoken on the Curanja River, Loreto. (Unattested.)
• Canawari - extinct language once spoken on the Curumaha River and Rixalá River, Acre territory, Brazil
• Nucuini / Remo / Rheno - spoken at the sources of the Javari River and on the Moenalco River and Ipixuna River, state of Amazonas.
• Amahuaca / Sayaco / Impetineri - spoken on the Urubamba River and Ucayali River, Loreto, and on the Purus River and Juruá River, Acre.
• Mastináhua - spoken on the Purus River in the same territory. (Unattested.)
• Cachináua / Huñikui - spoken between the Embira River, Liberdade River, and Tarauacá River, state of Amazonas.
• Tuxináua - spoken on the Embira River and Humaitá River, Acre.
• Camanáwa - on the Môa River in Acre. (Unattested.)
• Pacanáwa - spoken at the sources of the Embira River, Acre. (Unattested.)
• Nehanáwa - spoken by a small tribe on the Jordão River, Acre.
• Nastanáwa - spoken on the upper course of the Jordão River.
• Cuyanáwa - spoken between the Môa River and Paraná dos Mouros River, Acre territory. (Unattested.)
• Sacuya - once spoken between the Juruá River and Tamaya River, Acre. (Unattested.)
• Xanindáua - spoken by a small tribe on the Riozinho River, Acre. (Unattested.)
• Coronáwa - spoken in the Acre territory, but exact location unknown. (Unattested.)
• Yauavo - once spoken between the Tejo River and Aturia River, Acre. (Unattested.)

Yaminaua group

• Yaminaua - spoken at the sources of the Tarauaca River, territory of Acre.
• Poyanáwa - spoken in Acre territory on the Môa River.
• Yumanáwa - spoken on the Muruzinho River, Acre.
• Paran-náwa - spoken on the Muru River, Acre.
• Nixináwa - spoken on the Jordão River, Acre.
• Yawanáwa - spoken in Acre territory on the upper course of the Jordão River.
• Sanináwa / Shanináua - spoken on the Valparaiso River, Liberdade River, and Humaitá River, Acre.
• Xipináwa - spoken between the Valparaiso River and Liberdade River. (Unattested.)
• Aranáwa - spoken between the Humaitá River and Liberdade River. (Unattested.)
• Contanáwa - spoken in Acre on the upper course of the Tarauaca River and on the Humaitá River. (Unattested.)
• Yumináhua - spoken on the Tarauaca River, Acre. (Unattested.)
• Wamináua / Catoquino do Rio Gregorio - spoken in the same territory on the Gregorio River.

Sensi group

• Sensi - spoken on the Huanachá River and Chanuya River, department of Loreto, Peru.

Central group

• Yamiaca / Haauñeiri - spoken by a small tribe on the Yaguarmayo River, department of Madre de Dios, Peru.
• Arazaire - language spoken by a few families in the same region on the Marcapata River.
• Atsahuaca / Chaspa - spoken on the Carama River in Peru.
• Araua - extinct language once spoken on the Chiva River, territory of Colonia, Bolivia. (Unattested.)

Eastern group

• Chacobo - spoken around Lake Rogoaguado, Beni province, Bolivia.
• Capuibo - once spoken on the Biata River in Beni province, Bolivia. (Unattested.)
• Pacaguara - language now probably extinct, once spoken between the Beni River and Abuña River.
• Sinabo / Shenabu / Gritones - language now probably extinct, once spoken on the Mamoré River near Los Almendrales, Beni Province. (Unattested.)
• Caripuna / Jaunavô / Shakáre / Éloe / Yacariá - spoken in the nineteenth century along the Madeira River and the sources of the Beni River, now only in a single village at the mouth of the Mutumparaná River, Rondônia.
• Pama / Pamainá - language of an unknown tribe of the Caldeirão River, territory of Rondônia. (Unattested.)

Loukotka (1968) lists the following basic vocabulary items.[7]

Below are Proto-Panoan reconstructions by de Oliveira (2014).[8] For the full list of original Portuguese glosses, see the corresponding Portuguese article.

• Amarante Ribeiro, Lincoln Almir, and Gláucia Viera Cândido. (2008). "A formação de palavras a partir de morfemas monossilábicos nominais e bases verbais em línguas indígenas da família Pano: Prefixação ou incorporação nominal?" Veredas On Line (UFJF) 1:129–45.
• Campbell, Lyle. (1997). American Indian languages: The historical linguistics of Native America. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-509427-1.
• Eakin, Lucille. (1991). "Lecciones Para el Aprendizaje del Idioma Yaminahua. Documento de Trabajo no. 22. Yarinacocha, Peru: Instituto Lingüístico de Verano.
• Faust, Norma. (1973). "Lecciones Para el Aprendizaje del Idioma Shipibo-Conibo." Documento de Trabajo no. 1. Yarinacocha, Peru: Instituto Lingüístico de Verano.
• Ferreira, Rogério Vincente. (2007). "Afixos verbais em uma lingua da familia Pano." V Congreso Internacional de Investigaciones Lingüísticos-Filológicas: La Enseñanza de la Lengua en el Tercer Milenio. Lima: Universidad Ricardo Palma.
• Ferreira, Rogério Vincente. (2008). "Morfemas "partes do corpo" em Matis e algumas línguas da família Pano." Raído (Universidade Federal da Grande Dourados) 2, no. 4:35–39.
• Fleck, David. (2006). "Body-part prefixes in Matses: Derivation or noun incorporation?" IJAL 72:59–96.
• Hyde, Sylvia. (1980). "Diccionario Amahuaca" (Edición Preliminar). Serie Lingüística Peruana no. 7. Yarinacocha, Peru: Instituto Lingüístico Peruano.
• Kaufman, Terrence. (1990). "Language history in South America: What we know and how to know more." In D. L. Payne (Ed.), Amazonian linguistics: Studies in lowland South American languages (pp. 13–67). Austin: University of Texas Press. ISBN 0-292-70414-3.
• Kaufman, Terrence. (1994). "The native languages of South America." In C. Mosley & R. E. Asher (Eds.), Atlas of the world's languages (pp. 46–76). London: Routledge.
• Loos, E.; Loos, B. (2003). Diccionario Capanahua-Castellano. Versión electrónica ilustrada. (Serie Lingüística Peruana, 45). Lima: Summer Institute of Linguistics.
• Loos, Eugene E. (1999). "Pano." The Amazonian Languages, ed. R. M. W. Dixon and Alexandra Y. Aikhenvald, pp. 227–49. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
• Loriot, James; Erwin Lauriault; and Dwight Day. (1993). "Diccionario Shipibo–Castellano." Serie Lingüística Peruana no. 31. Yarinacocha, Peru: Instituto Lingüístico de Verano.
• Migliazza, Ernest C.; & Campbell, Lyle. (1988). "Panorama general de las lenguas indígenas en América". Historia general de América (Vol. 10). Caracas: Instituto Panamericano de Geografía e Historia.
• Prost, Gilbert R. (1967). "Chacobo." Bolivian Indian Grammars: 1, ed. Esther Matteson, pp. 285–359. Norman: Summer Institute of Linguistics and the University of Oklahoma.
• Rodrigues, Aryon. (1986). Linguas brasileiras: Para o conhecimento das linguas indígenas. São Paulo: Edições Loyola.
• Scott, M. (2004). Vocabulario Sharanahua-Castellano. (Serie Lingüística Peruana, 53). Lima: Summer Institute of Linguistics.
• Shell, Olive A. (1975). "Las lenguas pano y su reconstrucción". Serie Lingüística Peruana (No. 12). Yarinacocha, Peru: Instituto Lingüístico de Verano.
• Valenzuela, Pilar M. (2003). "Transitivity in Shipibo-Konibo grammar." Ph.D. dissertation, University of Oregon, Eugene.
• Zariquiey Biondi, Roberto and David W. Fleck. (2012). "Body-Part Prefixation in Kashibo-Kakataibo: Synchronic or Diachronic Derivation?" IJAL 78(3):385–409.
• Zingg, Philipp. (1998). Diccionario Chácobo–Castellano Castellano–Chácobo con Bosquejo de la Gramática Chacobo y con Apuntes Culturales. La Paz, Bolivia: Ministerio de Desarrollo Sostenible y Planificación Viceministro de Asuntos Indígenas y Pueblos Originarios.

• Panoan (ethnicity) at Curlie
• Proel: Familia Panoana
• Pacahuara and Yaminahua dictionaries online from IDS (select simple or advanced browsing)
• Lenguas de Bolivia (online edition)