List of common misconceptions

Each entry on this list of common misconceptions is worded as a correction; the misconceptions themselves are implied rather than stated. These entries are concise summaries of the main subject articles, which can be consulted for more detail.

A common misconception is a viewpoint or factoid that is often accepted as true but which is actually false. They generally arise from conventional wisdom (such as old wives' tales), stereotypes, superstitions, fallacies, a misunderstanding of science, or the popularization of pseudoscience. Some common misconceptions are also considered to be urban legends, and they are often involved in moral panics.

Arts and culture

Business

Federal legal tender laws in the United States do not state that a private business, a person, or an organization must accept cash for payment, though it must be regarded as valid payment for debts when tendered to a creditor.[1]

A photo of Adolf Dassler, the namesake for Adidas (c. 1915)

Adidas is not an acronym for "All day I dream about sports", "All day I dream about soccer", or "All day I dream about sex". The company was named after its founder Adolf "Adi" Dassler in 1949. The backronyms were jokes published in 1978 and 1981.[2][3][4]
The common image of Santa Claus (Father Christmas) as a jolly old man in red robes was not created by The Coca-Cola Company as an advertising gimmick. Santa Claus had already taken this form in American popular culture and advertising by the late 19th century, long before Coca-Cola used his image in the 1930s.[5]
The Chevrolet Nova sold very well in Latin American markets; General Motors did not need to rename the car. While no va does mean "it doesn't go" in Spanish, nova was easily understood to mean "new".[6]
Netflix was not founded after its co-founder Reed Hastings was charged a $40 late fee by Blockbuster. Hastings made the story up to summarize Netflix's value proposition, and Netflix's founders were actually inspired by Amazon.[7]
PepsiCo never owned the "6th most powerful navy" in the world after a deal with the Soviet Union. In a 1989 deal, estimated to be around 3 million dollars[8] worth of Pepsi were bartered for 20 decommissioned warships which were immediately sold for scrap.[9][10]

Food and cooking

Searing does not seal moisture in meat; in fact, it causes it to lose some moisture. Meat is seared to brown it, to affect its color, flavor, and texture.[11]
Twinkies, an American snack cake generally considered to be "junk food", have a shelf life of around 45 days, despite the common claim (usually facetious) that they remain edible for decades.[12][13] Twinkies, with only sorbic acid as an added preservative, normally remain on a store shelf for 7 to 10 days.[14][15]
With the exception of some perishables, properly stored foods can safely be eaten past their "expiration" dates.[16][17] The vast majority of expiration dates in the United States are regulated by state governments and refer to food quality, not safety; the "use by" date represents the last day the manufacturer warrants the quality of their product.
Seeds are not the spicy part of chili peppers. In fact, seeds contain a low amount of capsaicin, one of several compounds which induce the hot sensation (pungency) in mammals. The highest concentration of capsaicin is located in the placental tissue (the pith) to which the seeds are attached.[18][19]
Turkey meat is not particularly high in tryptophan, and does not cause more drowsiness than other foods.[20][21] Drowsiness after holiday meals such as Thanksgiving dinner generally comes from overeating.[21]
Banana-flavored candy was not intended to mimic the taste of a formerly popular variety of banana. It tastes different from bananas because it is mainly flavored with only one of the many flavors a banana has, isoamyl acetate.[22][23]

Food history

Fortune cookies are associated with Chinese cuisine, but were actually invented in Japan,[24] and are almost never eaten in China, where they are seen as American.[25]

Fortune cookies are not found in Chinese cuisine, despite their ubiquity in Chinese restaurants in the United States and other Western countries. They were invented in Japan and introduced to the US by the Japanese.[24] In China, they are considered American, and are rare.[25]
Hydrox is not a knock-off of Oreos. Hydrox, invented in 1908, predates Oreos by four years and outsold it until the 1950s, when Oreos raised prices and the name "Hydrox" became increasingly unappealing due to sounding like a laundry detergent brand.[26][27][28]
George Washington Carver was not the inventor of peanut butter.[29][30][31] Peanut butter was used by the Aztecs and Incans as early as the 15th century,[29] and the first peanut butter-related patent was filed by John Harvey Kellogg in 1895.[32] Carver did compile hundreds of uses for peanuts, soybeans, pecans, and sweet potatoes to promote his system of crop rotation.[30] An opinion piece by William F. Buckley Jr. may have been the source of the misconception.[31]
Potato chips were not invented by a frustrated George Speck in response to a customer, sometimes given as Cornelius Vanderbilt, constantly complaining that his French fries were too thick and not salty enough.[33][34][35] Recipes for potato chips existed in cookbooks as early as 1817.[35][36] The misconception was popularized by a 1973 advertising campaign by the St. Regis Paper Company.[37]
Spices were not used in the Middle Ages to mask the flavor of rotten meat before refrigeration. Spices were an expensive luxury item; those who could afford them could afford good meat, and there are no contemporaneous documents calling for spices to disguise the taste of bad meat.[38]
Steak tartare was not invented by Mongol warriors who tenderized meat under their saddles.[39] The dish originated in the early 20th century, in Europe, as a variation on the German-American Hamburg steak.[40][41]
Whipped cream was not invented by François Vatel at the Château de Chantilly in 1671; the recipe is attested at least a century earlier in Italy, but the name crème chantilly was only popularized in the 19th century.[42]
Catherine de' Medici and her entourage did not introduce Italian foods to the French royal court and thus create French haute cuisine.[43]

Microwave ovens

Microwave ovens are not tuned to any specific resonance frequency for water molecules in the food, but rather produce a broad spectrum of frequencies,[44][45][46] cooking food via dielectric heating of polar molecules, including water. Several absorption peaks for water lie within the microwave range, and while it is true that these peaks are caused by quantization of molecular energy levels corresponding to a single frequency,[47] water absorbs radiation across the entire microwave spectrum.
Microwave ovens do not cook food from the inside out. 2.45 GHz microwaves can only penetrate approximately 1 centimeter (3⁄8 inch) into most foods. The inside portions of thicker foods are mainly heated by heat conducted from the outer portions.[48]
Microwave ovens do not cause cancer, as microwave radiation is non-ionizing and therefore does not have the cancer risks associated with ionizing radiation such as X-rays. No studies have found that microwave radiation causes cancer, even with exposure levels far greater than normal radiation leakage.[49]
Microwaving food does not reduce its nutritive value and may preserve it better than other cooking processes due to shorter cooking times.[50]

Film and television

Ronald Reagan was never seriously considered for the role of Rick Blaine in the 1942 film classic Casablanca, eventually played by Humphrey Bogart. This belief came from an early studio press release announcing the film's production that used his name to generate interest in the film, but, by the time it had come out, Warner Bros. knew that Reagan was unavailable for any roles in the foreseeable future since he was no longer able to defer his entry into military service.[51] Studio records show that producer Hal B. Wallis had always wanted Bogart for the part.[52]
Although it is considered the first modern zombie film, George A. Romero's Night of the Living Dead did not identify the undead as zombies. Instead they were referred to as "ghouls".[53][54][55][56][57] However, the undead were explicitly called "zombies" in the 1978 sequel Dawn of the Dead.[55]
Walt Disney Studios' Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs was not the first animated film to be feature-length. El Apóstol, a lost 1917 Argentine silent film that used cutout animation, is considered the first.[58][59][60] The confusion comes from Snow White being the first animated feature-length film to use cel animation, which is what most animated films were made with following its release,[61] and from El Apóstol's screenings being limited to select theaters in Buenos Aires.[62]

Language

The pronunciation of coronal fricatives in Spanish did not arise through imitation of a lisping king. Only one Spanish king, Peter of Castile, is documented as having a lisp, and the current pronunciation originated two centuries after his death.[63]
Sign languages are not the same worldwide. Aside from the pidgin International Sign, each country generally has its own native sign language, and some have more than one.[64]
Eskimos do not have a disproportionate number of words representing snow in their languages. The myth comes from a misconstruction of Franz Boas' original statement noting that Eskimos had a variety of words for various snow-related concepts; Boas noted that the same was true to a lesser extent for English (see, for example, "blizzard," "flurry" and "squall").[65] However, Eskimo languages do have many more root words for "snow" than English does.[66][67]
The Hopi people do in fact have a concept of time, and the Hopi language does have ways of expressing temporal concepts, though they are organized differently from those in Western languages.[68]
The Chinese word for "crisis" (危机) is not composed of the symbols for "danger" and "opportunity"; the first does represent danger, but the second instead means "inflection point" (the original meaning of the word "crisis").[69][70] The myth was perpetuated mainly by a campaign speech from John F. Kennedy.[69]
The word "gringo" did not originate during the Mexican–American War (1846–1848), the Venezuelan War of Independence (1811–1823), the Mexican Revolution (1910–1920), or from the American Old West (1865–1890) as a corruption of the English lyrics "green grow" in either "Green Grow the Lilacs" (Irish folk song) or "Green Grow the Rushes, O" (English folk song), as sung by US soldiers or cowboys;[71] nor did it originate during any of these times as a corruption of "Green, go home!", in reference to either the green uniforms of American troops[72] or the color of the U.S. dollar.[73] The word originally simply meant "foreigner", and is probably a corruption of the Spanish word griego for "Greek" (along the lines of the idiom "It's Greek to me").[74]

English language

Irregardless is a word.[75][76] Nonstandard, slang, or colloquial terms used by English speakers are sometimes alleged not to be real words, despite appearing in numerous dictionaries. All words in English became accepted by being commonly used for a certain period of time; thus, there are many vernacular words currently not accepted as part of the standard language, or regarded as inappropriate in formal speech or writing, but the idea that they are not words is a misconception.[77] Other examples of words that are sometimes alleged not to be words include burglarize, licit,[78] and funnest[79] which appear in numerous dictionaries as English words.[80]
African American Vernacular English speakers do not simply replace "is" with "be" across all tenses, with no added meaning. In fact, AAVE speakers use "be" to mark a habitual grammatical aspect not explicitly distinguished in Standard English.[81]
"420" did not originate from the Los Angeles police or penal code for marijuana use.[82] California Penal Code section 420 prohibits the obstruction of access to public land.[82][83] The use of "420" started in 1971 at San Rafael High School, where a group of students would go to smoke at 4:20 pm.[82]
The word crap did not originate as a back-formation of British plumber Thomas Crapper's aptronymous surname, nor does his name originate from the word crap.[84] The surname "Crapper" is a variant of "Cropper", which originally referred to someone who harvested crops.[85] The word crap ultimately comes from Medieval Latin crappa.[86]
The use of the word faggot as a pejorative for homosexual men was not derived from the burning of homosexuals at the stake with a bundle of sticks. Homosexuality was never punished with immolation in either England or its colonies. The actual etymology is unknown; it may come from an insult for unpleasant old women, or from British slang for a student that does errands for their superior.[87][88][89]
The word fuck did not originate in the Middle Ages as an acronym for either "fornicating under consent of king" or "for unlawful carnal knowledge", either as a sign posted above adulterers in the stocks, or as a sign on houses visible from the road during the Black Death. Nor did it originate as a corruption of "pluck yew" (an idiom falsely attributed to the English for drawing a longbow).[90] It is most likely derived from Middle Dutch or other Germanic languages, where it either meant "to thrust" or "to copulate with" (fokken in Middle Dutch), "to copulate" (fukka in Norwegian), or "to strike, push, copulate" or "penis" (focka and fock respectively in Swedish).[90][91] Either way, these variations would have been derived from the Indo-European root word -peuk, meaning "to prick".[90]
The expression "rule of thumb" did not originate from an English law allowing a man to beat his wife with a stick no thicker than his thumb, and there is no evidence that such a law ever existed.[92] The false etymology has been broadly reported in media including Time magazine (1983), The Washington Post (1989) and CNN (1993).[93] The expression originates from the seventeenth century from various trades where quantities were measured by comparison to the width or length of a thumb.[94][95]
The word the was never pronounced or spelled "ye" in Old or Middle English.[96] The confusion, seen in the common stock phrase "ye olde", derives from the use of the character thorn (þ), which in Middle English represented the sound now represented in Modern English by "th". Early printing presses often lacked types for the letter þ, meaning that "þͤ" () and "þe" were substituted with the visually similar "yͤ" and "ye", respectively.[97]
The anti-Italian slur wop did not originate from an acronym for "without papers" or "without passport";[98] it is actually derived from the term guappo (roughly meaning thug or "dandy"), from Spanish guapo.[99]

"Xmas", along with a modern Santa Claus, used on a Christmas postcard (1910)

Xmas did not originate as a secular plan to "take the Christ out of Christmas".[100] X represents the Greek letter chi, the first letter of Χριστός (Christós), "Christ" in Greek,[101] as found in the chi-rho symbol ΧΡ since the 4th century. In English, "X" was first used as a scribal abbreviation for "Christ" in 1100; "X'temmas" is attested in 1551, and "Xmas" in 1721.[102]

Law, crime, and military

It is not necessary to wait 24 hours before filing a missing person report. When there is evidence of violence or of an unusual absence, it is important to start an investigation promptly.[103] The UK government advises "You do not have to wait 24 hours before contacting the police."[104] Criminology experts say the first 72 hours in a missing person investigation are the most critical.[105]
Twinkies were not claimed to be the cause of San Francisco mayor George Moscone's and supervisor Harvey Milk's murders. In the trial of Dan White, the defense successfully argued White's diminished capacity as a result of severe depression. While eating Twinkies was cited as evidence of this depression, it was never claimed to be the cause of the murders.[106]
The US Armed Forces have generally forbidden military enlistment as a form of deferred adjudication (that is, an option for convicts to avoid jail time) since the 1980s. US Navy protocols discourage the practice, while the other four branches have specific regulations against it.[107]
The United States does not require police officers to identify themselves as police in the case of a sting or other undercover work, and police officers may lie when engaged in such work.[108] Claiming entrapment as a defense instead focuses on whether the defendant was induced by undue pressure (such as threats) or deception from law enforcement to commit crimes they would not have otherwise committed.[109]

Violent crime rates in the United States declined significantly between 1994 and 2003.

Crime in the United States decreased between 1993 and 2017. The violent crime rate fell 49% in that period,[110] and the number of gun homicides had decreased during that same time period.[111]
The First Amendment to the United States Constitution generally prevents only government restrictions on the freedoms of religion, speech, press, assembly, or petition,[112] not restrictions imposed by private individuals or businesses[113] unless they are acting on behalf of the government.[114] Other laws may restrict the ability of private businesses and individuals to restrict the speech of others.[115]
It is not illegal in the US to shout "fire" in a crowded theater. Although this is often given as an example of speech that is not protected by the First Amendment, it is not now nor has it ever been the law of the land. The phrase originates from Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr.'s opinion in the United States Supreme Court case Schenck v. United States in 1919, which held that the defendant's speech in opposition to the draft during World War I was not protected free speech. However, that case was not about shouting "fire" and it was later overturned by Brandenburg v. Ohio in 1969.[116][117][118]
Neither the Mafia nor other criminal organizations regularly use or have used cement shoes to drown their victims.[119] There are only two documented cases of this method being used in murders: one in 1964 and one in 2016 (although, in the former, the victim had concrete blocks tied to his legs rather than being enclosed in cement).[120] The French Army did use cement shoes on Algerians killed in death flights during the Algerian War.[121]
In the United States, a defendant may not have their case dismissed simply because they were not read their Miranda rights at the time of their arrest. Miranda warnings cover the rights of a person when they are taken into custody and then interrogated by law enforcement.[122][123] If a person is not given a Miranda warning before the interrogation is conducted, statements made by them during the interrogation may not be admissible in a trial. The prosecution may still present other forms of evidence, or statements made during interrogations where the defendant was read their Miranda rights, to get a conviction.[124]
Chewing gum is not punishable by caning in Singapore. Although importing and selling chewing gum has been illegal in Singapore since 1992, and corporal punishment still being an applicable penalty for certain offenses in the country, the two facts are unrelated; chewing gum-related offenses have always been only subject to fines, and the possession or consumption of chewing gum itself is not illegal.[125][126]
Employees of the international police organization Interpol cannot conduct investigations, arrest criminals or use fake passports. They only provide support for international communication between law enforcement agencies of sovereign states.[127][128]
Chalk outlines in crime scenes are rare in modern investigations, despite being a popular trope in fiction.[129]

Literature

Many quotations are incorrect or attributed to people who never uttered them, and quotations from obscure or unknown authors are often attributed to more famous figures. Commonly misquoted individuals include Mark Twain, Albert Einstein, Adolf Hitler, Winston Churchill, Abraham Lincoln, William Shakespeare, Confucius, Sun Tzu, and the Buddha.[130]
Mary Shelley's 1818 novel Frankenstein is named after the fictional scientist Victor Frankenstein, who created the sapient creature in the novel, not the creature itself, which is never named and is called Frankenstein's monster. However, as later adaptations started to refer to the monster itself as Frankenstein, this usage became well-established, and some no longer regard it as erroneous.[131][132]
Ernest Hemingway did not author the flash fiction story "For sale: baby shoes, never worn". The story existed as early as 1906, and it was not attributed to him until decades after he died.[133][134][135]

Music

Classical music

The musical interval tritone was never thought to summon the devil, was not banned by the Catholic Church,[136] and was not associated with devils during the Middle Ages or Renaissance.[137] Early medieval music used the tritone in Gregorian chant for certain modes.[138] Guido of Arezzo (c. 991 – c. 1033) was the first theorist to discourage the interval,[138][139] while rock musicians popularized this myth to justify their use of the tritone.[140]
Mozart did not die from poisoning, and was not poisoned by his colleague Antonio Salieri or anyone else.[141] The false rumor originated soon after Salieri's death and was dramatized in Alexander Pushkin's play Mozart and Salieri (1832), and later in the 1979 play Amadeus by Peter Shaffer and the subsequent 1984 film Amadeus.[142]
The minuet in G major by Christian Petzold is commonly attributed to Johann Sebastian Bach, although the piece was identified in the 1970s as a movement from a harpsichord suite by Petzold. The misconception stems from Notebook for Anna Magdalena Bach, a book of sheet music by various composers (mostly Bach) in which the minuet is found.[143] Compositions that are doubtful as works of Bach are cataloged as "BWV Anh.", short for "Bach-Werke-Verzeichnis Anhang" ("Bach works catalogue annex"); the minuet is assigned to BWV Anh. 114.
Listening to Mozart or classical music does not enhance intelligence (or IQ). A study from 1993 reported a short-term improvement in spatial reasoning.[144][145] However, the weight of subsequent evidence supports either a null effect or short-term effects related to increases in mood and arousal, with mixed results published after the initial report in Nature.[146][147][148][149]

The "Minute Waltz" takes, on average, two minutes to play as originally written.[150] Its name comes from the adjective minute, meaning "small", and not the noun spelled the same.[151]

Popular music

"Edelweiss" is not the national anthem of Austria, but an original composition created for the 1959 musical The Sound of Music.[152] The Austrian national anthem is "Land der Berge, Land am Strome" ("Land of the Mountains, Land on the River [Danube]").[153] The edelweiss is also a national symbol of Austria.[154]
The Monkees did not outsell the Beatles' and the Rolling Stones' combined record sales in 1967. Michael Nesmith originated the claim in a 1977 interview as a prank.[155]
The Rolling Stones were not performing "Sympathy for the Devil" at the 1969 Altamont Free Concert when Meredith Hunter was stabbed to death by a member of the local Hells Angels chapter that was serving as security. While the incident began while the band was performing the song, prompting a brief interruption before the Stones finished it, the actual stabbing occurred later as the band was performing "Under My Thumb".[156] The misconception arose from mistaken reporting in Rolling Stone.[157]
Concept albums did not begin with rock music in the 1960s. The format had already been employed by singers such as Frank Sinatra in the 1940s and 1950s.[158]
Phil Collins did not write his 1981 hit "In the Air Tonight" about witnessing someone drowning and then confronting the person in the audience who let it happen. According to Collins himself, it was about his emotions when divorcing from his first wife.[159]

Buddhism

The historical Buddha is not known to have been fat. The chubby monk known as the "fat Buddha" or "laughing Buddha" in the West is a 10th-century Chinese Buddhist folk hero by the name of Budai.[160]

Christianity

Jesus was most likely not born on December 25, when his birth is traditionally celebrated as Christmas. It is more likely that his birth was in either the season of spring or perhaps summer. Although the Common Era ostensibly counts the years since the birth of Jesus,[161] it is unlikely that he was born in either AD 1 or 1 BC, as such a numbering system would imply. Modern historians estimate a date closer to between 6 BC and 4 BC.[162]
The Bible does not say that exactly three magi came to visit the baby Jesus, nor that they were kings, or rode on camels, or that their names were Caspar, Melchior, and Balthazar, nor what color their skin was. Three magi are inferred because three gifts are described, but the Bible says only that there was more than one magus.[163][164][165][166][167][168]

No Biblical or historical evidence supports Mary Magdalene having been a prostitute.[169][170]

The idea that Mary Magdalene was a prostitute before she met Jesus is not found in the Bible or in any of the other earliest Christian writings. It has been a disputed doctrine in several theological traditions whether Mary Magdalene, Mary of Bethany (who anoints Jesus' feet in John 11:1–12), and the unnamed "sinful woman" who anoints Jesus' feet in Luke 7:36–50 were the same woman.[169][170]
Paul the Apostle did not change his name from Saul. He was born a Jew, with Roman citizenship inherited from his father, and thus carried both a Hebrew and a Greco-Roman name from birth, as mentioned by Luke in Acts 13:9: "...Saul, who also is called Paul...".[171]
The Roman Catholic dogma of the Immaculate Conception is unrelated to the Christian doctrine that Mary conceived and gave birth to Jesus while remaining a virgin. The Immaculate Conception is the belief that Mary was free of original sin from the moment of her own conception. A less common mistake is to think that the Immaculate Conception means that Mary herself was conceived without sexual intercourse.[172][173]
Roman Catholic dogma does not say that the pope is either sinless or always infallible.[174] Catholic dogma since 1870 does state that a dogmatic teaching contained in divine revelation that is promulgated by the pope (deliberately, and under certain very specific circumstances; generally called ex cathedra) is free from error, although official invocation of papal infallibility is rare. Most theologians state that canonizations meet the requisites.[175] Otherwise, even when speaking in his official capacity, dogma does not hold that he is always free from error.
St. Peter's Basilica is not the mother church of Roman Catholicism, nor is it the official seat of the Pope. These equivalent distinctions belong to the Archbasilica of Saint John Lateran, which is located in Rome outside of Vatican City but over which the Vatican has extraterritorial jurisdiction. This also means that St. Peter's is not a cathedral in the literal sense of that word. St. Peter's is, however, used as the principal church for many papal functions.[176]
Members of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) no longer practice polygamy.[177] However, a widower may be "sealed" to another wife, and is considered a polygamist in the hereafter.[178] Currently, the LDS Church excommunicates any members who practice "living" polygamy within the organization.[179] Some Mormon fundamentalist sects do practice polygamy.[180]
Saint Augustine did not say "God created hell for inquisitive people".[181] He actually said: "I do not give the answer that someone is said to have given (evading by a joke the force of the objection), 'He was preparing hell for those who pry into such deep subjects.' ... I do not answer in this way. I would rather respond, 'I do not know,' concerning what I do not know than say something for which a man inquiring about such profound matters is laughed at, while the one giving a false answer is praised."[182] So Augustine is saying that he would not say this and that he does not know the answer to the question.
The First Council of Nicaea did not establish the books of the Bible. The Old Testament had likely already been established by Hebrew scribes before Christ. The development of the New Testament canon was mostly completed in the third century before the Nicaea Council was convened in 325;[183] it was finalized, along with the deuterocanon, at the Council of Rome in 382.[184]

Islam

Afghan women wearing burqas

Turkish women wearing niqābs

Turkish women wearing hijabs

Most Muslim women do not wear a burqa (also transliterated as burka or burkha), which covers the body, head, and face, with a mesh grille to see through. Many Muslim women cover their hair and face (excluding the eyes) with a niqāb, or just their hair with a hijab[185] and many Muslim women wear neither face nor head coverings of any kind.[186]
A fatwa is a non-binding legal opinion issued by an Islamic scholar under Islamic law; it is therefore commonplace for fatwā from different authors to disagree. The misconception[187] that it is a death sentence stems from a fatwā issued by Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini of Iran in 1989 where he said that the author Salman Rushdie had earned a death sentence for blasphemy.[188]
The word "jihad" does not always mean "holy war"; literally, the word in Arabic means "struggle". While there is such a thing as "jihad bil saif", or jihad "by the sword",[189] Islamic scholars and texts say that it implies any effort or struggle of a spiritual kind.[190][191] Seeking knowledge, performing good deeds to parents, children, or spouse, inviting others to Islam, and behaving gently towards animals and plants are all considered Jihad because they are efforts carried out in accordance with spiritual teachings.
The Quran does not promise martyrs 72 virgins in heaven. It does mention that virgin female companions,[192] houri, are given to all people, martyr or not, in heaven, but no number is specified. The source for the 72 virgins is a hadith in Sunan al-Tirmidhi by Imam Tirmidhi.[193][194] Hadiths are sayings and acts of the prophet Muhammad as reported by others, not part of the Quran itself.[195][193]

Judaism

Often shown as an apple in art, the fruit in the Garden of Eden is not named in Genesis.[196]

The forbidden fruit mentioned in the Book of Genesis is never identified as an apple,[196] as widely depicted in Western art. The original Hebrew texts mention only tree and fruit.[197]
While tattoos are forbidden by the Book of Leviticus, Jews with tattoos are not barred from being buried in a Jewish cemetery, just as violators of other prohibitions are not barred.[198]

Sports

The name golf is not an acronym for "Gentlemen Only, Ladies Forbidden".[199][200][201] It may have come from the Dutch word kolf or kolve, meaning "club",[200] or from the Scottish word goulf or gowf meaning "to strike or cuff".[199]
Baseball was not invented by Abner Doubleday, nor did it originate in Cooperstown, New York. It is believed to have evolved from other bat-and-ball games such as cricket and rounders and first took its modern form in New York City.[202]

Marcos Torregrosa wearing the BJJ black belt with a red bar indicating first degree

The black belt in martial arts does not necessarily indicate expert level or mastery. It was introduced for judo in the 1880s to indicate competency at all of the basic techniques of the sport. Promotion beyond 1st dan (the first black belt rank) varies among different martial arts.[203]
The use of triangular corner flags in English football is not a privilege reserved for those teams that have won an FA Cup in the past[204] as depicted in a scene in the film Twin Town. The Football Association's rules are silent on the subject, and often the decision over what shape flag to use has been up to the individual club's groundskeepers.[205]
India did not withdraw from the 1950 FIFA World Cup because their squad played barefoot, which was against FIFA regulations.[206] In reality, India withdrew because the country's managing body, the All India Football Federation (AIFF), was insufficiently prepared for the team's participation and gave various reasons for withdrawing, including a lack of funding and prioritizing the Olympics.[207]

Video games

There is no definitive proof that violent video games cause people to become violent. Some studies have found no link between aggression and violent video games,[208][209] and the popularity of gaming has coincided with a decrease in youth violence.[210][211] The moral panic surrounding video games in the 1980s through to the 2020s, alongside several studies and incidents of violence and legislation in many countries, likely contributed to proliferating this idea.[212][213]
The so-called "Nuclear Gandhi" glitch, in which peaceful leader Mahatma Gandhi would become unusually aggressive if democracy was adopted,[214] did not exist in either the original Civilization game or Civilization II. The games' designer Sid Meier attributed the origins of the rumor to both a TV Tropes thread and a Know Your Meme entry,[215] while Reddit and a Kotaku article helped popularize it.[216] Gandhi's supposed behavior did appear in the 2010 Civilization V[215] as a joke, and in 2016's VI[217] as a reference to the legend.
The Japanese government did not pass a law banning Square Enix from releasing the Dragon Quest games on weekdays due to its causing too many schoolchildren to cut class. The only extent of the government's involvement was that the National Diet held hearings over rises in muggings caused by the release of Dragon Quest III.[218][219][220][221]
The release of Space Invaders in 1978 did not cause a shortage of ¥100 coins in Japan. Production of ¥100 coins was unusually low that year[222][223] and silver speculators hoarded or imported them for their high silver mix.[222][224] Both an advertising campaign by Taito Corporation and an erroneous 1980 article in New Scientist is the source of this claim.[223]

History

Ancient

The Pyramids of Egypt were not constructed with slave labor. Archaeological evidence shows that the laborers were a combination of skilled workers and poor farmers working in the off-season, the latter likely recruited for national service, with the participants paid in high-quality food and tax exemption status.[225][226][227] The idea that slaves were used originated with the writings of ancient Greek historian Herodotus, and the idea that Israelite slaves were specifically used arose centuries after the pyramids were constructed.[226][227][228]

Classical sculptures were originally painted colors.[229] Pictured is a reconstruction of how the Augustus of Prima Porta may have originally been colored.

Ancient Greek and Roman sculptures were originally painted with colors; they appear white today only because the original pigments have deteriorated. Some well-preserved statues still bear traces of their original coloration.[229][230]
Tutankhamun's tomb is not inscribed with a curse on those who disturb it. This was a media invention of 20th-century tabloid journalists.[231]
The ancient Greeks did not use the word "idiot" (Ancient Greek: ἰδιώτης, romanized: idiṓtēs) to disparage people who did not take part in civic life or who did not vote. An ἰδιώτης was simply a private citizen as opposed to a government official. Later, the word came to mean any sort of non-expert or layman, then someone uneducated or ignorant, and much later to mean stupid or mentally deficient.[232]

The ancient Romans did not use the Roman salute, as depicted in the painting The Oath of the Horatii (1784).

The Roman salute, in which the arm is fully extended forwards or diagonally with palm down and fingers touching, was not used in ancient Rome. The gesture was first associated with ancient Rome in the 1784 painting The Oath of the Horatii by the French artist Jacques-Louis David, which inspired later salutes, most notably the Nazi salute.[233]

A Vomitorium in a Roman amphitheater in Toulouse

Vomiting was not a regular part of Roman dining customs.[234] In ancient Rome, the architectural feature called a vomitorium was the entranceway through which crowds entered and exited a stadium, not a special room used for purging food during meals.[235]
Scipio Aemilianus did not sow salt over the city of Carthage after defeating it in the Third Punic War.[236]
Julius Caesar was not born via caesarean section. Such a procedure would have been fatal to the mother at the time, and Caesar's mother was still alive when Caesar was 45 years old.[237][238] The name "caesarean" probably comes from the Latin verb caedere 'to cut'.[239]

Middle Ages

The Middle Ages were not "a time of ignorance, barbarism and superstition"; the Church did not place religious authority over personal experience and rational activity; and the term "Dark Ages" is rejected by modern historians.[240]
While modern life expectancies are much higher than those in the Middle Ages and earlier,[241] adults in the Middle Ages did not die in their 30s or 40s on average. That was the life expectancy at birth, which was skewed by high infant and adolescent mortality. The life expectancy among adults was much higher;[242] a 21-year-old man in medieval England, for example, could expect to live to the age of 64.[243][242]
There is no evidence that Viking warriors wore horns on their helmets; this would have been impractical in battle.[244]
Vikings did not drink out of the skulls of vanquished enemies. This was based on a mistranslation of the skaldic poetic use of ór bjúgviðum hausa (branches of skulls) to refer to drinking horns.[245]
Vikings did not name Iceland "Iceland" as a ploy to discourage others from settling it. Naddodd and Hrafna-Flóki Vilgerðarson both saw snow and ice on the island when they traveled there, giving the island its name.[246] Greenland, on the other hand, was named in the hope that it would help attract settlers.[247]
In the tale of King Canute and the tide, the king did not command the tide to reverse in a fit of delusional arrogance.[248] According to the story, his intent was to prove a point to members of his privy council that no man is all-powerful, and that all people must bend to forces beyond their control, such as the tides.
Marco Polo did not import pasta from China,[249] a misconception that originated with the Macaroni Journal, published by an association of food industries to promote the use of pasta in the United States.[250] Marco Polo describes a food similar to "lasagna" in his Travels, but he uses a term with which he was already familiar.
There is no evidence that iron maidens were used for torture, or even yet invented, in the Middle Ages. Instead they were pieced together in the 18th century from several artifacts found in museums, arsenals and the like to create spectacular objects intended for commercial exhibition.[251]
Spiral staircases in castles were not designed in a clockwise direction to hinder right-handed attackers.[252][253] While clockwise spiral staircases are more common in castles than anti-clockwise, they were even more common in medieval structures without a military role, such as religious buildings.[254][252]
The plate armor of European soldiers did not stop soldiers from moving around or necessitate a crane to get them into a saddle. They would routinely fight on foot and could mount and dismount without help.[255] However, armor used in tournaments in the late Middle Ages was significantly heavier than that used in warfare,[256] which may have contributed to this misconception.
Whether chastity belts, devices designed to prevent women from having sexual intercourse, were invented in medieval times is disputed by modern historians. Most existing chastity belts are now thought to be deliberate fakes or anti-masturbatory devices from the 19th and early 20th centuries.[257]

Medieval depiction of a spherical Earth

Medieval European scholars did not believe the Earth was flat. Scholars have known the Earth is spherical since at least 500 BCE.[258]
Medieval cartographers did not regularly write "here be dragons" on their maps. The only maps from this era that have the phrase inscribed on them are the Hunt-Lenox Globe and the Ostrich Egg Globe, next to a coast in Southeast Asia for both of them. Maps instead were more likely to have "here are lions" inscribed. Maps in this period did occasionally have illustrations of mythical beasts like dragons and sea serpents, as well as exotic animals like elephants, on them.[259]
Christopher Columbus' efforts to obtain support for his voyages were not hampered by belief in a flat Earth, but by valid worries that the East Indies were farther than he realized.[260] In fact, Columbus grossly underestimated the Earth's circumference because of two calculation errors.[261] The myth that Columbus proved the Earth was round was propagated by authors like Washington Irving in A History of the Life and Voyages of Christopher Columbus.[258][262]
Christopher Columbus was not the first European to visit the Americas:[263] Leif Erikson, and possibly other Vikings before him, explored Vinland, which is presumably both Newfoundland and the Gulf of Saint Lawrence as far as northeastern New Brunswick. Ruins at L'Anse aux Meadows prove that at least one Norse settlement was built in Newfoundland, confirming a story in the Saga of Erik the Red. Further, Columbus never reached mainland North America, only mainland South America (1498–1500) and various American islands.

Early modern

The Mexica people of the Aztec Empire did not mistake Hernán Cortés and his landing party for gods during Cortés' conquest of the empire. This notion came from Francisco López de Gómara, who never went to Mexico and concocted the myth while working for the retired Cortés in Spain years after the conquest.[264]
The early settlers of the Plymouth Colony in North America usually did not wear all black, and their capotains (hats) were shorter and rounder than the widely depicted tall hat with a buckle on it. Instead, their fashion was based on that of the late Elizabethan era.[265] The traditional image was formed in the 19th century when buckles were a kind of emblem of quaintness.[266] (The Puritans, who also settled in Massachusetts near the same time, did frequently wear all black.)[267]
The familiar story that Isaac Newton was inspired to research the nature of gravity when an apple fell on his head is almost certainly apocryphal. All Newton himself ever said was that the idea came to him as he sat "in a contemplative mood" and "was occasioned by the fall of an apple".[268]
People accused of witchcraft were not burned at the stake during the Salem witch trials. Of the accused, nineteen people convicted of witchcraft were executed by hanging, at least five died in prison, and one man was pressed to death by stones while trying to extract a confession from him.[269]

The phrase "let them eat cake" is commonly misattributed to Marie Antoinette.

Marie Antoinette did not say "let them eat cake" when she heard that the French peasantry were starving due to a shortage of bread. The phrase was first published in Rousseau's Confessions, written when Marie Antoinette was only nine years old and not attributed to her, just to "a great princess". It was first attributed to her in 1843.[270]
George Washington did not have wooden teeth. His dentures were made of lead, gold, hippopotamus ivory, the teeth of various animals, including horse and donkey teeth,[271][272] and human teeth, possibly bought from slaves or poor people.[273][274]

George Washington’s dentures on display at Mount Vernon.

The signing of the United States Declaration of Independence did not occur on July 4, 1776. After the Second Continental Congress voted to declare independence on July 2, the final language of the document was approved on July 4, and it was printed and distributed on July 4–5.[275] However, the actual signing occurred on August 2, 1776.[276]
Benjamin Franklin did not propose that the wild turkey be used as the symbol for the United States instead of the bald eagle. While he did serve on a commission that tried to design a seal after the Declaration of Independence, his proposal was an image of Moses. His objections to the eagle as a national symbol and preference for the turkey were stated in a 1784 letter to his daughter in response to the Society of the Cincinnati's use of the former; he never expressed that sentiment publicly.[277]
There was never a bill to make German the official language of the United States that was defeated by one vote in the House of Representatives, nor has one been proposed at the state level. In 1794, a petition from a group of German immigrants was put aside on a procedural vote of 42 to 41, that would have had the government publish some laws in German. This was the basis of the Muhlenberg legend, named after the Speaker of the House at the time, Frederick Muhlenberg, who was of German descent and abstained from this vote.[278]

Modern

Napoleon on the Bellerophon by Charles Lock Eastlake. Napoleon was taller than his nickname, le Petit Caporal, suggests.

Napoleon Bonaparte was not especially short for a Frenchman of his time. He was the height of an average French male in 1800, but short for an aristocrat or officer.[279] After his death in 1821, the French emperor's height was recorded as 5 feet 2 inches in French feet, which in English measurements is 5 feet 7 inches (1.70 m).[280] There are competing explanations for why he was nicknamed le Petit Caporal (The Little Corporal), one possibility being that the moniker was used as a term of endearment.[281] Napoleon was often accompanied by his imperial guard, who were selected for their height, and this may have contributed to a perception that he was comparatively short.[282]
The nose of the Great Sphinx of Giza was not shot off by Napoleon's troops during the French campaign in Egypt (1798–1801); it has been missing since at least the 10th century.[283]
Cinco de Mayo is not Mexico's Independence Day, but the celebration of the Mexican Army's victory over the French in the Battle of Puebla on May 5, 1862. Mexico's Declaration of Independence from Spain in 1810 is celebrated on September 16.[284]
Victorian-era doctors did not invent the vibrator to cure female "hysteria" by triggering orgasm.[285]

Albert Einstein, photographed at 14, did not fail mathematics at school.

Albert Einstein did not fail mathematics classes in school. Einstein remarked, "I never failed in mathematics.... Before I was fifteen I had mastered differential and integral calculus."[286] Einstein did, however, fail his first entrance exam into the Swiss Federal Polytechnic School (ETH) in 1895, when he was two years younger than his fellow students, but scored exceedingly well in the mathematics and science sections, and then passed on his second attempt.[287]
Alfred Nobel did not omit mathematics in the Nobel Prize due to a rivalry with mathematician Gösta Mittag-Leffler, as there is little evidence the two ever met, nor was it because Nobel's spouse had an affair with a mathematician, as Nobel was never married. The more likely explanation is that Nobel believed mathematics was too theoretical to benefit humankind, as well as his personal lack of interest in the field.[288] (See also: Nobel Prize controversies)
Grigori Rasputin was not assassinated by being fed cyanide-laced cakes and wine, shot multiple times, and then thrown into the Little Nevka river when he survived the former two. A contemporary autopsy reported that he was just killed with gunshots. A sensationalized account from the memoirs of co-conspirator Prince Felix Yusupov is the only source of this story.[289][290][291]
The Italian dictator Benito Mussolini did not "make the trains run on time". Much of the repair work had been performed before he and the Fascist Party came to power in 1922. Moreover, the Italian railways' supposed adherence to timetables was more propaganda than reality.[292]
There is no evidence of Polish cavalry mounting a brave but futile charge against German tanks using lances and sabers during the German invasion of Poland in 1939. This story may have originated from German propaganda efforts following the charge at Krojanty.[293]
The Nazis did not use the term "Nazi" to refer to themselves. The full name of the Nazi Party was Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei (National Socialist German Workers' Party), and members referred to themselves as Nationalsozialisten (National Socialists) or Parteigenossen (party comrades). The term "Nazi" was in use prior to the rise of the Nazis as a colloquial and derogatory word for a backwards farmer or peasant. Opponents of the National Socialists abbreviated their name as "Nazi" for derogatory effect and the term was popularized by German exiles outside of Germany.[294]
During the occupation of Denmark by the Nazis during World War II, King Christian X of Denmark did not thwart Nazi attempts to identify Jews by wearing a yellow star himself. Jews in Denmark were never forced to wear the Star of David. The Danish resistance did help most Jews flee the country before the end of the war.[295]

An ice pick

The ice axe that Ramón Mercader used to assassinate Leon Trotsky

Leon Trotsky was not killed with an ice pick (a small, awl-like tool for chipping ice), but with an ice axe (a larger tool used for mountaineering).[296][297]
US President John F. Kennedy's words "Ich bin ein Berliner" are standard German for "I am a Berliner (citizen of Berlin)."[298] It is not true that by using the indefinite article ein, he changed the meaning of the sentence from the intended "I am a citizen of Berlin" to "I am a Berliner", a Berliner being a type of German pastry, similar to a jelly doughnut, amusing Germans.[299] Furthermore, the pastry, which is known by many names in Germany, was not then — nor is it now — commonly called "Berliner" in the Berlin area.[300]
Although popularly known as the "red telephone", the Moscow–Washington hotline was never a telephone line, nor were red phones used. The first implementation of the hotline used teletype equipment, which was replaced by facsimile (fax) machines in 1988. Since 2008, the hotline has been a secure computer link over which the two countries exchange email.[301] Moreover, the hotline links the Kremlin to the Pentagon, not the White House.[302]
The Irish Northern Aid Committee, better known as NORAID, based in the United States, was routinely accused of being majorly responsible for the terrorism financing of the Provisional Irish Republican Army (IRA) in Northern Ireland and England during the Troubles (1969–1998). However, there is little to no evidence to support this, and much of the IRA's funding actually came from criminal and semi-legitimate activities in the Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland throughout the conflict (see Paramilitary finances in the Troubles).[303][304][305][306][307][308][309]
Not all skinheads are white supremacists; many skinheads identify as left-wing or apolitical, and many oppose racism, such as the Skinheads Against Racial Prejudice. Originating from the 1950s British working class, many of its initial adherents were black and West Indian; it became associated with white supremacy in the 1970s as a result of far-right groups like the National Front recruiting from the subculture for grassroot support.[310][311][312][313]

United States

The flag that Betsy Ross purportedly designed

Betsy Ross did not design or make the first official U.S. flag, although it is widely known as the Betsy Ross flag. The claim was first made by her grandson a century later.[314]

Areas covered by the Emancipation Proclamation are in red, slave-holding areas not covered are in blue. The Thirteenth Amendment was the article that abolished legal slavery in the United States nationwide, not the Emancipation Proclamation.

The Emancipation Proclamation did not free all slaves in the United States, nor did it make slavery illegal in the United States; the Proclamation applied in the ten states that were still in rebellion in 1863, and thus did not cover the nearly five hundred thousand slaves in the slaveholding border states (Missouri, Kentucky, Maryland or Delaware) that had not seceded. Various exemptions in the Proclamation for Tennessee, Virginia, and Louisiana left an additional three hundred thousand slaves unemancipated. Such slaves were freed later by separate state and federal actions.[315][316][317][318][319][320] (See also: Abolition of slavery timeline)
Likewise, June 19 or "Juneteenth" is the anniversary of the announcement that the Union army would be enforcing the Emancipation Proclamation on June 19, 1865, freeing slaves in Texas, not the United States at large. The Thirteenth Amendment, ratified and proclaimed in December 1865, was the article that made slavery illegal in the United States nationwide.[315][317][321][322]
Abraham Lincoln did not write his Gettysburg Address speech on the back of an envelope on his train ride to Gettysburg. The speech was substantially complete before Lincoln left Washington for Gettysburg.[323][324][325]
The Alaska Purchase was generally viewed as positive or neutral in the United States, both among the public and the press. The opponents of the purchase who characterized it as "Seward's Folly", alluding to William H. Seward, the Secretary of State who negotiated it, represented a minority opinion at the time.[326][327]
Cowboy hats were not initially popular in the Western American frontier, with derby or bowler hats being the typical headgear of choice.[328] Heavy marketing of the Stetson "Boss of the Plains" model in the years following the American Civil War was the primary driving force behind the cowboy hat's popularity, with its characteristic dented top not becoming standard until near the end of the 19th century.[329]
The Great Chicago Fire of 1871 was not caused by Mrs. O'Leary's cow kicking over a lantern. A newspaper reporter later admitted to having invented the story to make colorful copy.[330]
There is no evidence that Frederic Remington, on assignment to Cuba in 1897, telegraphed William Randolph Hearst: "There will be no war. I wish to return," nor that Hearst responded: "Please remain. You furnish the pictures, and I'll furnish the war". The anecdote was originally included in a book by James Creelman and probably never happened.[331]
The electrocution of Topsy the Elephant was not an anti-alternating current demonstration organized by Thomas A. Edison during the war of the currents. Edison was never at Luna Park, and the electrocution of Topsy took place ten years after the war of currents.[332] This myth may stem from the fact that the recording of the event was produced by the Edison film company.
Immigrants' last names were not Americanized (voluntarily, mistakenly, or otherwise) upon arrival at Ellis Island. Officials there kept no records other than checking ship manifests created at the point of origin, and there was simply no paperwork that would have let them recast surnames, let alone any law. At the time in New York, anyone could change the spelling of their name simply by using that new spelling.[333] These names are often referred to as an "Ellis Island Special".
Prohibition did not make drinking alcohol illegal in the United States. The Eighteenth Amendment and the subsequent Volstead Act prohibited the production, sale, and transport of "intoxicating liquors" within the United States, but their possession and consumption were never outlawed.[334]
Distraught stockbrokers did not jump to their deaths after the Wall Street Crash of 1929. The source of this myth seems to be Winston Churchill's account of a man jumping off the Savoy-Plaza Hotel, just one floor below where Churchill was staying. In fact, he was a German tourist, and his fall was reported as accidental.[335]
The 1930 painting American Gothic depicts a father and adult daughter, not a husband and wife as is commonly believed.[336][337]
There was no widespread outbreak of panic across the United States in response to Orson Welles' 1938 radio adaptation of H.G. Wells' The War of the Worlds. Only a very small share of the radio audience was listening to it, but newspapers played up isolated reports of incidents and increased emergency calls being eager to discredit radio as a competitor for advertising. Both Welles and CBS, which had initially reacted apologetically, later came to realize that the myth benefited them and actively embraced it in later years.[338]
American pilot Kenneth Arnold did not use the term flying saucer when describing a 1947 UFO sighting at Mount Rainier, Washington. Kenneth frequently maintained he was misquoted, and The East Oregonian, the first newspaper to report on the incident, merely quoted him as saying the objects "flew like a saucer" and were "flat like a pie pan".[339][340][341] The attribution may have come from a reporter at the United Press International misinterpreting his descriptions,[342] with newspapers and news agencies like the Associated Press subsequently using "flying saucers" in sensationalist headlines.[339][340]
U.S. Senator George Smathers never gave a speech to a rural audience describing his opponent, Claude Pepper, as an "extrovert" whose sister was a "thespian", in the apparent hope they would confuse them with similar-sounding words like "pervert" and "lesbian". Smathers offered US$10,000 to anyone who could prove he had made the speech; it was never claimed.[343]
Rosa Parks was not sitting in the front ("white") section of the bus during the event that made her famous and incited the Montgomery bus boycott. Rather, she was sitting in the front of the back ("colored") section of the bus, where African Americans were expected to sit, and rejected an order from the driver to vacate her seat in favor of a white passenger when the "white" section of the bus had become full.[344]
The African-American intellectual and activist W. E. B. Du Bois did not renounce his U.S. citizenship while living in Ghana shortly before his death.[345][346] In early 1963, his membership in the Communist Party and support for the Soviet Union led the U.S. State Department not to renew his passport while he was already in Ghana. After leaving the embassy, he stated his intention to renounce his citizenship in protest, but while he took Ghanaian citizenship, he never actually renounced his American citizenship.[347][345]
When Kitty Genovese was murdered outside her apartment in 1964, there were not 37 neighbors standing idly by and watching who failed to call the police until after she was dead, as was initially reported[348] to widespread public outrage that persisted for years and even became the basis of a theory in social psychology. In fact, witnesses only heard brief portions of the attack and did not realize what was occurring, and only six or seven actually saw anything. One witness, who had called the police, said when interviewed by officers at the scene, "I didn't want to get involved",[349] an attitude later attributed to all the neighbors.[350]
While it was praised by one architectural magazine before it was built as "the best high apartment of the year", the Pruitt–Igoe housing project in St. Louis, Missouri, considered to epitomize the failures of urban renewal in American cities after it was demolished in the early 1970s, never won any awards for its design.[351] The architectural firm that designed the buildings did win an award for an earlier St. Louis project, which may have been confused with Pruitt–Igoe.[352]
There is little contemporary documentary evidence for the notion that US Vietnam veterans were spat upon by anti-war protesters upon return to the United States. This belief was detailed in some biographical accounts and was later popularized by films such as Rambo.[353][354][355]
Women did not burn their bras outside the Miss America contest in 1969 as a protest in support of women's liberation. They did symbolically throw bras in a trash can, along with other articles seen as emblematic of women's position in American society such as mops, make-up, and high-heeled shoes. The myth of bra burning came when a journalist hypothetically suggested that women may do so in the future, as men of the era burned their draft cards.[356]
Despite popularizing the phrase "drinking the Kool-Aid",[357] Kool-Aid was not used for the potassium cyanide-fruit punch mix ingested as part of the Jonestown massacre.[358][359][360] A similar product, Flavor-Aid, was used instead.[361][362][363]

Science, technology, and mathematics

Astronomy and spaceflight

There is no scientific evidence that the motion of stars, planets, and other celestial bodies influences the fates of humans, and astrology has repeatedly been shown to have no explanatory power in predicting future events.[364][365][366]
Astronauts in orbit are weightless because they are in free fall around the Earth,[367] not because they are so far away from the Earth that its gravitational pull is negligible. For example, on the International Space Station the Earth's gravity is nearly 90% as strong as at the surface. Objects orbiting in space would not remain in orbit if not for the gravitational force, and gravitational fields extend even into the depths of intergalactic space.[368][369][370][371][372][373]

The dark side of the Moon, photographed by Apollo 16 in 1972, clearly illuminated by the Sun. It is much more crater-ridden than the near side of the Moon.

The "dark side of the Moon" receives about the same amount of light from the Sun as does the near side of the Moon. Describing the far side of the Moon as "dark" does not mean that it never receives light, but rather that it had never been seen until humans sent spacecraft around the Moon, since the same side of the Moon always faces the Earth due to tidal locking.[374]
Black holes have the same gravitational effects as any other equal mass in their place. They will draw objects nearby towards them, just as any other celestial body does, except at very close distances to the black hole; comparable to its Schwarzschild radius.[375] If, for example, the Sun were replaced by a black hole of equal mass, the orbits of the planets would be essentially unaffected. A black hole can pull in a substantial inflow of surrounding matter, but only if the star from which it formed was already doing so.[376]

The Earth's equator does not line up with the plane of the Earth's orbit, meaning that for half of the year the Northern Hemisphere is tilted more towards the Sun and for the other half of the year the Northern Hemisphere is tilted more away from the Sun. This is the dominant cause of seasonal temperature variation, not the distance of the Earth from the Sun in its orbit.

Seasons are not caused by the Earth being closer to the Sun in the summer than in the winter, but by the effects of Earth's 23.4-degree axial tilt. Each hemisphere is tilted towards the Sun in its respective summer (July in the Northern Hemisphere and January in the Southern Hemisphere), resulting in longer days and more direct sunlight, with the opposite being true in the winter. Earth reaches the point in its orbit closest to the Sun in January, and it reaches the point farthest from the Sun in July, so the slight contribution of orbital eccentricity opposes the temperature trends of the seasons in the Northern Hemisphere.[377] Orbital eccentricity can influence temperatures, but on Earth, this effect is small and is more than counteracted by other factors.[378][379]
When a meteor or spacecraft enters the atmosphere, the heat of entry is not primarily caused by friction, but by adiabatic compression of air in front of the object.[380][381][382]
Egg balancing is possible on every day of the year, not just the vernal equinox,[383] and there is no relationship between any astronomical phenomenon and the ability to balance an egg.[384]
The Fisher Space Pen was not commissioned by NASA at a cost of millions of dollars, while the Soviets used pencils. It was independently developed by Paul C. Fisher, founder of the Fisher Pen Company, with $1 million of his own funds.[385] NASA tested and approved the pen for space use, then purchased 400 pens at $6 per pen.[386] The Soviet Union subsequently also purchased the Space Pen for its Soyuz spaceflights.[387]
Tang, Velcro, and Teflon were not spun off from technology originally developed by NASA for spaceflight, though many other products (such as memory foam and space blankets) were.[388]
The Sun is actually white rather than yellow.[389] It is atmospheric scattering that causes the Sun to look yellow, orange, or red at sunrise and sunset.[389]

A satellite image of a section of the Great Wall of China, running diagonally from lower left to upper right (not to be confused with the much more prominent river running from upper left to lower right). The region pictured is 12 by 12 kilometers (7.5 mi × 7.5 mi).

The Great Wall of China is not the only human-made object visible from space or from the Moon. None of the Apollo astronauts reported seeing any specific human-made object from the Moon, and even Earth-orbiting astronauts can see it only with magnification. City lights, however, are easily visible on the night side of Earth from orbit.[390]
The Big Bang model does not fully explain the origin of the universe. It does not describe how energy, time, and space were caused, but rather it describes the emergence of the present universe from an ultra-dense and high-temperature initial state.[391]

Biology

Phylogenetic tree of the Prokaryota showing some of the high-order divisions of life
Biologists currently recognize more than twenty kingdoms of life.[392][393] Although it has traditionally been taught that there are three,[394] four,[395] five,[396] six,[397][398] or eight[399] kingdoms of life, modern molecular evidence shows that there are a large number of high-level divisions in the tree of life, and that kingdoms like plants and animals are not among the highest biological ranks.[393] Some taxonomists have moved away from using kingdoms altogether, since some traditional kingdoms are no longer seen as natural groups.[400]

Vertebrates

Old elephants near death do not leave their herd to go to an "elephants' graveyard" to die.[401]

The color of a red cape does not enrage a bull.

Bulls are not enraged by the color red, used in capes by professional matadors. Cattle are dichromats, so red does not stand out as a bright color. It is not the color of the cape, but the perceived threat by the matador that incites it to charge.[402]
Lemmings do not engage in mass suicidal dives off cliffs when migrating. The scenes of lemming suicides in the 1958 Disney documentary film White Wilderness, which popularized this idea, were completely fabricated.[403] The misconception itself is much older, dating back to at least the late 19th century, though its exact origins are uncertain.[404]
Dogs do not sweat by salivating.[405] Dogs actually do have sweat glands and not only on their tongues; they sweat mainly through their footpads. However, dogs do primarily regulate their body temperature through panting.[406] (See also: Dog Anatomy § Temperature regulation)
Dogs do not consistently age seven times as quickly as humans. Aging in dogs varies widely depending on the breed; certain breeds, such as giant dog breeds and English bulldogs, have much shorter lifespans than average. Most dogs age consistently across all breeds in the first year of life, reaching adolescence by one year old; smaller and medium-sized breeds begin to age more slowly in adulthood.[407]
The phases of the Moon have no effect on the vocalizations of wolves, and wolves do not howl at the Moon.[408] Wolves howl to assemble the pack usually before and after hunts, to pass on an alarm particularly at a den site, to locate each other during a storm, while crossing unfamiliar territory, and to communicate across great distances.[409]
There is no such thing as an "alpha" in a wolf pack. An early study that coined the term "alpha wolf" had only observed unrelated adult wolves living in captivity. In the wild, wolf packs operate like families: parents are in charge until the young grow up and start their own families, and younger wolves do not overthrow an "alpha" to become the new leader.[410][411]
Bats are not blind. While about 70% of bat species, mainly in the microbat family, use echolocation to navigate, all bat species have eyes and are capable of sight. In addition, almost all bats in the megabat or fruit bat family cannot echolocate and have excellent night vision.[412]
Contrary to the apologue about the boiling frog, frogs die immediately when cast into boiling water, rather than leaping out; furthermore, frogs will attempt to escape cold water that is slowly heated past their critical thermal maximum.[413]
The memory span of goldfish is much longer than just a few seconds. It is up to a few months long.[414][415]
Sharks can get cancer. The misconception that sharks do not get cancer was spread by the 1992 book Sharks Don't Get Cancer, which was used to sell extracts of shark cartilage as cancer prevention treatments. Reports of carcinomas in sharks exist, and current data do not support any conclusions about the incidence of tumors in sharks.[416]
Great white sharks do not mistake human divers for seals, nor other pinnipeds. When attacking pinnipeds, the shark surfaces quickly and attacks violently. In contrast, attacks on humans are slower and less violent: the shark charges at a normal pace, bites, and swims off. Great white sharks have efficient eyesight and color vision; the bite is not predatory, but rather for identification of an unfamiliar object.[417]
Snake jaws cannot unhinge. The posterior end of the lower jaw bones contains a quadrate bone, allowing jaw extension. The anterior tips of the lower jaw bones are joined by a flexible ligament allowing them to bow outwards, increasing the mouth gape.[418][419]
Tomato juice and tomato sauce are ineffective at neutralizing the odor of a skunk; it only appears to work due to olfactory fatigue.[420] For dogs that get sprayed, the Humane Society of the United States recommends using a mixture of dilute hydrogen peroxide (3%), baking soda, and dishwashing liquid.[421]
Porcupines do not shoot their quills. They can detach, and porcupines will deliberately back into attackers to impale them, but their quills do not project.[422][423][424]
Mice do not have a special appetite for cheese, and will eat it only for lack of better options; they actually favor sweet, sugary foods. The myth may have come from the fact that before the advent of refrigeration, cheese was usually stored outside and was therefore an easy food for mice to reach.[425]
There is no credible evidence that the candiru, a South American parasitic catfish, can swim up a human urethra if one urinates in the water in which it lives. The sole documented case of such an incident, written in 1997, has been heavily criticized upon peer review, and this phenomenon is now largely considered a myth.[426]
Pacus, South American fish related to piranhas, do not attack or feed on human testicles. This myth originated from a misinterpreted joke in a 2013 report of a pacu being found in Øresund, the strait between Sweden and Denmark, which claimed that the fish ate "nuts".[427][428]
Piranhas do not eat only meat but are omnivorous, and they only swim in schools to defend themselves from predators and not to attack. They very rarely attack humans, only when under stress and feeling threatened, and even then, bites typically only occur on hands and feet.[429]
The hippopotamus does not produce pink milk. Hipposudoric acid, a red pigment found in hippo skin secretions, does not affect the color of their milk, which is white or beige.[430]
The Pacific tree frog is the only frog species that makes a "ribbit" sound. The misconception that all frogs, or at least all those found in North America, make this sound comes from its extensive use in Hollywood films.[431][432][433]
A human touching or handling eggs or baby birds will not cause the adult birds to abandon them.[434] The same is generally true for other animals having their young touched by humans as well, with the possible exception of rabbits (as rabbits will sometimes abandon their nest after an event they perceive as traumatizing).[435]
Rice does not cause birds to die by inflating their stomachs until they burst. Birds do eat wild rice, though some species avoid it. This common misconception has often led to weddings using millet, confetti, or other materials to shower the newlyweds as they leave the ceremony, instead of the throwing of rice that is traditional in some places.[436][437][438]

The bold, powerful cry commonly associated with the bald eagle in popular culture is actually that of a red-tailed hawk. Bald eagle vocalizations are much softer and chirpier, and bear far more resemblance to the calls of gulls.[439][440]
Ostriches do not stick their heads in the sand to hide from enemies or to sleep.[441] This misconception's origins are uncertain but it was probably popularized by Pliny the Elder (23–79 CE), who wrote that ostriches "imagine, when they have thrust their head and neck into a bush, that the whole of their body is concealed".[442]
A duck's quack actually does echo,[443] although the echo may be difficult to hear for humans under some circumstances.[444] Despite this, a British panel show compiling interesting facts has been given the name Duck Quacks Don't Echo.
60 common starlings were released in 1890 into New York's Central Park by Eugene Schieffelin, but there is no evidence that he was trying to introduce every bird species mentioned in the works of William Shakespeare into North America. This claim has been traced to an essay in 1948 by naturalist Edwin Way Teale, whose notes appear to indicate that it was speculation.[445][446]
The skin of a chameleon is not adapted solely for camouflage purposes, nor can a chameleon change its skin colour to match any background.[447]

Invertebrates

Not all earthworms become two worms when cut in half. Only a limited number of earthworm species[448] are capable of anterior regeneration.[449]
Houseflies have an average lifespan of 20 to 30 days, not 24 hours.[450] The misconception may arise from confusion with mayflies, which, in one species, have an adult lifespan of as little as 5 minutes.[451]
The daddy longlegs spider (Pholcidae) is not the most venomous spider in the world. Their fangs are capable of piercing human skin, but the tiny amount of venom they carry causes only a mild burning sensation for a few seconds.[452] Other species such as harvestmen, crane flies, and male mosquitoes are also called daddy longlegs in some regional dialects, and share the misconception of being highly venomous but unable to pierce the skin of humans.[453][454]

People do not swallow large numbers of spiders during sleep. A sleeping person makes noises that warn spiders of danger.[455][456] Most people also wake up from sleep when they have a spider on their face.[457]

A female Chinese mantis simultaneously copulating with and cannibalizing her mate; this does not occur every time mantises mate.

Female praying mantises do not always eat the males during mating, which is a practice rarely observed in the wild.[458]

Bombus pratorum over an Echinacea inflorescence; a widespread misconception holds that bumblebees should be incapable of flight.

It is not true that aerodynamic theory predicts that bumblebees should not be able to fly; the physics of insect flight is quite well understood. The misconception appears to come from a calculation based on a fixed-wing aircraft mentioned in a 1934 book.[459]
Earwigs are not known to purposely climb into external ear canals, though there have been anecdotal reports of earwigs being found in the ear.[460] The name may be a reference to the appearance of the hindwings, which are unique and distinctive among insects, and resemble a human ear when unfolded.[461][462]
While certainly critical to the pollination of many plant species, European honey bees are not essential to human food production, despite claims that without their pollination, humanity would starve or die out "within four years".[463] In fact, many important crops need no insect pollination at all. The ten most important crops,[464] accounting for 60% of all human food energy,[465] all fall into this category.
Ticks do not jump or fall from trees onto their hosts. Instead, they lie in wait to grasp and climb onto any passing host or otherwise trace down hosts via, for example, olfactory stimuli, the host's body heat, or carbon dioxide in the host's breath.[466][467]
Though they are often called "white ants",[468] termites are not ants, nor are they closely related to ants. Termites are actually highly derived eusocial cockroaches.[469][470][471]
Cockroaches would not be the only organisms capable of surviving in an environment contaminated with nuclear fallout. While cockroaches have a much higher radiation resistance than vertebrates, they are not immune to radiation poisoning, nor are they exceptionally radiation-resistant compared to other insects. [472][473][474][475]
Applying urine to jellyfish stings does not relieve pain. A centuries-old[476] old wives' tale,[477] the idea may have been popularized by an episode of Friends.[477]

Plants

Carnivorous plants do survive without food. Catching insects, however, supports their growth.[478]
Poinsettias are not highly toxic to humans or cats. While it is true that they are mildly irritating to the skin or stomach,[479] and may sometimes cause diarrhea and vomiting if eaten, they rarely cause serious medical problems.[480]

Sunflowers with the Sun clearly visible behind them

Sunflowers do not always point to the Sun. Flowering sunflowers face a fixed direction (often east) all day long, but do not necessarily face the Sun.[481] However, in an earlier developmental stage, before the appearance of flower heads, the immature buds do track the Sun (a phenomenon called heliotropism), and the fixed alignment of the mature flowers toward a certain direction is often the result.[482]
Mushrooms, molds, and other fungi are not plants, despite similarities in their morphology and lifestyle. The historical classification of fungi as plants is defunct, and although they are still commonly included in botany curricula and textbooks, modern molecular evidence shows that fungi are more closely related to animals than to plants.[483][484][485]

Evolution and paleontology

The word theory in "the theory of evolution" does not imply scientific doubt regarding its validity; the concepts of theory and hypothesis have specific meanings in a scientific context. While theory in colloquial usage may denote a hunch or conjecture, a scientific theory is a set of principles that explains an observable phenomenon in natural terms.[486][487] "Scientific fact and theory are not categorically separable",[488] and evolution is a theory in the same sense as germ theory or the theory of gravitation.[489]
The theory of evolution does not attempt to explain the origin of life[490] or the origin and development of the universe. The theory of evolution deals primarily with changes in successive generations over time after life has already originated.[491] The scientific model concerned with the origin of the first organisms from organic or inorganic molecules is known as abiogenesis, and the prevailing theory for explaining the early development of the universe is the Big Bang model.
Evolution is not a progression from inferior to superior organisms, and it also does not necessarily result in an increase in complexity. Evolution through natural selection only causes organisms to become more fit for their environment.[492] A population can evolve to become simpler or to have a smaller genome,[493] and atavistic ancestral genetic traits can reappear after having been lost through evolutionary change in previous generations.[494] Biological devolution or de-evolution is a misnomer, not only because it implies that organisms can only evolve backward or forward, but also because it implies that evolution may cause organisms to evolve in the "wrong" direction.[495][496]
The phrase "survival of the fittest" refers to biological fitness, not physical fitness. Biological fitness is the quantitative measure of individual reproductive success, e.g. the tendency of lineages containing individuals that produce more offspring in a particular environment to persist and thrive in that environment. Further, while the related concepts of "survival of the fittest" and "natural selection" are often used interchangeably, they are not the same: natural selection is not the only form of selection that determines biological fitness (see sexual selection, fecundity selection, viability selection, and artificial selection).[497][498][499]
Evolution does not "plan" to improve an organism's fitness to survive.[500][501] This misconception is encouraged as it is common shorthand for biologists to speak of a purpose as a concise form of expression (sometimes called the "metaphor of purpose");[502] it is less cumbersome to say "Dinosaurs may have evolved feathers for courtship" than "Feathers may have been selected for when they arose as they gave dinosaurs a selective advantage during courtship over their non-feathered rivals".[503]
Mutations are not entirely random, nor do they occur at the same frequency everywhere in the genome. Certain regions of an organism's genome will be more or less likely to undergo mutation depending on the presence of DNA repair mechanisms and other mutation biases. For instance, in a study on Arabidopsis thaliana, biologically important regions of the plant's genome were found to be protected from mutations, and beneficial mutations were found to be more likely, i.e. mutation was "non-random in a way that benefits the plant".[504][505][506]
Although the word dinosaur can be used pejoratively to describe something that is becoming obsolete due to failing to adapt to changing conditions, non-avian dinosaurs themselves did not go extinct due to an inability to adapt to environmental change as was initially theorized. Moreover, not all dinosaurs are extinct (see below).[507][508][509][510]

Pelagornis. Non-avian dinosaurs died out in the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event, but some theropod dinosaurs survive to the present day.

Birds are theropod dinosaurs, and consequently dinosaurs are not extinct. The word dinosaur is commonly used to refer only to non-avian dinosaurs, reflecting an outdated conception of the ancestry of avian dinosaurs, the birds. The evolutionary origin of birds was an open question in paleontology for over a century, but the modern scientific consensus is that birds evolved from small feathered theropods in the Jurassic. Not all dinosaur lineages were cut short at the end of the Cretaceous during the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event, and some avian theropods survive as part of the modern fauna.[511][512][513]

Despite cultural depictions, plesiosaurs were not dinosaurs, nor did either plesiosaurs or non-avian dinosaurs coexist with humans.

Mosasaurs, ichthyosaurs, plesiosaurs, and other aquatic Mesozoic diapsids were not dinosaurs. Despite their many cultural depictions as "swimming dinosaurs", mosasaurs were actually lizards, and ichthyosaurs and plesiosaurs were even more distantly related to dinosaurs. Though some dinosaurs were or are semiaquatic, (Hesperornis, Spinosaurus, auks, penguins), none are known to have been fully marine.[514][508][515][516]

Dimetrodon, the iconic sail-backed synapsid, was not a dinosaur, nor did it live at the same time as the dinosaurs.

Dimetrodon is often mistakenly called a dinosaur or considered to be a contemporary of dinosaurs in popular culture, but it became extinct some 40 million years before the first appearance of dinosaurs. Being a synapsid, Dimetrodon is actually more closely related to mammals than to dinosaurs, birds, lizards, or other diapsids.[517][518][519][520]
Pterosaurs (sometimes referred to using the informal term pterodactyls) are often called "flying dinosaurs" by popular media and the general public, but while pterosaurs were closely related to dinosaurs, dinosaurs are defined as the descendants of the last common ancestor of the Saurischia and the Ornithischia, which excludes the pterosaurs.[518][521]
Humans and avian dinosaurs currently coexist, but humans and non-avian dinosaurs did not coexist at any point.[522] The last of the non-avian dinosaurs died 66 million years ago in the course of the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event, whereas the earliest members of the genus Homo (humans) evolved between 2.3 and 2.4 million years ago. This places a 63-million-year expanse of time between the last non-avian dinosaurs and the earliest humans. Humans did coexist with woolly mammoths and saber-toothed cats: extinct mammals often erroneously depicted alongside non-avian dinosaurs.[523]
Fossil fuels do not originate from dinosaur fossils. Petroleum is formed when algae and zooplankton die and sink in anoxic conditions to be buried on the ocean floor without being decomposed by aerobic bacteria, and only a tiny amount of the world's deposits of coal contain dinosaur fossils; the vast majority of coal is fossilized plant matter.[524][525][526]
Mammals did not evolve from any modern group of reptiles; rather, mammals descend from a Reptiliomorph, "reptile-like," ancestor. The term reptile is problematic, since its conventional usage unnaturally excludes birds and mammals, and the modern consensus is that the reptiles are not a natural group.[527] After the first fully terrestrial tetrapods evolved, one of their lineages split into the synapsids (the line leading to mammals) and the diapsids (the line leading to crocodiles, birds and other dinosaurs, tuatara, lizards, and snakes). The synapsids and the diapsids diverged about 320 million years ago, in the mid-Carboniferous period.[528][529] Only later, in the Triassic, did the modern diapsid groups (the lepidosaurs and the archosaurs) emerge and diversify.[530][531] The mammals themselves are the only survivors of the synapsid line.[532]

Aegyptopithecus, a prehistoric monkey predating the split between apes and other Old World monkeys during the course of human evolution. Aegyptopithecus also postdates the division of the Old and New World monkeys, making it more closely related to humans than to all New World monkeys.[533]

Humans and other apes are Old World monkeys. The word monkey is often used colloquially to describe only those simians which possess tails, thus excluding Barbary apes and true apes, but this distinction is taxonomically invalid.[534][535][536] While apes were traditionally thought to be a sister group to monkeys, modern paleontological and molecular evidence shows that apes are deeply nested within the monkey family tree. Old World monkeys like baboons are more closely related to all apes than they are to all New World monkeys, and extinct Old World monkeys like Aegyptopithecus predate the split between apes and all other extant Old World monkeys.[533][537] There is a concerted social and religious effort to deny evidence which connects humans to their simian ancestors, but there is no way to naturally define the monkeys while excluding humans and other apes.[534][538]
Humans did not evolve from either of the living species of chimpanzees (common chimpanzees and bonobos) or any other living species of apes.[539] Humans and chimpanzees did, however, evolve from a common ancestor.[540][541] This most recent common ancestor of living humans and chimpanzees would've lived between 5 and 8 million years ago.[542] Extinct great apes such as Graecopithecus and Sahelanthropus tchadensis have been proposed as candidates for the chimpanzee–human last common ancestor (CHLCA), however, no fossil has yet conclusively been identified as the CHLCA.[543][544]
Humans are animals, despite the fact that the word animal is colloquially used as an antonym for human.[545][546]

Chemistry and materials science

Glass does not flow at room temperature as a high-viscosity liquid.[547] Although glass shares some molecular properties with liquids, it is a solid at room temperature and only begins to flow at hundreds of degrees above room temperature.[548][549] Old glass which is thicker at the bottom than at the top comes from the production process, not from slow flow;[548][549] no such distortion is observed in other glass objects of similar or even greater age.[548][549][550]
Most diamonds are not formed from highly compressed coal. More than 99% of diamonds ever mined have formed in the conditions of extreme heat and pressure about 140 kilometers (87 mi) below the earth's surface. Coal is formed from prehistoric plants buried much closer to the surface, and is unlikely to migrate below 3.2 kilometers (2.0 mi) through common geological processes. Most diamonds that have been dated are older than the first land plants, and are therefore older than coal.[551]
Diamonds are not infinitely hard, and are subject to wear and scratching: although they are the hardest known material on the Mohs Scale, they can be scratched by other diamonds[552] and worn down even by much softer materials, such as vinyl records.[553]
Neither "tin" foil nor "tin" cans still use tin as a primary material. Aluminum foil has replaced tin foil in almost all uses since the 20th century; tin cans now primarily use steel or aluminum as their main metal.[554]
Although the core of a wooden pencil is commonly referred to as "lead", wooden pencils do not contain the chemical element lead, nor have they ever contained it; "black lead" was formerly a name of graphite, which is commonly used for pencil leads.[555]

Computing and the Internet

The macOS and Linux operating systems are not immune to malware such as trojan horses or computer viruses.[556] Specialized malware designed to attack those systems do exist. However, the vast majority of viruses are developed for Microsoft Windows.[557]
The deep web is not primarily full of pornography, illegal drug trade websites, and stolen bank details. This information is primarily found in a small portion of the deep web known as the "dark web". Much of the deep web consists of academic libraries, databases, and anything that is not indexed by normal search engines.[558]
Private browsing (such as Chrome's "Incognito Mode") does not protect users from being tracked by websites, employers, governments, or one's internet service provider (ISP). Such entities can still use information such as IP addresses and user accounts to uniquely identify users.[559][560] Private browsing also does not provide additional protection against viruses or malware.[561]
Submerging a phone in rice after it has suffered from water damage has not been shown to be effective in repairing them.[562][563] Even if submerging them in a desiccant were more effective than leaving them to dry in open air, common desiccants such as silica gel or cat litter are better than rice.[564]

Economics

Total population living in extreme poverty, by world region 1987 to 2015[565]

The total number of people living in extreme absolute poverty globally, by the widely used metric of $1.00/day (in 1990 U.S. dollars) has decreased over the last several decades, but most people surveyed in several countries incorrectly think it has increased or stayed the same.[566] However, this depends on the poverty line calculation used. For instance, if the metric used is instead one that prioritizes meeting a standard life expectancy that no longer significantly rises with additional consumption enabled by income, the number of individuals in poverty has risen by nearly 1 billion.[567][568]
Human population growth is decreasing and the world population is expected to peak and then begin falling during the 21st century. Improvements in agricultural productivity and technology are expected to be able to meet anticipated increased demand for resources, making a global human overpopulation scenario unlikely.[569][570][571]
For any given production set, there is not a set amount of labor input (a "lump of labor") to produce that output. This fallacy is commonly seen in Luddite and later, related movements as an argument either that automation causes permanent, structural unemployment, or that labor-limiting regulation can decrease unemployment. In fact, changes in capital allocation, efficiency, and economies of learning can change the amount of labor input for a given set of production.[572]
Income is not a direct factor in determining credit score in the United States. Rather, credit score is impacted by the amount of unused available credit, which is in turn affected by income.[573] Income is also considered when evaluating creditworthiness more generally.
The US public vastly overestimates the amount spent on foreign aid.[574]
In the US, an increase in gross income will never reduce one's post-tax earnings (net income) due to putting one in a higher tax bracket. The tax brackets only indicate the marginal tax rate, as opposed to the total income tax rate; only the additional income earned in the higher tax bracket is taxed at the elevated rate.[575] An increase in gross income can reduce one's net income in a welfare cliff, however, when benefits are suddenly withdrawn when passing a certain income threshold.[576]
In real estate economics, the "supply skepticism" misconception leads the majority of the US public to incorrectly predict the effect of increasing the supply of housing on reducing the cost of renting or of buying a home. Researchers found that this misconception was unique to the housing market, and did not apply to other categories of goods. Constructing new housing decreases the cost of rent or of buying a home in both the immediate neighborhood and in the city as a whole.[577][578]

Earth and environmental sciences

Global surface temperature reconstruction over the last 2000 years using proxy data from tree rings, corals, and ice cores in blue.[579] Directly observed data is in red.[580]

Contemporary global warming is driven by human activities,[581][582] despite claims that it is not occurring, does not have strong scientific consensus, or that warming is mostly caused by non-human factors.[583][584][585] No scientific body of national or international standing disagrees with the decades-old, near-complete scientific consensus on climate change.[586] Global warming is primarily a result of the increase in atmospheric greenhouse-gas concentrations (like CO₂ and methane) via the burning of fossil fuels as well as other human activities such as deforestation, with secondary climate change feedback mechanisms (such as the melting of the polar ice increasing the Earth's absorption of sunlight) assisting to perpetuate the change.[587]

Ozone depletion is not a cause of global warming.

Global warming is not caused by the hole in the ozone layer. Ozone depletion is a separate problem caused by chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs)[588] which have been released into the atmosphere.[589] However, CFCs are strong greenhouse gases.[590][591]

Cooling towers from the now-decommissioned Cottam power stations in England. The gases expelled by the towers are harmless water vapors from the cooling process.

Cooling towers in power stations and other facilities do not emit smoke or harmful fumes; they emit water vapor and do not contribute to climate change.[592][593]
Nuclear power is one of the safest sources of energy, resulting in orders of magnitude fewer deaths than conventional power sources per unit of energy produced. Extremely few people are killed or injured due to nuclear power on a yearly basis.[594][595][596][597] (See also: Radiophobia)
Death rates from air pollution and accidents related to energy production, measured in deaths in the past per terawatt hours (TWh)
Lightning can, and often does, strike the same place twice. Lightning in a thunderstorm is more likely to strike objects and spots that are more prominent or conductive. For instance, lightning strikes the Empire State Building in New York City on average 23 times per year.[598]
Heat lightning does not exist as a distinct phenomenon. What is mistaken for "heat lightning" is usually ordinary lightning from storms too distant to hear the associated thunder.[599]
The Yellowstone Caldera is not overdue for a supervolcano eruption.[600]
The Earth's interior is not molten rock. This misconception may originate from a misunderstanding based on the fact that the Earth's mantle convects, and the incorrect assumption that only liquids and gases can convect. In fact, a solid with a large Rayleigh number can also convect, given enough time, which is what occurs in the solid mantle due to the very large thermal gradient across it.[601][602] There are small pockets of molten rock in the upper mantle, but these make up a tiny fraction of the mantle's volume.[603] The Earth's outer core is liquid, but it is liquid metal, not rock.[604]
The Amazon rainforest does not provide 20% of Earth's oxygen. This is a misinterpretation of a 2010 study which found that approximately 34% of photosynthesis by terrestrial plants occurs in tropical rainforests (so the Amazon rainforest would account for approximately half of this). Due to respiration by the resident organisms, all ecosystems (including the Amazon rainforest) have a net output of oxygen of approximately zero. The oxygen currently present in the atmosphere was accumulated over billions of years.[605]

Geography

Map of the Cape of Good Hope and Cape Agulhas, the southernmost point of Africa

The Cape of Good Hope is not the southern tip of Africa, which is actually Cape Agulhas, about 150 kilometres (90 mi) to the east-southeast.[606]
Rivers do not predominantly flow from north to south. Rivers flow downhill in all compass directions, often changing direction along their course.[607][608] Indeed, many major rivers flow northward, including the Nile, the Yenisey, the Ob, the Rhine, the Lena, and the Orinoco.[609][610]

Human body and health

A widely held misconception in South Korea is that leaving electric fans on while asleep can be fatal.

Sleeping in a closed room with an electric fan running does not result in "fan death", as is widely believed in South Korea.[611]
Waking up a sleepwalker does not harm them. Sleepwalkers may be confused or disoriented for a short time after awakening, but the health risks associated with sleepwalking are from injury or insomnia, not from being awakened.[612]
Drowning is often inconspicuous to onlookers.[613] In most cases, the instinctive drowning response prevents the victim from waving or yelling (known as "aquatic distress"),[613] which are therefore not dependable signs of trouble; indeed, most drowning victims undergoing the response do not show prior evidence of distress.[614]
Human blood in veins is not actually blue. Blood is red due to the presence of hemoglobin; deoxygenated blood (in veins) has a deep red color, and oxygenated blood (in arteries) has a light cherry-red color. Veins below the skin can appear blue or green due to subsurface scattering of light through the skin, and aspects of human color perception. Many medical diagrams also use blue to show veins, and red to show arteries, which contributes to this misconception.[615]
Exposure to a vacuum, or experiencing all but the most extreme uncontrolled decompression, does not cause the body to explode or internal fluids to boil (although the fluids in the mouth and lungs will indeed boil at altitudes above the Armstrong limit); rather, it will lead to a loss of consciousness once the body has depleted the supply of oxygen in the blood, followed by death from hypoxia within minutes.[616]
Exercise-induced delayed onset muscle soreness is not caused by lactic acid build-up. Muscular lactic acid levels return to normal levels within an hour after exercise; delayed onset muscle soreness is thought to be due to microtrauma from unaccustomed or strenuous exercise.[617]
Stretching before or after exercise does not reduce delayed onset muscle soreness.[618]
Swallowing gasoline does not generally require special emergency treatment, as long as it goes into the stomach and not the lungs, and inducing vomiting can make it worse.[619]
Urine is not sterile, not even in the bladder.[620]
Sudden immersion into freezing water does not typically cause death by hypothermia, but rather from the cold shock response, which can cause cardiac arrest, heart attack, or hyperventilation leading to drowning.[621]
Cremated remains are not ashes in the usual sense. After the incineration is completed, the dry bone fragments are swept out of the retort and pulverized by a machine called a cremulator (essentially a high-capacity, high-speed blender) to process them into "ashes" or "cremated remains".[622]
The lung's alveoli are not tiny balloons that expand and contract under positive pressure following the Young–Laplace equation, as is taught in some physiology and medical textbooks. The tissue structure is more like a sponge with polygonal spaces that unfold and fold under negative pressure from the chest wall.[623]
Half of body heat is not lost through the head, and covering the head is no more effective at preventing heat loss than covering any other portion of the body. Heat is lost from the body in proportion to the amount of exposed skin.[624][625] The head accounts for around 7–9% of the body's surface, and studies have shown that having one's head submerged in cold water only causes a person to lose 10% more heat overall.[626] This myth likely comes from a flawed United States military experiment in 1950, involving a prototype Arctic survival suit where the head was one of the few body parts left exposed.[627] The misconception was further perpetuated by a 1970 military field manual that claimed "40–45%" of heat is lost through the head, based on the 1950 study.[625][627]
Adrenochrome is not harvested from living people and has no use as a recreational drug. Hunter S. Thompson conceived a fictional drug of the same name in his book Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas, apparently as a metaphor and unaware that a real substance by that name existed; it is Thompson's fictional adrenochrome, and not the real chemical compound, that is the source of numerous conspiracy theories revolving around human trafficking to harvest the fictional drug.[628][629]
Men and women have the same number of ribs: 24, or 12 pairs. The erroneous idea that women have one more rib than men may stem from the biblical creation story of Adam and Eve.[630]
The use of cotton swabs (aka cotton buds or Q-Tips) in the ear canal has no associated medical benefits and poses definite medical risks.[631]
The idea that a precise number of stages of grief exist is not supported in peer-reviewed research or objective clinical observation, let alone the five stages of grief model.[632] The model was originally based on uncredited work and originally applied to the terminally ill instead of the grieving or bereaved.[633]
Although bananas contain naturally occurring radioactive isotopes, particularly potassium-40 (⁴⁰K), which emit ionizing radiation when undergoing radioactive decay, the levels of such radiation are far too low to induce radiation poisoning, and bananas are not a radiation hazard. It would not be physically possible to eat enough bananas to cause radiation poisoning, as the radiation dose from bananas is non-cumulative.[634][635][636][637] (See also: Banana equivalent dose)
Radiation is not always dangerous. Radiation is ubiquitous on Earth's surface, and humans are adapted to survive at normal Earth radiation levels. Everything is safely non-toxic at sufficiently low doses, even deadly poisons and high-energy forms of radiation, and everything becomes toxic at sufficiently high doses, even water and oxygen. Indeed, the relationship between dose and toxicity is often non-linear, and many substances that are toxic at high doses have neutral or positive health effects, or are biologically essential, at moderate or low doses. There is some evidence to suggest that this is true for ionizing radiation; normal levels of ionizing radiation may serve to stimulate and regulate the activity of DNA repair mechanisms.[634][635][636][638]

Disease and preventive healthcare

The common cold and the common flu are caused by viruses, not cold temperature, although cold temperature may somewhat weaken the immune system, and someone already infected with a cold or influenza virus but showing no symptoms can become symptomatic after they are exposed to low temperatures.[639][640] Viruses are more likely to spread during the winter for a variety of reasons such as dry air, less air circulation in homes, people spending more time indoors, and lower vitamin D levels in humans.[641][642][643]
Antibiotics will not cure a cold; they treat bacterial diseases and are ineffectual against viruses.[644][645] However, they are sometimes prescribed to prevent or treat secondary infections.[646]
There is little to no evidence that any illnesses are curable through essential oils or aromatherapy. Fish oil has not been shown to cure dementia, though there is evidence to support the effectiveness of lemon oil as a way to reduce agitation in patients with dementia.[647]
In those with the common cold, the color of the sputum or nasal secretion may vary from clear to yellow to green and does not indicate the class of agent causing the infection.[648] The color of the sputum is determined by immune cells fighting an infection in the nasal area.[649]
Vitamin C does not prevent or treat the common cold, although it may have a protective effect during intense cold-weather exercise. If taken daily, it may slightly reduce the duration and severity of colds, but it has no effect if taken after the cold starts.[650]

The bumps on a toad are not warts and cannot cause warts on humans.

Humans cannot catch warts from toads or other animals; the bumps on a toad are not warts.[651] Warts on human skin are caused by human papillomavirus, which is unique to humans.
Neither cracking one's knuckles nor exercising while in good health causes osteoarthritis.[652]
In people with eczema, bathing does not dry the skin as long as a moisturizer is applied soon after. If moisturizer is not applied after bathing, then the evaporation of water from the skin can result in dryness.[653]
There have never been any programs in the US that provide access to dialysis machines in exchange for pull tabs on beverage cans.[654] This rumor has existed since at least the 1970s, and usually cites the National Kidney Foundation as the organization offering the program. The Foundation itself has denied the rumor, noting that dialysis machines are primarily funded by Medicare.[655]
High dietary protein intake is not associated with kidney disease in healthy people.[656] While significantly increased protein intake in the short-term is associated with changes in renal function, there is no evidence to suggest this effect persists in the long-term and results in kidney damage or disease.[657]
Rhinoceros horn in powdered form is not used as an aphrodisiac in traditional Chinese medicine as Cornu Rhinoceri Asiatici (犀角, xījiǎo, "rhinoceros horn"). It is prescribed for fevers and convulsions,[658] a treatment not supported by evidence-based medicine.
Leprosy is not auto-degenerative as commonly supposed, meaning that it will not (on its own) cause body parts to be damaged or fall off.[659] Leprosy causes rashes to form and may degrade cartilage and, if untreated, inflame tissue. In addition, leprosy is only mildly contagious, partly because 95% of those infected with the mycobacteria that causes leprosy do not develop the disease.[660][659] Tzaraath, a Biblical disease that disfigures the skin is often identified as leprosy, and may be the source of many myths about the disease.[661]
Rust does not cause tetanus infection. The Clostridium tetani bacterium is generally found in dirty environments. Since the same conditions that harbor tetanus bacteria also promote rusting of metal, many people associate rust with tetanus. C. tetani requires anoxic conditions to reproduce and these are found in the permeable layers of rust that form on oxygen-absorbing, unprotected ironwork.[662]
Quarantine has never been a standard procedure for those with severe combined immunodeficiency, despite the condition's popular nickname ("bubble boy syndrome") and its portrayal in films. A bone marrow transplant in the earliest months of life is the standard course of treatment. The exceptional case of David Vetter, who indeed lived much of his life encased in a sterile environment because he would not receive a transplant until age 12 (the transplant, because of failure to detect mononucleosis, instead killed Vetter), was one of the primary inspirations for the "bubble boy" trope.[663]
Gunnison, Colorado, did not avoid the 1918 flu pandemic by using protective sequestration. The implementation of protective sequestration did prevent the virus from spreading outside a single household after a single carrier came into the town while it was in effect, but it was not sustainable and had to be lifted in February 1919. A month later, the flu killed five residents and infected dozens of others.[664]
Statements in medication package inserts listing the frequency of side effects describe how often the effect occurs after taking a drug, but are not making any assertion that there is a causal connection between taking the drug and the occurrence of the side effect. In other words, what is being reported on is correlation, not necessarily causation.[665]
A dog's mouth is not cleaner than a human's mouth. A dog's mouth contains almost as much bacteria as a human mouth.[666][667]
There is no peer-reviewed scientific evidence that crystal healing has any effect beyond acting as a placebo.[668][669][670]
There is a scientific consensus[671][672][673] that currently available food derived from genetically modified crops poses no greater risk to human health than conventional food.[674]

Nutrition, food, and drink

Diet has little influence on the body's detoxification, and there is no evidence that detoxification diets rid the body of toxins.[675][676] Toxins are removed from the body by the liver and kidneys.[675]
Drinking milk or consuming other dairy products does not increase mucus production.[677] As a result, they do not need to be avoided by those with the flu or cold congestion. However, milk and saliva in one's mouth mix to create a thick liquid that can briefly coat the mouth and throat. The sensation that lingers may be mistaken for increased phlegm.[678]
Drinking eight glasses (2–3 liters) of water a day is not needed to maintain health.[679] The amount of water needed varies by person, weight, diet, activity level, clothing, and the ambient heat and humidity. Water does not actually need to be drunk in pure form, and can be derived from liquids such as juices, tea, milk, soups, etc., and from foods including fruits and vegetables.[679][680]
Drinking coffee and other caffeinated beverages does not cause dehydration for regular drinkers, although it can for occasional drinkers.[681][680]
Sugar does not cause hyperactivity in children.[682] Double-blind trials have shown no difference in behavior between children given sugar-full or sugar-free diets, even in studies specifically looking at children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder or those considered sensitive to sugar.[683] A 2019 meta-analysis found no positive effect of sugar consumption on mood but did find an association with lower alertness and increased fatigue within an hour of consumption, known as a sugar crash.[684]
Eating nuts, popcorn, or seeds does not increase the risk of diverticulitis.[685] These foods may actually have a protective effect.[686]
Eating less than an hour before swimming does not increase the risk of experiencing muscle cramps or drowning. One study shows a correlation between alcohol consumption and drowning, but not between eating and stomach cramps.[687]
Vegan and vegetarian diets can provide enough protein for adequate nutrition.[688] In fact, typical protein intakes of ovo-lacto vegetarians meet or exceed requirements.[689] It is the position of the American Dietetic Association that appropriately planned vegetarian diets are healthful.[690] However, a vegan diet does require supplementation of vitamin B₁₂,[688] and vitamin B₁₂ deficiency occurs in up to 80% of vegans that do not supplement their diet.[691] Consuming no animal products increases the risk of deficiencies of vitamins B₁₂ and D, calcium, iron, omega-3 fatty acids,[692] and sometimes iodine.[693] Vegans are also at risk of low bone mineral density without supplementation for the aforementioned nutrients.[694]
Swallowed chewing gum does not take seven years to digest. In fact, chewing gum is mostly indigestible, and passes through the digestive system at the same rate as other matter.[695]
Monosodium glutamate (MSG) does not trigger migraine headaches or other symptoms of so-called Chinese restaurant syndrome, nor is there evidence that some individuals are especially sensitive to MSG. There is also little evidence it impacts body weight.[696]
Spicy food or coffee do not have a significant effect on the development of peptic ulcers.[697]
The beta carotene in carrots does not enhance night vision beyond normal levels for people receiving an adequate amount, only in those with a deficiency of vitamin A.[698] The belief that it does may have originated from World War II British disinformation meant to explain the Royal Air Force's improved success in night battles, which was actually due to radar and the use of red lights on instrument panels.[699]
Spinach is not a particularly good source of dietary iron. While it does contain more iron than many vegetables such as asparagus, Swiss chard, kale, or arugula, it contains only about one-third to one-fifth of the iron in lima beans, chickpeas, apricots, or wheat germ. Additionally, the non-heme iron found in spinach and other vegetables is not as readily absorbed as the heme iron found in meats and fish.[700][701][702]
Most cases of obesity are not related to slower resting metabolism. Resting metabolic rate does not vary much between people. Overweight people tend to underestimate the amount of food they eat, and underweight people tend to overestimate. In fact, overweight people tend to have faster metabolic rates due to the increased energy required by the larger body.[703]
Eating normal amounts of soy does not cause hormonal imbalance.[704]

Alcoholic beverages

Alcoholic beverages do not make the entire body warmer.[705] Alcoholic drinks create the sensation of warmth because they cause blood vessels to dilate and stimulate nerve endings near the surface of the skin with an influx of warm blood. This can actually result in making the core body temperature lower, as it allows for easier heat exchange with a cold external environment.[706]
Alcohol does not necessarily kill brain cells.[707] Alcohol can, however, lead indirectly to the death of brain cells in two ways. First, in chronic, heavy alcohol users whose brains have adapted to the effects of alcohol, abrupt ceasing following heavy use can cause excitotoxicity leading to cellular death in multiple areas of the brain.[708] Second, in alcoholics who get most of their daily calories from alcohol, a deficiency of thiamine can produce Korsakoff's syndrome, which is associated with serious brain damage.[709]
The order in which different types of alcoholic beverages are consumed ("Grape or grain but never the twain" and "Beer before liquor never sicker; liquor before beer in the clear") does not affect intoxication or create adverse side effects.[710]
Absinthe has no hallucinogenic properties, and is no more dangerous than any other alcoholic beverage of equivalent proof.[711] This misconception stems from late-19th- and early-20th-century distillers who produced cheap knockoff versions of absinthe, which used copper salts to recreate the distinct green color of true absinthe, and some also reportedly adulterated cheap absinthe with poisonous antimony trichloride, reputed to enhance the louching effect.[712]

Sexuality and reproduction

It is not possible to get pregnant from semen released in a commercial swimming pool without penetration. The sperm cells would be quickly killed by the chlorinated water and would not survive long enough to reach the vagina.[713]
Lack of a visible hymen is not a reliable indicator that a female has had penetrative sex, because the tearing of the hymen may have been the result of some other event,[714][715] and some women are born without one. 1800s historical virginity tests, such as the "two-finger" test, are widely considered to be unscientific.[716][717][718]
Hand size[719] and foot size[720] do not correlate with human penis size, but finger length ratio may.[721]
While pregnancies from sex between first cousins do carry a slightly elevated risk of birth defects, this risk is often exaggerated.[722] The risk is 5–6% (similar to that of a woman in her early 40s giving birth),[722][723] compared with a baseline risk of 3–4%.[723] The effects of inbreeding depression, while still relatively small compared to other factors (and thus difficult to control for in a scientific experiment), become more noticeable if isolated and maintained for several generations.[724]
Having sex before a sporting event or contest is not physiologically detrimental to performance.[725] In fact it has been suggested that sex prior to sports activity can elevate male testosterone levels, which could potentially enhance performance for male athletes.[726]
There is no definitive proof of the existence of the vaginal G-spot, and the general consensus is that no such spot exists on the female body.[727]
Closeted or latent homosexuality is not correlated with internalized homophobia. A 1996 study claiming a connection in men[728] has not been verified by subsequent studies, including a 2013 study that found no correlation.[729]
The menstrual cycles of people who live together do not tend to synchronize. A 1971 study made this claim, but subsequent research has not supported it.[730][731]

Skin and hair

Water-induced wrinkles are not caused by the skin absorbing water and swelling.[732] They are caused by the autonomic nervous system, which triggers localized vasoconstriction in response to wet skin, yielding a wrinkled appearance.[733]
A person's hair and fingernails do not continue to grow after death. Rather, the skin dries and shrinks away from the bases of hairs and nails, giving the appearance of growth.[734]
Shaving does not cause terminal hair to grow back thicker or darker. This belief is thought to be due to the fact that hair that has never been cut has a tapered end, so after cutting, the base of the hair is blunt and appears thicker and feels coarser. That short hairs are less flexible than longer hairs contributes to this effect.[735]
MC1R, the gene mostly responsible for red hair, is not becoming extinct, nor will the gene for blond hair do so, although both are recessive alleles. Redheads and blonds may become rarer but will not die out unless everyone who carries those alleles dies without passing their hair color genes on to their children.[736]
Acne is mostly caused by genetics, and is not caused by a lack of hygiene or eating fatty foods, though certain medication or a carbohydrate-rich diet may worsen it.[737]
Dandruff is not caused by poor hygiene, though infrequent hair-washing can make it more obvious. The exact causes of dandruff are uncertain, but they are believed to be mostly genetic and environmental factors.[738]

Inventions

James Watt did not invent the steam engine,[739] nor were his ideas on steam engine power inspired by a kettle lid pressured open by steam.[740] Watt improved upon the already commercially successful Newcomen atmospheric engine (invented in 1712) in the 1760s and 1770s, making certain improvements critical to its future usage, particularly the external condenser, increasing its efficiency, and later the mechanism for transforming reciprocating motion into rotary motion; his new steam engine later gained huge fame as a result.[741]
Although the guillotine was named after the French physician Joseph-Ignace Guillotin, he neither invented nor was executed with this device. He died peacefully in his own bed in 1814.[742]
Thomas Crapper did not invent the flush toilet.[743] A forerunner of the modern toilet was invented by the Elizabethan courtier Sir John Harington in the 16th century,[744] and in 1775 the Scottish mechanic Alexander Cumming developed and patented a design for a toilet with an S-trap and flushing mechanism.[745] Crapper, however, did much to increase the popularity of the flush toilet and introduced several innovations in the late 19th century, holding nine patents, including one for the floating ballcock.[746] The word crap is also not derived from his name (see the Words, phrases and languages section above).[747]
Thomas Edison did not invent the light bulb.[748] He did, however, develop the first practical light bulb in 1880 (employing a carbonized bamboo filament), shortly prior to Joseph Swan, who invented an even more efficient bulb in 1881 (which used a cellulose filament).
Henry Ford did not invent either the automobile or the assembly line. He did improve the assembly line process substantially, sometimes through his own engineering but more often through sponsoring the work of his employees, and he was the main person behind the introduction of the Model T, regarded as the first affordable automobile.[749] Karl Benz (co-founder of Mercedes-Benz) is credited with the invention of the first modern automobile,[750] and the assembly line has existed throughout history.
Al Gore never said that he had "invented" the Internet. What Gore actually said was, "During my service in the United States Congress, I took the initiative in creating the Internet", in reference to his political work towards developing the Internet for widespread public use.[751] Gore was the original drafter of the High Performance Computing and Communication Act of 1991, which provided significant funding for supercomputing centers,[752] and this in turn led to upgrades of a major part of the already-existing early 1990s Internet backbone, the NSFNet,[753] and development of NCSA Mosaic, the browser that popularized the World Wide Web.[752] (See also: Al Gore and information technology)

Mathematics

Marble bust of a man with a long, pointed beard, wearing a taenia, a kind of ancient Greek head covering in this case resembling a turban. The face is somewhat gaunt and has prominent, but thin, eyebrows, which seem halfway fixed into a scowl. The ends of his mustache are long a trail halfway down the length of his beard to about where the bottom of his chin would be if we could see it. None of the hair on his head is visible, since it is completely covered by the taenia.

Bust of Pythagoras in the Capitoline Museums, Rome.[754] Classical historians dispute whether he ever made any mathematical discoveries.[755][756]

The Greek philosopher Pythagoras was not the first to discover the equation expressed in the Pythagorean theorem, as it was known and used by the Babylonians and Indians centuries before him.[757][758][759][760] Pythagoras may have been the first to introduce it to the Greeks,[761][759] but the first record of it being mathematically proven as a theorem is in Euclid's Elements which was published some 200 years after Pythagoras.
There is no evidence that the ancient Greeks deliberately designed the Parthenon to match the golden ratio.[762] The Parthenon was completed in 438 BCE, more than a century before the first recorded mention of the ratio by Euclid. Similarly, Leonardo da Vinci's Vitruvian Man makes no mention of the golden ratio in its text, although it describes many other proportions.[763]
The repeating decimal commonly written as 0.999... represents exactly the same quantity as the number one. Despite having the appearance of representing a smaller number, 0.999... is a symbol for the number 1 in exactly the same way that 0.333... is an equivalent notation for the number represented by the fraction 1⁄3.[764]
The p-value is not the probability that the null hypothesis is true, or the probability that the alternative hypothesis is false; it is the probability of obtaining results at least as extreme as the results actually observed under the assumption that the null hypothesis was correct, which can indicate the incompatibility of results with the specific statistical model assumed in the null hypothesis.[765] This misconception, and similar ones like it, contributes to the common misuse of p-values in education and research.[765][766]
If one were to flip a fair coin five times and get heads each time, it would not be any more likely for a sixth flip to come up tails. Phrased another way, after a long and/or unlikely streak of independently random events, the probability of the next event is not influenced by the preceding events. Humans often feel that the underrepresented outcome is more likely, as if it is due to happen. Such thinking may be attributed to the mistaken belief that gambling, or even chance itself, is a fair process that can correct itself in the event of streaks.[767]

Physics

An illustration of the (incorrect) equal-transit-time explanation of aerofoil lift

The lift force is not generated by the air taking the same time to travel above and below an aircraft's wing.[768] This misconception, sometimes called the equal transit-time fallacy, is widespread among textbooks and non-technical reference books, and even appears in pilot training materials. In fact, the air moving over the top of an aerofoil generating lift is always moving much faster than the equal transit theory would imply,[768] as described in the incorrect and correct explanations of lift force.
Blowing over a curved piece of paper does not demonstrate Bernoulli's principle. Although a common classroom experiment is often explained this way,[769] Bernoulli's principle only applies within a flow field, and the air above and below the paper is in different flow fields.[770] The paper rises because the air follows the curve of the paper and a curved streamline will develop pressure differences perpendicular to the airflow.[771][772]
The Coriolis effect does not cause water to consistently drain from basins in a clockwise/counter-clockwise direction depending on the hemisphere. The common myth often refers to the draining action of flush toilets and bathtubs. In fact, rotation is determined by whatever minor rotation is initially present at the time the water starts to drain, as the magnitude of the coriolis acceleration is negligibly small compared to the inertial acceleration of flow within a typical basin.[773]
Neither gyroscopic forces nor geometric trail are required for a rider to balance a bicycle or for it to demonstrate self-stability.[774][775] Although gyroscopic forces and trail can be contributing factors, it has been demonstrated that those factors are neither required nor sufficient by themselves.[774]
A penny dropped from the Empire State Building would not kill a person or crack the sidewalk. A penny is too light and has too much air resistance to acquire enough speed to do much damage since it reaches terminal velocity after falling about 50 feet. Heavier or more aerodynamic objects could cause significant damage if dropped from that height.[776][777]
Using a programmable thermostat's setback feature to limit heating or cooling in a temporarily unoccupied building does not waste as much energy as leaving the temperature constant. Using setback saves energy (5–15%) because heat transfer across the surface of the building is roughly proportional to the temperature difference between its inside and the outside.[778][779]
It is not possible for a person to completely submerge in quicksand, as commonly depicted in fiction,[780] although sand entrapment in the nearshore of a body of water can be a drowning hazard as the tide rises.[781]
Quantum nonlocality caused by quantum entanglement does not allow faster-than-light communication or imply instant action at a distance, despite its common characterization as "spooky action at a distance". Rather, it means that certain experiments cannot be explained by local realism.[782][783]
The slipperiness of ice is not due to pressure melting. While it is true that increased pressure, such as that exerted by someone standing on a sheet of ice, will lower the melting point of ice, experiments show that the effect is too weak to account for the lowered friction. Materials scientists still debate whether premelting or the heat of friction is the dominant cause of ice's slipperiness.[784][785]

Psychology and neuroscience

A small number of young children have eidetic memory, where they can recall an object with high precision for a few minutes after it is no longer present.[786] True photographic memory (the ability to remember endless images, particularly pages or numbers, with such a high degree of precision that the image mimics a photo) has never been demonstrated to exist in any individual.[787] Many people have claimed to have a photographic memory, but those people have been shown to have high precision memories as a result of mnemonic devices rather than a natural capacity for detailed memory encoding.[788] There are rare cases of individuals with exceptional memory, but none of them have a memory that mimics that of a camera.
The phase of the Moon does not influence fertility, cause a fluctuation in crime, or affect the stock market. There is no correlation between the lunar cycle and human biology or behavior. However, the increased amount of illumination during the full moon may account for increased epileptic episodes, motorcycle accidents, or sleep disorders.[789]

Mental disorders

Vaccines do not cause autism. There have been no successful attempts to reproduce the fraudulent research by British ex-doctor Andrew Wakefield. Wakefield's research was ultimately shown to have been manipulated.[790]
Dyslexia is not defined or diagnosed as mirror writing or reading letters or words backwards.[791][792] Mirror writing and reading letters or words backwards are behaviors seen in many children (dyslexic or not) as they learn to read and write.[791][792] Dyslexia is a neurodevelopmental disorder of people who have at least average intelligence and who have difficulty in reading and writing that is not otherwise explained by low intelligence.[793]
Self-harm is not generally an attention-seeking behavior. People who engage in self-harm are typically very self-conscious of their wounds and scars and feel guilty about their behavior, leading them to go to great lengths to conceal it from others.[794] They may offer alternative explanations for their injuries, or conceal their scars with clothing.[795][796]
There is no evidence that a chemical imbalance or neurotransmitter deficiency is the sole factor in depression and other mental disorders, but rather a combination of biological, psychological, and social factors.[797][798]
Schizophrenia is characterized by continuous or relapsing episodes of psychosis. Major symptoms include hallucinations (typically hearing voices), delusions, paranoia, and disorganized thinking. Other symptoms include social withdrawal, decreased emotional expression, and apathy.[799] The term was coined from the Greek roots schizein and phrēn, "to split" and "mind", in reference to a "splitting of mental functions" seen in schizophrenia, not a splitting of the personality.[800] It does not involve split or multiple personalities—a split or multiple personality is dissociative identity disorder.[801]

Brain

Broad generalizations are often made in popular psychology about certain brain functions being lateralized, or more predominant in one hemisphere than the other. These claims are often inaccurate or overstated.[802]
The human brain, particularly the prefrontal cortex, does not reach "full maturity" at any particular age (e.g. 18, 21, or 25 years of age). Changes in structure and myelination of gray matter are recorded to continue with relative consistency all throughout adult life. Some mental abilities peak and begin to decline around high school graduation while others do not peak until much later (i.e. 40s or later).[803]

Golgi-stained neurons in human hippocampal tissue. It is commonly believed that humans will not grow new brain cells, but research has shown that some neurons can reform in humans.

Humans do not generate all of the brain cells they will ever have by the age of two years. Although this belief was held by medical experts until 1998, it is now understood that new neurons can be created after infancy in some parts of the brain into late adulthood.[804]
People do not use only 10% of their brains.[805][806] While it is true that a small minority of neurons in the brain are actively firing at any one time, a healthy human will normally use most of their brain over the course of a day, and the inactive neurons are important as well. The idea that activating 100% of the brain would allow someone to achieve their maximum potential and/or gain various psychic abilities is common in folklore and fiction,[806][807][808] but doing so in real life would likely result in a fatal seizure.[809][810] This misconception was attributed to late 19th century leading thinker William James, who apparently used the expression only metaphorically.[807]
Although Phineas Gage's brain injuries, caused by a several-foot-long tamping rod driven completely through his skull, caused him to become temporarily disabled, fanciful descriptions of his "immoral behavior" in later life are without factual basis.[811]

Senses

Infants can and do feel pain.[812][813]

An incorrect map of the tongue showing zones that taste bitter (1), sour (2), salty (3) and sweet (4). Actually, all zones can sense all tastes, and there is also the taste of umami (not shown on picture).

All different tastes can be detected on all parts of the tongue by taste buds,[814] with slightly increased sensitivities in different locations depending on the person; the tongue map showing the contrary is fallacious.[815]
There are not four primary tastes, but five: in addition to bitter, sour, salty, and sweet, humans have taste receptors for umami, which is a "savory" or "meaty" taste.[816][817][818] Fat does interact with specific receptors in taste bud cells, but whether it is a sixth primary taste remains inconclusive.[819]
Humans have more than the commonly cited five senses. The number of senses in various categorizations ranges from 5 to more than 20. In addition to sight, smell, taste, touch, and hearing, which were the senses identified by Aristotle, humans can sense balance and acceleration (equilibrioception), pain (nociception), body and limb position (proprioception or kinesthetic sense), and relative temperature (thermoception).[820] Other senses sometimes identified are the sense of time, echolocation, itching, pressure, hunger, thirst, fullness of the stomach, need to urinate, need to defecate, and blood carbon dioxide (CO₂) levels.[821][822]
The human sense of smell is not weak or underdeveloped. Humans have similar senses of smell to other mammals, and are more sensitive to some odors than rodents and dogs.[823]

Transportation

The Bermuda Triangle does not have any more shipwrecks or mysterious disappearances than most other waterways.[824]
Toilet waste is never intentionally jettisoned from an aircraft. All waste is collected in tanks and emptied into toilet waste vehicles.[825] Blue ice is caused by accidental leakage from the waste tank. Passenger train toilets, on the other hand, have indeed historically flushed onto the tracks; modern trains in most developed countries usually have retention tanks on board and therefore do not dispose of waste in such a manner.
Automotive batteries stored on a concrete floor do not discharge any faster than they would on other surfaces,[826] in spite of worry among Americans that concrete harms batteries.[827] Early batteries with porous, leaky cases may have been susceptible to moisture from floors, but for many years lead–acid car batteries have had impermeable polypropylene cases.[828] While most modern automotive batteries are sealed, and do not leak battery acid when properly stored and maintained,[829] the sulfuric acid in them can leak out and stain, etch, or corrode concrete floors if their cases crack or tip over or their vent-holes are breached by floods.[830]

Notes

References

a. "Legal Tender Status". Resource Center. U.S. Department of the Treasury. January 4, 2011. Archived from the original on January 24, 2017. Retrieved January 27, 2017.
b. "Is it legal for a business in the United States to refuse cash as a form of payment?". Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System. Federal Reserve System. June 17, 2011. Archived from the original on January 21, 2017. Retrieved January 27, 2017.
c. "What is A "Legal Tender Law"? And, is It a Problem?". Forbes. Archived from the original on June 3, 2018.
Mikkelson, David (November 21, 2000). "What Does Adidas Stand For?". Snopes. Retrieved June 28, 2022.
VanHooker, Brian (October 27, 2020). "The True Story Behind Adidas' 'All Day I Dream About Sex' (And Other Bogus Brand Acronyms)". MEL Magazine. Retrieved June 28, 2022.
"Sports Legend Revealed: Did Adidas get its name from the acronym "All Day I Dream About Soccer"?". Los Angeles Times. October 12, 2010. Archived from the original on June 28, 2022. Retrieved June 28, 2022.
a. "The Claus That Refreshes". Snopes.com. December 18, 2001. Archived from the original on December 22, 2009. Retrieved January 7, 2008.
b. "Did White Rock or The Coca-Cola Company create the modern Santa Claus Advertisement?". whiterocking.org. The White Rock Collectors Association. 2001. Archived from the original on December 22, 2009. Retrieved January 19, 2007.
c. "Coca-Cola's Santa Claus: Not The Real Thing!". BevNET.com. December 18, 2006. Archived from the original on December 22, 2009. Retrieved January 19, 2007.
d. Santa Claus on the 1902 cover of Puck magazine
e. Santa Claus on the 1904 cover of Puck magazine
f. Santa Claus on the 1905 cover of Puck magazine
g. Hoffman, Robert C. (2001). Postcards from Santa Claus: Sights and Sentiments from the Last Century. Square One Publishers. ISBN 978-0-7570-0105-5.
Mikkelson, Barbara and David (March 19, 2011). "Don't Go Here". Snopes.com. Retrieved October 3, 2015.
a. Rodriguez, Ashley (August 29, 2017). "Netflix was founded 20 years ago today because Reed Hastings was late returning a video". Quartz. Retrieved June 28, 2022. The real origin story wasn't as clean or concise, according to co-founder and former CEO Marc Randolph. He says Hastings began telling the tall Apollo 13 tale to give a sexy explanation for how Netflix worked. There was no late fee, no aha moment, just long commutes in Silicon Valley that the pair spent plotting their next venture around the time that Hastings's first business, Pure Software, merged with Atria, where Randolph worked, and sold to another company.
b. Keating, Gina (September 24, 2013). "Prologue". Netflixed: The Epic Battle for America's Eyeballs. Portfolio. pp. 3–4. ISBN 978-1-59184-659-8.
c. Carey, Alexis (January 18, 2020). "True story behind Netflix's rise – and the downfall of Blockbuster". The New Zealand Herald. Retrieved June 28, 2022.
d. Castillo, Michelle (May 23, 2017). "Reed Hastings' story about the founding of Netflix has changed several times". CNBC. Retrieved July 1, 2022.
"Is it true that Pepsi briefly owned Soviet warships?". HistoryExtra. Retrieved September 29, 2023.
Musgrave, Paul (November 27, 2021). "The Doomed Voyage of Pepsi's Soviet Navy". Foreign Policy. Retrieved June 24, 2022.
Clarke, Kaiyah (May 24, 2022). "Fact Check: NO Pepsi Navy – U.S.-Soviet Deal Did NOT Make Pepsi The '6th Most Powerful Military In The World'". Lead Stories. Retrieved June 24, 2022.
a. "Does searing meat really seal in moisture?". Cookthink.com. Archived from the original on December 14, 2013. Retrieved August 29, 2009.
b. McGee, Harold (2004). On Food and Cooking (Revised ed.). Scribner. p. 161. ISBN 978-0-684-80001-1. "The Searing Question".
Choi, Candace (July 15, 2013). "New Twinkies weigh less, have fewer calories". USA Today. Retrieved July 15, 2013.
Sagon, Candy (April 13, 2005). "Twinkies, 75 Years and Counting". The Washington Post. Retrieved August 30, 2011.
The myth implies that the "artificial" ingredients in Twinkies makes them immune to decay. a. Kelley, Tina (March 23, 2000). "Twinkie Strike Afflicts Fans With Snack Famine". The New York Times. Retrieved February 10, 2012.
b. Greenfield-Boyce, Neil (October 15, 2020). "A disturbing Twinkie that has so far defied science". All Things Considered. Retrieved October 23, 2020.
Godoy, Maria (July 10, 2013). "The Science Of Twinkies: How Do They Last So Darned Long?". NPR. Retrieved February 22, 2022.
a. See "Expiration dates". Consumer Affairs. Retrieved November 11, 2011.
b. "Food Product Dating". Retrieved April 24, 2015.
c. "Harvard study finds food expiration labels are misleading". Reuters. September 18, 2013. Retrieved November 30, 2022. "People think the use-by date means either the product is going to die or you're going to die if you eat it... If the food looks rotten and smells bad, you should throw it away, but just because it's past the date on the package, it doesn't mean it's unsafe.
Gunders, Dana (November 11, 2011). ""Use-By" Dates: a Myth that Needs Busting". NRDC. Retrieved February 22, 2022.
"New Mexico State University – College of Agriculture and Home Economics (2005)". Archived from the original on May 4, 2007.
Tandon, G. L.; Dravid, S. V.; Siddappa, G. S. (January 1964). "Oleoresin of Capsicum (Red Chilies)?Some Technological and Chemical Aspects". Journal of Food Science. 29 (1): 2. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2621.1964.tb01683.x.
Rachel C. Vreeman, Aaron E. Carroll, "Medical Myths", The British Medical Journal (now called The BMJ) 335:1288 (December 20, 2007), doi:10.1136/bmj.39420.420370.25
"7 Common Medical Myths Debunked". WebMD.
Baraniuk, Chris. "The secrets of fake flavours". BBC. Retrieved July 30, 2022.
"Why Doesn't Fake Banana Flavor Taste Like Real Bananas?". Science Friday. Retrieved July 30, 2022.
Lee, Jennifer (January 16, 2008). "Solving a Riddle Wrapped in a Mystery Inside a Cookie". The New York Times. Retrieved May 10, 2012.
Mikkelson, Barbara (June 9, 2008). "Inscrutable Cookie". Snopes.com.
LeClair, Catherine (August 5, 2020). "How the Oreo cookie went from unknown knock-off to the world's most popular cookie, as a result of a sibling rivalry between baker brothers". Business Insider. Retrieved July 6, 2022.
Rhoads, Christopher (January 19, 2008). "The Hydrox Cookie Is Dead, and Fans Won't Get Over It". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved July 6, 2022. In college, when friends ridiculed her for preferring the cheaper knock-off Hydrox to the real thing, she did some research. Among her findings: Hydrox was created in 1908 by what would later become Sunshine Biscuits Inc. That was four years before the National Biscuit Co. (later called Nabisco) came up with the similar Oreo. Oreo was the knock-off. The Hydrox name came from combining the words hydrogen and oxygen, which Sunshine executives thought evoked purity. Others thought it sounded more like a laundry detergent.
Kestenbaum, David; Smith, Robert (September 18, 2015). "Episode 652: The Hydrox Resurrection". Planet Money. NPR. Retrieved July 6, 2022. People thought of Hydrox as the Oreo knockoff, but they were not. Hydrox were the original sandwich cookie.
"Who Invented Peanut Butter?". National Peanut Board. Archived from the original on November 25, 2016. Retrieved June 24, 2022.
Cannon, William (February 6, 2017). "A True Renaissance Man". American Scientist. Retrieved June 24, 2022.
Krampner, Jon (2013). "The Birth of Peanut Butter". Creamy and Crunchy: An Informal History of Peanut Butter, the All-American Food. Columbia University Press. p. 42. ISBN 978-0-231-16233-3.
Wheeling, Kate (January 2021). "A Brief History of Peanut Butter". Smithsonian Magazine. Retrieved June 24, 2022. North Americans weren't the first to grind peanuts—the Inca beat us to it by a few hundred years—but peanut butter reappeared in the modern world because of an American, the doctor, nutritionist and cereal pioneer John Harvey Kellogg, who filed a patent for a proto-peanut butter in 1895.
Mikkelson, David (April 21, 2013). "Potato Chip Origin". Snopes. Retrieved June 24, 2022.
Fox, William S.; Banner, Mae G. (April 1983). "Social and Economic Contexts of Folklore Variants: The Case of Potato Chip Legends". Western Folklore. 42 (2): 114–126. doi:10.2307/1499968. JSTOR 1499968.
Tensley, Brandon (January 2022). "How the Potato Chip Took Over America". Smithsonian Magazine. Retrieved June 23, 2022.
McElwain, Aoife (June 17, 2019). "Did Tayto really invent cheese and onion crisps?". Irish Times. Retrieved June 23, 2022. One of the oldest known published recipes for crisps is by William Kitchiner, an optician who doubled up as a Georgian-era celebrity chef. His book, A Cook's Oracle, published in 1817, was a big hit in the UK and a young America. Kitchiner's recipe – Potatoes fried in Slices or Shavings – calls for slivers of potato fried in "lard or dripping" and "served with a very little salt sprinkled over them".
Burhans, Dick (2008). "Creation Myths". Crunch!: A History of the Great American Potato Chip. University of Wisconsin Press. pp. 17–20. ISBN 978-0299227708.
a. Paul Freedman, "Food Histories of the Middle Ages", in Kyri W. Claflin, Peter Scholliers, Writing Food History: A Global Perspective, ISBN 1847888097, p. 24
b. Dalby, Andrew (2000). Dangerous Tastes: The Story of Spices. University of California Press. p. 156. ISBN 978-0-520-23674-5.
c. Jotischky, Andrew (2011). A Hermit's Cookbook: Monks, Food and Fasting in the Middle Ages. Bloomsbury. p. 170. ISBN 978-1-4411-5991-5.
d. Krondl, Michael (2007). The Taste of Conquest: The Rise and Fall of the Three Great Cities of Spice. Ballantine Books. p. 6. ISBN 978-0-345-48083-5.
Smith, Craig S. (April 6, 2005). "The Raw Truth: Don't Blame the Mongols (or Their Horses)". The New York Times. p. F2.
Sokolov, Raymond (2004). How to Cook Revised Edition: An Easy and Imaginative Guide for the Beginner. New York, NY (USA): Harper Collins. pp. 41–42. ISBN 978-0-06-008391-5. Retrieved June 3, 2012.
Albert Jack, What Caesar Did for My Salad: Not to Mention the Earl's Sandwich, Pavlova's Meringue and Other Curious Stories Behind Our Favourite Food, 2010, ISBN 978-1-84614-254-3, p. 141 at Google Books
a. Maryann Tebben, Sauces: A Global History, 2014, ISBN 1780234139, chapter 5
b. "Histoire de la Crème Chantilly". Domaine de Chantilly. Archived from the original on April 16, 2013.
a. Barbara Ketcham Wheaton (2011). Savoring the Past: The French Kitchen and Table from 1300 to 1789. Simon and Schuster. pp. 43–51. ISBN 978-1-4391-4373-5.
b. Mennell, Stephen (1996). All Manners of Food: Eating and Taste in England and France from the Middle Ages to the Present (2nd ed.). University of Illinois Press. pp. 65–66, 69–71. ISBN 978-0-252-06490-6.
c. Campanini, Antonella (December 18, 2018). The New Gastronome: The Illusive Story Of Catherine de' Medici: A Gastronomic Myth. Summarizing Campanini, Antonella; Bienassis, Loïc (2018). Quellier, Florent; Briost, Pascal (eds.). La Table de la Renaissance: Le mythe italien. ISBN 978-2-7535-7406-9. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
Soltysiak, Michal; Celuch, Malgorzata; Erle, Ulrich (June 2011). "Measured and simulated frequency spectra of the household microwave oven". 2011 IEEE MTT-S International Microwave Symposium. pp. 1–4. doi:10.1109/MWSYM.2011.5972844. ISBN 978-1-61284-754-2. S2CID 41526758.
Bloomfield, Louis. "Question 1456". How Everything Works. Archived from the original on October 17, 2013. Retrieved February 9, 2012.
Baird, Christopher S. (October 15, 2014). "Why are the microwaves in a microwave oven tuned to water". Science Questions with Surprising Answers.
Chaplin, Martin. "Water Absorption Spectrum".
a. "Microwave Technology Penetration Depths". pueschner.com. Püschner GMBH + CO KG MicrowavePowerSystems. Retrieved June 1, 2018.
b. Health, Center for Devices and Radiological (December 12, 2017). "Resources for You (Radiation-Emitting Products) – Microwave Oven Radiation". fda.gov. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Retrieved June 1, 2018.
a. Frei, MR; Jauchem, JR; Dusch, SJ; Merritt, JH; Berger, RE; Stedham, MA (1998). "Chronic, low-level (1.0 W/kg) exposure of mice prone to mammary cancer to 2450 MHz microwaves". Radiation Research. 150 (5): 568–76. Bibcode:1998RadR..150..568F. doi:10.2307/3579874. JSTOR 3579874. PMID 9806599.
b. Frei, MR; Berger, RE; Dusch, SJ; Guel, V; Jauchem, JR; Merritt, JH; Stedham, MA (1998). "Chronic exposure of cancer-prone mice to low-level 2450 MHz radiofrequency radiation". Bioelectromagnetics. 19 (1): 20–31. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1521-186X(1998)19:1<20::AID-BEM2>3.0.CO;2-6. PMID 9453703.
"Ask the doctor: Microwave's impact on food". harvard.edu. June 12, 2015. Retrieved December 5, 2021.
Harmetz, Aljean (1992). Round Up the Usual Suspects: The Making of Casablanca – Bogart, Bergman, and World War II. Hyperion. p. 72. ISBN 978-1-56282-761-8.
a. Sklar, Robert (1992). City Boys: Cagney, Bogart, Garfield. New Jersey: Princeton University Press. p. 135. ISBN 978-0-691-04795-9.
b. Mikkelson, Barbara and David P. (August 17, 2007). "The Blaine Truth". Snopes.com. Retrieved March 25, 2012.
Mariani, Mike (October 28, 2015). "The Tragic, Forgotten History of Zombies". The Atlantic. Retrieved July 3, 2022.
Di Placido, Dani (July 19, 2017). "The Evolution Of The Zombie". Forbes. Retrieved July 3, 2022. George A. Romero's first zombie film Night of the Living Dead is credited with popularizing the zombie, though it never actually uses that word. The "ghouls" in the film are mindless flesh-eaters that have little in common with the Haitian zombie other than rising from the grave.
Eschner, Kart (October 31, 2017). "Zombie Movies Are Never Really About Zombies". Smithsonian Magazine. Retrieved July 3, 2022. In the 1960s and 70s, filmmaker George Romero brought the zombie film into the mainstream with Night of the Living Dead and Dawn of the Dead. The first of these was technically about "ghouls." Romero didn't start calling them "zombies" until his second film. But his now-iconic films helped to erase enslaved people from zombie history.
Collis, Clark (July 18, 2017). "George A. Romero thought Night of the Living Dead would be a 'one-off'". Entertainment Weekly. Archived from the original on September 2, 2019. Retrieved July 3, 2022. "I never thought of my guys as zombies, when I made the first film," he said. "To me, zombies were still those boys in the Caribbean doing the wetwork for [Bela] Lugosi.
Kay, Glenn (2008). Zombie Movies: The Ultimate Guide. Chicago Review Press. p. 5. ISBN 978-1-55652-770-8.
Maher, John (October 8, 2020). "10 Tragically, Irretrievably Lost Pieces of Animation History". The Vulture. Retrieved June 22, 2022.
Witiw, John (March 27, 2021). "10 Things You Didn't Know About Disney's Snow White And The Seven Dwarfs". CBR. Retrieved June 22, 2022.
Sisterson, Dennis (March 28, 2017). "Magic Wilderness: El Apóstol & Peludópolis". Skwigly. Retrieved June 22, 2022. As we all know, Disney's Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs is usually cited as the first animated feature, but as most of us who read this site are no doubt aware, it wasn't. It was preceded by Lotte Reiniger's The Adventures of Prince Achmed, Ladislas Starevitch's The Tale of the Fox, and two features by the Argentinian animator Quirino Cristiani – all films which could scracely [sic] be more different from the Disney mode.
Chaffee, Keith (October 28, 2019). "A Week to Remember: International Animation Day". Los Angeles Public Library. Retrieved June 22, 2022.
Bendazzi, Giannalberto (2017). "The First Feature Length Animated Film in History". Twice the First: Quirino Cristiani and the Animated Feature Film. CRC Press. p. 36. ISBN 978-1-351-37179-7. On the other hand, the movie was not widely successful, and appealed to a small portion of the population. It was strictly for a Buenos Aires audience: nobody in the provinces even saw it because it was not distributed there. And likewise, given the subject, it was not possible to export the film to other nations, not even to a close cousin similar to Uruguay.
"QI: Quite interesting facts about Spain". Telegraph. May 5, 2011. Archived from the original on January 11, 2022. Retrieved March 29, 2017.
a. Lewis, M. Paul; Simons, Gary F.; Fennig, Charles D., eds. (2013). "Deaf sign language". Ethnologue: Languages of the World (17th ed.). SIL International. Archived from the original on November 26, 2013. Retrieved December 3, 2013.
b. Supalla, Ted; Webb, Rebecca (2013). "The grammar of international sign: A new look at pidgin languages.". In Reilly, Judy Snitzer; Emmorey, Karen (eds.). Language, Gesture, and Space. Psychology Press. pp. 333–52. ISBN 978-1-134-77966-6.
c. Omar, Hasuria Che (2009). The Sustainability of the Translation Field. ITBM. p. 293. ISBN 978-983-42179-6-9.
a. Geoffrey K. Pullum's explanation in Language Log: The list of snow-referring roots to stick [suffixes] on isn't that long [in the Eskimoan language group]: qani- for a snowflake, apu- for snow considered as stuff lying on the ground and covering things up, a root meaning "slush", a root meaning "blizzard", a root meaning "drift", and a few others—very roughly the same number of roots as in English. Nonetheless, the number of distinct words you can derive from them is not 50, or 150, or 1500, or a million, but simply unbounded. Only stamina sets a limit.
b. The seven most common English words for snow are snow, hail, sleet, ice, icicle, slush, and snowflake. English also has the related word glacier and the four common skiing terms pack, powder, crud, and crust, so one can say that at least 12 distinct words for snow exist in English.
Krupnik, Igor et al. (2010) "Franz Boas and Inuktitut terminology for ice and snow: from the emergence of the field to the 'Great Eskimo Vocabulary Hoax'". in Krupnik et al. (2010). SIKU: Knowing our Ice: Documenting Inuit Sea-Ice knowledge and Use. New York, NY: Springer. pp.385–410.
David Robson, New Scientist 2896, December 18 2012, Are there really 50 Eskimo words for snow?, "Yet Igor Krupnik, an anthropologist at the Smithsonian Arctic Studies Center in Washington DC believes that Boas was careful to include only words representing meaningful distinctions. Taking the same care with their own work, Krupnik and others have now charted the vocabulary of about 10 Inuit and Yupik dialects and conclude that there are indeed many more words for snow than in English (SIKU: Knowing Our Ice, 2010). Central Siberian Yupik has 40 such terms, whereas the Inuit dialect spoken in Nunavik, Quebec, has at least 53, including matsaaruti, wet snow that can be used to ice a sleigh's runners, and pukak, for the crystalline powder snow that looks like salt. For many of these dialects, the vocabulary associated with sea ice is even richer."
Malotki, Ekkehart (1983). Hopi Time: A Linguistic Analysis of the Temporal Concepts in the Hopi Language. Trends in Linguistics. Studies and Monographs. Vol. 20. Berlin, New York, Amsterdam: Mouton Publishers. ISBN 978-90-279-3349-2.
Zimmer, Benjamin (March 27, 2007). "Crisis = danger + opportunity: The plot thickens". Language Log. Retrieved January 19, 2009.
a. "The Straight Dope: Is the Chinese word for "crisis" a combination of "danger" and "opportunity"?"
b. Mair, Victor H. (2005). "danger + opportunity ≠ crisis: How a misunderstanding about Chinese characters has led many astray". PinyinInfo.com. Retrieved January 15, 2009.
Mikkelson, Barbara & David P. (April 13, 2011). "Gringo". Snopes.com. Retrieved June 17, 2011.
"Where does the word "Gringo" come from?". The Yucatan Times. April 27, 2018. Archived from the original on March 22, 2022. Retrieved June 11, 2022.
Ramirez, Aida (August 7, 2013). "Who, Exactly, Is A Gringo?". NPR. Archived from the original on December 22, 2021. Retrieved June 11, 2022.
"Gringo". American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language. 2001. Archived from the original on May 14, 2013. Retrieved June 17, 2011.
"Is 'Irregardless' a Real Word?".
"Irregardless originated in dialectal American speech in the early 20th century... The most frequently repeated remark about it is that "there is no such word." There is such a word, however." Merriam Webster Dictionary "Definition of IRREGARDLESS". Archived from the original on May 8, 2014. Retrieved October 27, 2011.
""... "irregardless" is indeed a word. Anne Curzan, a professor of English at the University of Michigan, confirms its legitimacy..." Michigan Radio That's What They Say". October 13, 2012. Archived from the original on April 27, 2014.
"There is No Such Word as '...'".
Fogarty, Mignon (September 12, 2008). "Is "Funnest" a Word". Archived from the original on April 27, 2014. Retrieved September 25, 2012.
funnest: ; ; ; ;
a. Jackson, Janice Eurana (1998). Linguistic aspect in African-American English-speaking children: An investigation of aspectual "be". Amherst, Massachusetts: University of Massachusetts Amherst. ISBN 978-0-591-96032-7. ProQuest 304446674.
b. "Do You Speak American. For Educators. Curriculum. High School. AAE". PBS. Retrieved May 23, 2012.
c. "Synergy – African-American English". Umass.edu. Retrieved May 23, 2012.
Mikkelson, Barbara (June 13, 2008). "420". Snopes.com. Archived from the original on October 19, 2009. Retrieved June 17, 2011.
"California Penal Code Section 420". January 15, 2011. Archived from the original on April 27, 2014. Retrieved June 17, 2011.
"Thomas Crapper". Snopes.com. May 31, 2011. Retrieved June 17, 2011.
Harper, Douglas (2010). "Crap". Online Etymology Dictionary. Archived from the original on April 27, 2014. Retrieved June 17, 2011.
"Crap". American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language. Houghton Mifflin. 2001. Archived from the original on January 21, 2013. Retrieved June 17, 2011.
Harper, Douglas. "Faggot". The Online Etymological Dictionary. Retrieved May 31, 2023.
Weeks, Linton (May 28, 2011). "The Fa-Word: An Insulting Slur In the Spotlight". NPR. Archived from the original on May 23, 2022. Retrieved May 31, 2023.
Canfield, David (March 13, 2017). "Long TV's Most Politically Incorrect Show, It's Always Sunny in Philadelphia Made the Case for Sensitivity in Season 12". Slate. Archived from the original on November 6, 2020. Retrieved May 31, 2023. But Mac pleads that they understand the slur's significance. 'Did you know that a faggot is a burning bundle of sticks on top of which they used to burn homosexuals?' he asks (erroneously, but with genuine pain).
a. Mikkelson, Barbara (July 8, 2007). "What the Fuck?". Snopes.com. Archived from the original on April 25, 2012. Retrieved June 17, 2011.
b. Mikkelson, Barbara (July 9, 2007). "Pluck Yew". Snopes.com. Archived from the original on April 25, 2012. Retrieved June 17, 2011.
Sheidlower, Jesse (Autumn 1998). "Revising the F-Word". Verbatim: The Language Quarterly. 23 (4): 18–21.
Henry Ansgar Kelly (September 1994). "Rule of Thumb and the Folklaw of the Husband's Stick". Journal of Legal Education. 44 (3): 341–65.
Sommers, Christina Hoff (1995). Who Stole Feminism? How Women Have Betrayed Women. Simon and Schuster. pp. 203–07, 296–97. ISBN 978-0-684-80156-8.
Kelly, Henry Ansgar (September 1994). "Rule of Thumb and the Folklaw of the Husband's Stick" (PDF). Journal of Legal Education. 44 (3): 341–65. JSTOR 42893341.
O'Conner & Kellerman 2009, pp. 123–126.
Brians, Paul (2011). "Common Errors in English Usage – Ye". Common Errors in English Usage. Washington State University. Archived from the original on May 31, 2013. Retrieved June 24, 2011.
Harper, Douglas (2001–2010). "Etymology Online". Online Etymology Dictionary. Archived from the original on April 27, 2014. Retrieved June 24, 2011.
a. "Ingenious Trifling". Etymoline. Retrieved October 1, 2015.
b. O'Conner & Kellerman 2009, p. 145
"wop". The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language (5th ed.). HarperCollins.
O'Conner & Kellerman 2009, p. 77: "The usual suggestion is that 'Xmas' is ... an attempt by the ungodly to x-out Jesus and banish religion from the holiday."
Bratcher, Dennis (December 3, 2007). "The Origin of "Xmas"". CRI / Voice, Institute. Archived from the original on May 30, 2013. Retrieved June 10, 2011.
Oxford English Dictionary, s.v. "X" (1921 edition) and "Xmas" (Third Edition, 2020)
a. Sparks, Preston; Cox, Timothy (November 17, 2008). "Missing persons usually found". Augusta Chronicle. Archived from the original on December 14, 2013. Retrieved May 21, 2011.
b. "FAQs: Question: Do you need to wait 24 hours before reporting a person missing?". National Missing Persons Coordination Center, Australian Federal Police. Archived from the original on September 23, 2008. Retrieved May 22, 2011.
c. Vongkiatkajorn, Kanyakrit. "NYPD: How The Police Handles Missing Persons Cases". NYCity News Service. Retrieved June 25, 2022.
"Report or find a missing person". Gov.uk. June 3, 2013. Archived from the original on January 22, 2014. Retrieved August 18, 2013.
"Why the first 72 hours in a missing persons investigation are the most critical, according to criminology experts". ABC News. Retrieved June 11, 2022.
Pogash, Carol (November 23, 2003). "Myth of the 'Twinkie defense'". San Francisco Chronicle. p. D-1. Retrieved March 20, 2007.
a. Powers, Rod (November 24, 2019). "Can a Judge Order Someone to Join the Military or Go to Jail?". The Balance. Retrieved December 30, 2017.
b. Schogol, Jeff (February 3, 2006). "Judge said Army or jail, but military doesn't want him". Stars and Stripes. Retrieved December 30, 2017.
"Snopes on Entrapment". Snopes.com. March 12, 1998. Retrieved August 29, 2009.
Sloane (1990) 49 A Crim R 270. See also agent provocateur
Gramlich, John (November 20, 2020). "What the data says (and doesn't say) about crime in the United States". Pew Research.
"Gun homicides steady after decline in '90s; suicide rate edges up". Pew Research. October 21, 2015.
Willingham, AJ (September 6, 2018). "The First Amendment doesn't guarantee you the rights you think it does". CNN. Retrieved March 1, 2019.
McGregor, Jena (August 8, 2017). "The Google memo is a reminder that we generally don't have free speech at work". The Washington Post. Retrieved March 1, 2019.
Dunn, Christopher (April 28, 2009). "Column: Applying the Constitution to Private Actors (New York Law Journal)". New York Civil Liberties Union. Retrieved January 27, 2017.
Berman-Gorvine, Martin (May 19, 2014). "Employer Ability to Silence Employee Speech Narrowing in Private Sector, Attorneys Say". Bloomberg BNA. Archived from the original on March 31, 2019. Retrieved March 1, 2019.
Timm, Trevor (November 2, 2012). "It's Time to Stop Using the 'Fire in a Crowded Theater' Quote". The Atlantic. Retrieved June 20, 2020.
Volokh, Eugene (May 11, 2015). "Shouting fire in a crowded theater". Washington Post. Retrieved June 20, 2020.
Camp, Emma (October 27, 2022). "Yes, You Can Yell 'Fire' in a Crowded Theater". reason.com. Reason. Retrieved October 29, 2022.
Colleen Long (May 5, 2016). "Cops seek killer of man who washed ashore in 'cement shoes'". CBS 3 Philadelphia. Associated Press. Retrieved August 11, 2018.
"'Cement shoes' found on NYC corpse". BBC News. May 5, 2016. Retrieved August 5, 2021.
"Après deux ans de polémique, l'État "enterre" le général Bigeard". France 24 (in French). November 20, 2012. Retrieved June 25, 2022.
Miranda v. Arizona, 384 U.S. 436 (1966)
Imwinkelried and Blinka, Criminal Evidentiary Foundations, 2d ed. (Lexis 2007) ISBN 978-1-4224-1741-6 at 620.
"Can a case be dismissed if a person is not read his/her Miranda rights?". Patrick Barone. September 10, 2021. Retrieved September 10, 2021.
a. Benedictus, Leo (March 23, 2015). "Gum control: how Lee Kuan Yew kept chewing gum off Singapore's streets". The Guardian. Retrieved July 9, 2022.
b. Rajah, Jothie (January 1, 2014). "Flogging Gum: Cultural Imaginaries and Postcoloniality in Singapore's Rule of Law". Law Text Culture. 18 (1): 135–165. ISSN 1322-9060.
c. Brown, Lauren (March 1, 2012). "How To Travel In Singapore Without Getting Caned". Business Insider. Retrieved July 9, 2022.
"Why are chewing gums banned in Singapore?". HT School. Retrieved June 23, 2023.
Gilsinan, Kathy (May 12, 2014). "Interpol at 100: Does the World's Police Force Work?". The Atlantic. Retrieved April 2, 2022.
Lee, Michael. "Interpol hopes physical border security will solve virtual borders". ZDNet. Retrieved April 7, 2022.
"FAQs: Question: Do crime scene investigators really draw a chalk line around the body?". Straight Dope. April 13, 2001. Retrieved February 24, 2023.
Knowles, Elizabeth (October 26, 2006). What They Didn't Say: A Book of Misquotations. OUP Oxford. ISBN 978-0-19-150054-1.
Evans, Bergen (1962). Comfortable Words. New York City: Random House. All dictionaries now recognize "a Frankenstein" as any monstrous creation that threatens to destroy its creator.
Garner, Bryan A. (1998). A dictionary of modern American usage. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-507853-4. Today this ubiquitous usage must be accepted as standard
O'Toole, Garson (January 28, 2013). "For Sale, Baby Shoes, Never Worn". Quote Investigator. Retrieved April 5, 2023.
Mikkelson, David (October 29, 2008). "Did Ernest Hemingway Write a Six-Word Story to Win a Bet?". Snopes. Retrieved April 5, 2023.
Churchwell, Sarah (June 23, 2019). "For sale, baby shoes, never worn — the myth of Ernest Hemingway's short story". The Times. Retrieved April 5, 2023. For a long time, legend held that this was one of the world's great short stories, by one of the world's great short-story writers: Ernest Hemingway. There were different versions of the myth . . . None of it is true. And for those who think the internet is a cesspool of lies, it is an interesting experiment to google those six words today. The top items, including a Wikipedia entry on the myth, debunk it as the urban legend it is.
Sorensen, Jon (February 10, 2014). "Did the Vatican Outlaw "The Devil In Music?"". Catholic Answers. Retrieved July 8, 2022.
Smith 1979, pp. 69–70.
Drabkin, William (2001). "Tritone". Grove Music Online. Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.28403. ISBN 978-1-56159-263-0. (subscription or UK public library membership required)
Smith 1979, p. 71.
"The Devil's Music". April 28, 2006. Retrieved July 8, 2022.
Solomon 1995, p. 587.
"Was Mozart actually poisoned by Salieri?". Classic fm. Retrieved April 12, 2021.
a. Wolff, Christoph (2001). "Bach. III. 7. Johann Sebastian Bach. Works". In Sadie, Stanley; Tyrrell, John (eds.). The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians (2nd ed.). London: Macmillan Publishers. ISBN 978-1-56159-239-5. ‎
b. Williams, Peter F. (2007). J.S. Bach: A Life in Music. Cambridge University Press. p. 158.
c. Schulenberg, David (2006). The Keyboard Music of J.S. Bach. p. 448.
d. Schulze, Hans-Joachim (1979). "Ein 'Dresdner Menuett' im zweiten Klavierbüchlein der Anna Magdalena Bach. Nebst Hinweisen zur Überlieferung einiger Kammermusikwerke Bachs". Bach-Jahrbuch. 65: 45–64, 54–58, 64. doi:10.13141/bjb.v19791376.
Rauscher, Frances H.; Shaw, Gordon L.; Ky, Catherine N. (1993). "Music and spatial task performance". Nature. 365 (6447): 611. Bibcode:1993Natur.365..611R. doi:10.1038/365611a0. PMID 8413624. S2CID 1385692.
William Pryse-Phillips (2003). Companion to Clinical Neurology. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-515938-1., p. 611 defines the term as "Slight and transient improvement in spational[sic] reasoning skills detected in normal subjects as a result of exposure to the music of Mozart, specifically his sonata for two pianos (K448)."
Bridgett, D.J.; Cuevas, J. (2000). "Effects of listening to Mozart and Bach on the performance of a mathematical test". Perceptual and Motor Skills. 90 (3 Pt 2): 1171–1175. doi:10.2466/pms.2000.90.3c.1171. PMID 10939064. S2CID 35762220.
Thompson, W.F.; Schellenberg, E.G.; Husain, G. (2001). "Arousal, mood, and the Mozart effect". Psychological Science. 12 (3): 248–251. doi:10.1111/1467-9280.00345. PMID 11437309. S2CID 17641225.
Jones, Martin H.; West, Stephen D.; Estell, David B. (2006). "The Mozart effect: Arousal, preference, and spatial performance". Psychology of Aesthetics, Creativity, and the Arts. S (1): 26–32. doi:10.1037/1931-3896.S.1.26.
Steele, Kenneth M. (2000). "Arousal and mood factors in the "Mozart effect"" (PDF). Perceptual and Motor Skills. 91 (1): 188–190. doi:10.2466/pms.2000.91.1.188. PMID 11011888. S2CID 21977655. Archived from the original (PDF) on January 6, 2017. Retrieved November 4, 2015.
Frédéric Chopin; Joseph Banowetz (2000). Piano works. Alfred Music Publishing. p. 6. ISBN 978-0-7692-9854-2. Retrieved October 2, 2010.
Maurice Hinson (2004). The Pianist's Dictionary. Indiana University Press. p. 114. ISBN 978-0-253-21682-3. Retrieved October 2, 2010. This piece bears an erroneous nickname since the story long associated with this nickname presumes the pianist is supposed to play the piece in one minute. The word "minute" means small or little waltz.
November 7, 2006. "How Do You Solve a Problem Like Maria?". Archived from the original on April 27, 2014. BBC.
Vilain, Robert (2010). Words and Music. MHRA. pp. 24, 28. ISBN 978-1-907322-08-2.
"Austria's far-right picks different flower for parliament's opening session". DW. September 11, 2017. Retrieved June 21, 2022. Flowers worn traditionally in jacket lapels at Austrian parliamentary openings got special attention Thursday when the Freedom Party of Austria's (FPÖ) 51 deputies — enlarged from 38 — sported edelweiss, the national flower featured in the 1965 hit movie "The Sound of Music."
"In 1977 Mike Nesmith Fooled the World: When The Monkees Sold More Records Than The Beatles and Rolling Stones Combined". Flashbak. September 18, 2017. Archived from the original on June 20, 2018. Retrieved November 9, 2017.
a. Cruickshank, Douglas (January 14, 2002). "Sympathy for the Devil". Salon.com. Archived from the original on March 3, 2016. Retrieved June 25, 2006.
b. Zentgraf, Nico. "The Complete Works of the Rolling Stones 1962–2008". Archived from the original on March 27, 2012. Retrieved February 23, 2008.
Burks, John (February 7, 1970). "Rock & Roll's Worst Day". Rolling Stone. Archived from the original on April 22, 2009. Retrieved September 13, 2008.
Elicker, Martina (2001). "Concept Albums: Song Cycles in Popular Music". Word and Music Studies: Essays on the Song Cycle and on Defining the Field. Rodopi. pp. 231–234. ISBN 978-90-420-1565-4.
"Fact Check: In the Air Tonight". Snopes.com.
Peterson, Christopher. "When Did the Buddha Become Fat?". Psychology Today. Retrieved November 1, 2018.
Bromiley, Geoffrey W. (1995). The International Standard Bible Encyclopedia. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. ISBN 978-0-8028-3781-3. Retrieved May 18, 2011.
Dunn, James DG (2003). Jesus Remembered. Eerdmans Publishing. p. 324.
"Matthew 2:1–2". Bible Gateway. Retrieved June 2, 2021.
Schiller, G. (1971). Iconography of Christian Art (English translation from German). Vol. I. p. 96. ISBN 978-0-85331-270-3.
Matthew 2:16, as cited by Schiller, Gertud, Iconography of Christian Art, Vol. I, p. 96, 1971 (English trans from German), Lund Humphries, London, ISBN 978-0-85331-270-3
Calvin, John. Calvin's Commentaries, Vol. 31: Matthew, Mark and Luke, Part I, tr. by John King. Retrieved May 15, 2010. Quote from Commentary on Matthew 2:1–6
Longenecker, Dwight (2014). "We Three Kings" Who were the Magi? Catholic Education Resource Center. Retrieved November 16, 2021.
Ashby, Chad. "Magi, Wise Men, or Kings? It's Complicated." Christianity Today, December 16, 2016.
Ehrman, Bart D. (2006). Peter, Paul, and Mary Magdalene: The Followers of Jesus in History and Legend. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. pp. 189–90. ISBN 978-0-19-530013-0.
Spong, John Shelby (March 14, 2006). The Sins of Scripture: Exposing the Bible's Texts of Hate to Reveal the God of Love (PDF). HarperOne. p. 108. ISBN 978-0060778408.
a. Marrow, Stanley B. (1986). Paul: His Letters and His Theology : an Introduction to Paul's Epistles. Paulist Press. pp. 5, 7. ISBN 978-0-8091-2744-3.
b. "Why did God change Saul's name to Paul?". Catholic Answers. Archived from the original on October 30, 2012. Retrieved August 31, 2014.
"Religion & Ethics – Beliefs: The Immaculate Conception". BBC. 2009. Archived from the original on January 24, 2012. Retrieved January 5, 2011.
Hopko, Thomas. The Winter Pascha Chapter 9, Antiochian Orthodox Christian Archdiocese of North America
a. Rafe, Simon. "Infallibility versus Impeccability". Saint Michael's Basic Training: Apologetics. Archived from the original on April 27, 2014. Retrieved June 17, 2011.
b. MacDonald, David; Bonocore, Mark. "Is the Pope Sinless?". The Pope, Bishop of Rome Catholic and Orthodox relations. CatholicBridge.com. Archived from the original on June 15, 2011. Retrieved June 17, 2011.
"Catholic Encyclopedia: Beatification and Canonization". www.newadvent.org.
Noreen (November 19, 2012). "St. Peter's Basilica in Vatican Is Not The Official Church Of The Pope". Today I Found Out. Retrieved February 14, 2019.
a. "Utah Local News – Salt Lake City News, Sports, Archive". The Salt Lake Tribune. Retrieved October 1, 2014.
b. "Religions – Mormon: Polygamy". BBC. Retrieved October 1, 2014.
c. "Mormon church explains polygamy in early days". The Big Story. Archived from the original on October 6, 2014. Retrieved October 1, 2014.
d. "Mormon Polygamy Misconceptions about Mormon Polygamy". Mormon Polygamy. Archived from the original on January 13, 2013. Retrieved October 1, 2014.
"Polygamy lives on in LDS temples". The Salt Lake Tribune. Retrieved November 25, 2019.
The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints. "Do Mormons practice polygamy?". mormon.org. Archived from the original on October 6, 2014. Retrieved October 1, 2014.
a. "Current practice of polygamy in the Mormon movement". Retrieved October 1, 2014.
b. "Modern Polygamy: Arizona Mormon Fundamentalists Seek to Shed Stereotypes". ABC News. March 14, 2014. Retrieved October 1, 2014.
Poe, Harry Lee; Stanley Mattson, J. (2005). What God Knows: Time, Eternity, and Divine Knowledge. Baylor University Press. ISBN 978-1-932792-12-6.
"St Augustine and the Beginning of Time". Society of Catholic Scientists.
Roos, Dave (February 24, 2020). "Who Decided Which Books to Include in the Bible?". HowStuffWorks. InfoSpace Holdings. Retrieved August 29, 2022.
Cross, F. L.; Livingstone, E. A., eds. (January 1, 2005). "canon of Scripture". The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church (3rd ed.). Oxford University Press. p. 282. doi:10.1093/acref/9780192802903.001.0001. ISBN 978-0-19-280290-3.
Vyver, James (August 17, 2017). "Explainer: Why do Muslim women wear a burka, niqab or hijab?". Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved February 1, 2020. Some Muslim women wear niqabs, which are often confused with the burka.
Quotah, Eman. "I'm Muslim but don't wear a headscarf. Stop using hijabs as a tool for 'solidarity.'". USA Today. Retrieved December 3, 2021.
a. Isbister, William H. (November 23, 2002). "A "good" fatwa". British Medical Journal. 325 (7374): 1227. doi:10.1136/bmj.325.7374.1227. PMC 1124693.
b. Vultee, Fred (October 2006). "Fatwa on the Bunny". Journal of Communication Inquiry. 30 (4): 319–336. doi:10.1177/0196859906290919. S2CID 143612009.
"In Depth: Islam, Fatwa FAQ". CBC News Online. June 15, 2006. Archived from the original on July 14, 2011. Retrieved April 8, 2009.
Khadduri, Majid (1955). War and Peace in the Law of Islam. Johns Hopkins Press. pp. 74–80. ISBN 978-1-58477-695-6.
a. Buckles, Luke (2004). The Complete Idiot's Guide to World Religions (3rd ed.). Alpha. p. 157. ISBN 978-1-59257-222-9.
b. "Western definition of "jihad" must be corrected – Italian expert". Kuwait News Agency (KUNA). March 29, 2007. Archived from the original on October 15, 2011.
Safi, Louay M. (2003). Peace and the Limits of War: Transcending the Classical Conception of Jihad. International Institute of Islamic Thought. p. preface. ISBN 978-1-56564-402-1.
al-Jalalayn. "Tafsir Ar-Rahman". Tafsir al-Jalalayn. Retrieved April 30, 2020.
Warraq, Ibn (January 12, 2002). "Virgins? What virgins?". The Guardian. London. Archived from the original on June 22, 2013.
Anjali Nirmal (2009). Urban Terrorism: Myths and Realities. Pointer Publishers. p. 33. ISBN 978-81-7132-598-6.
Salahuddin Yusuf, Riyadhus Salihin, commentary on Nawawi, Chapter 372, Dar-us-Salam Publications (1999), ISBN 978-1-59144-053-6
Szpek, Heidi (2002). Voices from the University: The Legacy of the Hebrew Bible. iUniverse. p. 92. ISBN 978-0-595-25619-8.
a. Babylonian Talmud, Berakhot, 40a
b. Adams, Cecil (November 24, 2006). "Was the forbidden fruit in the Garden of Eden an apple?". The Straight Dope. Archived from the original on April 1, 2014. Retrieved February 9, 2012.
Levine, Rabbi Menachem (October 7, 2018). "Judaism and Tattoos". aish.com. Retrieved December 12, 2018.
Mikkelson, Barbara (May 18, 2010). "Golf: Gentlemen Only, Ladies Forbidden?". Snopes. Retrieved June 23, 2022.
Jerris, Rand. "FAQ – Golf History Questions". United States Golf Association. Retrieved June 23, 2022.
Clemens, Warren (November 27, 2004). "Did 'Gentlemen Only, Ladies Forbidden?' give us golf?". The Globe and Mail. Retrieved June 23, 2022.
a. Cole, Diane (October 4, 1990). "Contrary to myth, baseball may have had no single inventor". U.S. News & World Report. Archived from the original on December 14, 2013. Retrieved August 6, 2009.
b. Fox, Butterfield (October 4, 1990). "Cooperstown? Hoboken? Try New York City". The New York Times. Retrieved April 3, 2009.
柔道帯の最高位は、何と紅!? "紅帯"所持者に投げられてきた! (in Japanese). R25.jp. May 15, 2008. Archived from the original on May 19, 2008. Retrieved November 11, 2008.
Corrigan, James (January 5, 2006). "FA Cup countdown: 1927 and all that". The Independent. Retrieved April 8, 2018.
Williams, Jack (February 17, 2017). "You Can Tell an F.A. Cup Champion by Its Corner Flags. Or Not". The New York Times. Retrieved April 8, 2018.
Adhikari, Somak (June 6, 2018). "No, India Did Not Withdraw From The 1950 FIFA World Cup Because They Did Not Want To Wear Shoes". The Times of India. The Times Group. Retrieved December 2, 2019.
a. Lisi 2007, p. 49
b. "1950 FIFA World Cup Brazil – Overview". FIFA. Archived from the original on March 18, 2012.
"Violent video games found not to be associated with adolescent aggression". University of Oxford. February 13, 2019. Retrieved June 25, 2022.
Etchells, Pete (April 6, 2019). "Five damaging myths about video games – let's shoot 'em up". The Guardian. Retrieved December 23, 2020.
Henry, Jenkins. "Reality Bytes: Eight Myths About Video Games Debunked". PBS. Retrieved December 23, 2020.
"Misconceptions – Video Game Dissection". Pennsylvania State University. Retrieved December 23, 2020.
Markey, Patrick M.; Ferguson, Christopher J. (October 1, 2017). "Teaching Us to Fear: The Violent Video Game Moral Panic and the Politics of Game Research" (PDF). American Journal of Play: 99–115. Archived from the original (PDF) on June 29, 2021. Retrieved December 23, 2020.
Draper, Kevin (August 5, 2019). "Video Games Aren't Why Shootings Happen. Politicians Still Blame Them". The New York Times. Retrieved August 22, 2019.
Plunkett, Luke (February 3, 2016). "Why Gandhi Is Such An Asshole In Civilization". Kotaku. Retrieved June 22, 2022.
Meier, Sid (2020). "Funny Business". Sid Meier's Memoir!: A Life in Computer Games. W. W. Norton. pp. 261–266. ISBN 978-1-324-00587-2.
Артемий Леонов (September 5, 2019). Почему история о баге с «ядерным Ганди» в Civilization, скорее всего, выдумана [Why the story about the "Nuclear Gandhi" bug in Civilization is likely fictional]. DTF.ru (in Russian). Retrieved June 22, 2022.
Jackson, Gina (August 11, 2016). "Gandhi Is Still An Asshole In Civilization VI". Kotaku. Retrieved June 22, 2022.
Kennedy, Sam (December 2, 2005). "Dragon Quest vs. America". 1up. Archived from the original on July 28, 2012. Retrieved June 26, 2022. Predating Xbox 360 hysteria by years, several fans were mugged on their way home with their new prize, and the situation became so bad that it was brought before the Japanese Diet. Although tales of a law requiring Dragon Quest games only be released on the mornings of weekends or holidays are the stuff of urban legend, each new title is as highly anticipated as the launch of a new console.
Joe, Skrebels (April 22, 2020). "How Dragon Quest Spawned an Urban Legend". IGN. Archived from the original on April 14, 2022. Retrieved June 26, 2022.
Gilbert, Henry (July 11, 2010). "Everything you need to know about Dragon Quest – There is no Dragon Quest law". GamesRadar. Archived from the original on July 26, 2013. Retrieved June 26, 2022.
Walker, Matt (August 19, 2012). "Dragon Quest X Online: Mezameshi Itsutsu no Shuzoku". Nintendo World Report. Retrieved June 26, 2022. Its Thursday release is unheard of for a Dragon Quest game, which are generally released over the weekend so people don't take work off in droves to play them.
Fox, Mark (2012). "Space Invaders targets coins". World Coin News. Krause Publications. 39 (2): 35–37. Retrieved June 26, 2022.
Paradis, Charles (March 2014). "Insert Coin to Play: Space Invaders and the 100-Yen Myth". The Numismatist. American Numismatic Association: 46–48. Retrieved June 26, 2022.
Parkin, Simon (October 17, 2013). "The Space Invader". The New Yorker. Retrieved June 26, 2022.
a. Shaw, Johnathan (July–August 2003). "Who Built the Pyramids?". Harvard Magazine. Retrieved August 14, 2022.
b. "Egypt tombs suggest pyramids not built by slaves". Reuters. January 10, 2010. Retrieved August 14, 2022.
c. Weiss, Daniel (July–August 2022). "Journeys of the Pyramid Builders". Archaeology. Archaeological Institute of America. Retrieved August 14, 2022. Based on the contents of the papyri, Tallet believes that at least some workers in the time of Khufu were highly skilled and well rewarded for their labor, contradicting the popular notion that the Great Pyramid was built by masses of oppressed slaves.
Kratovac, Katarina (January 12, 2010). "Egypt: New Find Shows Slaves Didn't Build Pyramids". U.S. News. Retrieved August 14, 2022.
Watterson, Barbara (1997). "The Era of Pyramid-builders". The Egyptians. Blackwell. p. 63. Herodotus claimed that the Great Pyramid at Giza was built with the labour of 100,000 slaves working in three-monthly shifts, a charge that cannot be substantiated. Much of the non-skilled labour on the pyramids was undertaken by peasants working during the Inundation season when they could not farm their lands. In return for their services they were given rations of food, a welcome addition to the family diet.
David, Ariel (April 19, 2019). "For You Were (Not) Slaves in Egypt: The Ancient Memories Behind the Exodus Myth". Haaretz. Retrieved August 14, 2022.
a. Brinkmann, Vinzenz (2008). "The Polychromy of Ancient Greek Sculpture". In Panzanelli, Roberta; Schmidt, Eike D.; Lapatin, Kenneth (eds.). The Color of Life: Polychromy in Sculpture from Antiquity to the Present. Los Angeles: The J. Paul Getty Museum and the Getty Research Institute. pp. 18–39. ISBN 978-0-89236-918-8.
b. Gurewitsch, Matthew (July 2008). "True Colors: Archaeologist Vinzenz Brinkmann insists his eye-popping reproductions of ancient Greek sculptures are right on target". Smithsonian.com. Smithsonian Institution. Retrieved May 15, 2018.
c. Prisco, Jacopo (November 30, 2017). "'Gods in Color' returns antiquities to their original, colorful grandeur". CNN style. Retrieved May 15, 2018.
Talbot, Margaret (October 22, 2018). "The Myth of Whiteness in Classical Sculpture". The New Yorker. Retrieved May 12, 2020.
a. James Hamilton-Paterson, Carol Andrews, Mummies: Death and Life in Ancient Egypt, p. 190, Collins for British Museum Publications, 1978, ISBN 978-0-00-195532-5
b. Charlotte Booth, The Boy Behind the Mask, p. xvi, Oneword, 2007, ISBN 978-1851685448
c. Richard Cavendish, "Tutankhamun's Curse?", History Today 64:3 (3 March 2014)
Sparkes A.W. (1988). "Idiots, Ancient and Modern". Australian Journal of Political Science. 23: 101–102. doi:10.1080/00323268808402051.
Winkler, Martin M. (2009). The Roman Salute: Cinema, History, Ideology. Columbus: Ohio State University Press. ISBN 978-0-8142-0864-9. p. 55
Fass, Patrick (1994). Around the Roman Table. University of Chicago Press. pp. 66–67. ISBN 978-0-226-23347-5.
McKeown, J.C. (2010). A Cabinet of Roman Curiosities: Strange Tales and Surprising Facts from the World's Greatest Empire. Oxford University Press. pp. 153–54. ISBN 978-0-19-539375-0.
a. Ridley, R.T. (1986). "To Be Taken with a Pinch of Salt: The Destruction of Carthage". Classical Philology. 81 (2): 140–146. doi:10.1086/366973. JSTOR 269786. S2CID 161696751.: "a tradition in Roman history well known to most students"
b. Stevens, Susan T. (1988). "A Legend of the Destruction of Carthage". Classical Philology. 83 (1): 39–41. doi:10.1086/367078. JSTOR 269635. S2CID 161764925.
c. Visona, Paolo (1988). "Passing the Salt: On the Destruction of Carthage Again". Classical Philology. 83 (1): 41–42. doi:10.1086/367079. JSTOR 269636. S2CID 162289604.: "this story... had already gained widespread currency"
d. Warmington, B.H. (1988). "The Destruction of Carthage: A Retractatio". Classical Philology. 83 (4): 308–10. doi:10.1086/367123. JSTOR 269510. S2CID 162850949.: "the frequently repeated story"
"...could not survive the trauma of a Caesarean" Oxford Classical Dictionary, Third Edition, "Childbirth"
Wanjek, Christopher (April 7, 2003). Bad Medicine: Misconceptions and Misuses Revealed, from Distance Healing to Vitamin O. John Wiley & Sons. p. 5. ISBN 978-0-471-46315-3.
Harper, Douglas. "caesarian". Online Etymology Dictionary. Retrieved January 22, 2022.
a. Lindberg, David C. (2003). Lindberg, David C.; Numbers, Ronald L. (eds.). The Medieval Church Encounters the Classical Tradition: Saint Augustine, Roger Bacon, and the Handmaiden Metaphor. p. 8. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
b. Grant, Edward (2001). God and Reason in the Middle Ages. Cambridge. p. 9.
c. Peters, Ted (2005). "Science and Religion". In Jones, Lindsay (ed.). Encyclopedia of Religion (2nd ed.). Thomson Gale. p. 8182.
d. Snyder, Christopher A. (1998). An Age of Tyrants: Britain and the Britons A.D. 400–600. University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press. pp. xiii–xiv. ISBN 978-0-271-01780-8.
Hawks, John (2009). Human lifespans have not been constant for the last 2000 years.
Wanjek, Christopher (2002). Bad Medicine: Misconceptions and Misuses Revealed, from Distance Healing to Vitamin O. Wiley. pp. 70–71. ISBN 978-0-471-43499-3.
""Expectations of Life" by H.O. Lancaster as per". Archived from the original on September 4, 2012.
Kahn, Charles (2005). World History: Societies of the Past. Portage & Main Press. p. 9. ISBN 978-1-55379-045-7.
E. W. Gordon, Introduction to Old Norse (2nd edition, Oxford 1962) pp. lxix–lxx.
Evans, Andrew (June 2016). "Is Iceland Really Green and Greenland Really Icy?". National Geographic.
a. Eirik the Red's Saga. Gutenberg.org. March 8, 2006. Archived from the original on May 11, 2011. Retrieved September 6, 2010.
b. "How Greenland Got Its Name". The Ancient Standard. December 17, 2010. Archived from the original on March 19, 2012. Retrieved January 24, 2020..
c. Grove, Jonathan (2009). "The place of Greenland in medieval Icelandic saga narrative". Journal of the North Atlantic. 2: 30–51. doi:10.3721/037.002.s206. S2CID 163032041. Archived from the original on April 11, 2012.
"Is King Canute misunderstood?". BBC. May 26, 2011. Archived from the original on April 20, 2014.
"National Pasta Association". Archived from the original on March 20, 2012. article FAQs section "Who "invented" pasta?"; "The story that it was Marco Polo who imported noodles to Italy and thereby gave birth to the country's pasta culture is the most pervasive myth in the history of Italian food." (Dickie 2008, p. 48).
S. Serventi, F. Sabban La pasta. Storia e cultura di un cibo universale, VII. Economica Laterza 2004.
Schild, Wolfgang (2000). Die eiserne Jungfrau. Dichtung und Wahrheit (Schriftenreihe des Mittelalterlichen Kriminalmuseums Rothenburg o. d. Tauber Nr. 3). Rothenburg ob der Tauber.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
Guy, Neil (2011–2012). "The Rise of the Anticlockwise Newel Stair" (PDF). The Castle Studies Group Journal. 25: 114, 163.
Wright, James (October 9, 2019). Guest Post: Busting Mediaeval Building Myths: Part One. History... the interesting bits!. Retrieved February 24, 2020.
Ryder, Charles (2011). The spiral stair or vice: its origins, role and meaning in medieval stone castles (PhD). University of Liverpool. pp. 293–94.
Breiding, Dirk. "Department of Arms and Armor, The Metropolitan Museum of Art". metmuseum.org. Archived from the original on April 26, 2014. Retrieved February 23, 2012.
"Cranes hoisting armored knights". Archived from the original on October 29, 2013. Retrieved October 23, 2013.
Keyser, Linda Migl (2008). "The Medieval Chastity Belt Unbuckled". In Harris, Stephen J.; Grigsby, Bryon L. (eds.). Misconceptions About the Middle Ages. Routledge.
"Busting a myth about Columbus and a flat Earth". Washington Post. Retrieved September 29, 2018.
a. "Here be Dragons". National Geographic. Retrieved June 24, 2022.
b. Meyer, Robinson (December 12, 2013). "No Old Maps Actually Say 'Here Be Dragons'". The Atlantic. Retrieved June 24, 2022.
c. Van Duzer, Chet (June 4, 2014). "Bring on the Monsters and Marvels: Non-Ptolemaic Legends on Manuscript Maps of Ptolemy's Geography". Viator. 45 (2): 303–334. doi:10.1484/J.VIATOR.1.103923. ISSN 0083-5897.
d. Kim, Meeri (August 19, 2013). "Oldest globe to depict the New World may have been discovered". The Washington Post. Retrieved July 2, 2022. The only other map or globe on which this specific phrase appears is what can arguably be called the egg's twin: the copper Hunt-Lenox Globe, dated around 1510 and housed by the Rare Book Division of the New York Public Library.
Louise M. Bishop (2010). "The Myth of the Flat Earth". In Stephen Harris; Bryon L. Grigsby (eds.). Misconceptions about the Middle Ages. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-135-98666-7. Retrieved January 26, 2014.
"Columbus's Geographical Miscalculations". IEEE Spectrum: Technology, Engineering, and Science News. October 9, 2012. Archived from the original on October 3, 2018. Retrieved October 3, 2018.
"Washington Irving's Columbus and the Flat Earth – Darin Hayton". dhayton.haverford.edu. Retrieved September 29, 2018.
a. Eviatar Zerubavel (2003). Terra cognita: the mental discovery of America. Transaction Publishers. pp. 90–91. ISBN 978-0-7658-0987-2.
b. Sale, Kirkpatrick (1991). The Conquest of Paradise: Christopher Columbus and the Columbian Legacy. Plume. pp. 204–09. ISBN 978-1-84511-154-0 – via Google Books.
Wills, Matthew (January 17, 2020). The Mexica Didn't Believe the Conquistadors Were Gods. JSTOR. Retrieved January 19, 2020.
"Plymouth Colony Clothing". Web.ccsd.k12.wy.us. Archived from the original on October 22, 2013. Retrieved February 9, 2012.
a. Schenone, Laura (2004). A Thousand Years Over A Hot Stove: A History Of American Women Told Through Food, Recipes, And Remembrances. New York: W. W. Norton & Company. p. 118. ISBN 978-0-393-32627-7.
b. Wilson, Susan (2000). Literary Trail of Greater Boston. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company. p. 23. ISBN 978-0-618-05013-0 – via Google Books.
Brooks, Rebecca Beatrice (July 22, 2018). "What Did the Pilgrims Wear?". History of Massachusetts Blog. Rebecca Beatrice Brooks. Retrieved November 10, 2019.
"Newton's apple: The real story". New Scientist. January 18, 2010. Archived from the original on January 21, 2010. Retrieved May 10, 2010.
a. Rosenthal, Bernard (1995). Salem Story: Reading the Witch Trials of 1692. Cambridge University Press. p. 209. ISBN 978-0-521-55820-4.
b. Adams, Gretchen (2010). The Specter of Salem: Remembering the Witch Trials in Nineteenth-Century America. ReadHowYouWant.com. p. xxii. ISBN 978-1-4596-0582-4 – via Google Books.
c. Kruse, Colton (March 22, 2018). "Salem Never Burned Any Witches At The Stake". Ripley's Believe It or Not!. Retrieved July 18, 2022.
"Top 5 Marie Antoinette Scandals". history.howstuffworks.com. September 2, 2008. Archived from the original on September 4, 2012. Retrieved January 13, 2023.
"Washington's False Teeth Not Wooden". NBC News. January 27, 2005. Retrieved August 29, 2009.
Etter, William M. "George Washington's Teeth Myth". www.mountvernon.org. Mount Vernon Ladies' Association. Retrieved March 24, 2019.
Thompson, Mary V. "The Private Life of George Washington's Slaves". PBS. Retrieved June 16, 2014.
"Teeth". George Washington's Mount Vernon. Retrieved December 2, 2022.
"Declaration of Independence – A History". archives.gov. U.S. National Archives and Records Administration. Archived from the original on January 26, 2010. Retrieved April 4, 2011.
Crabtree, Steve (July 6, 1999). "New Poll Gauges Americans' General Knowledge Levels". Gallup News Service. Archived from the original on March 27, 2014. Retrieved January 13, 2011. Fifty-five percent say it commemorates the signing of the Declaration of Independence (this is a common misconception, and close to being accurate; July 4th is actually the date in 1776 when the Continental Congress approved the Declaration, which was officially signed on August 2nd.) Another 32 percent give a more general answer, saying that July 4th celebrates Independence Day.
a. Lund, Nicholas (November 21, 2013). "Did Benjamin Franklin Really Say the National Symbol Should Be the Turkey?". Slate. Archived from the original on April 27, 2014. Retrieved November 22, 2013.
b. McMillan, Joseph (May 18, 2007). "The Arms of the United States: Benjamin Franklin and the Turkey". American Heraldry Society. Archived from the original on April 27, 2014. Retrieved November 24, 2013.
a. Sick, Bastian (2004). Der Dativ ist dem Genetiv sein Tod (in German). Kiepenheuer & Witsch. pp. 131–135. ISBN 978-3-462-03448-6 – via Internet Archive.
b. "Willi Paul Adams: The German Americans. Chapter 7: German or English". Archived from the original on June 24, 2010.
c. "The German Vote". Snopes.com. July 9, 2007.
a. Owen Connelly (2006). Blundering to Glory: Napoleon's Military Campaigns. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 7. ISBN 978-0-7425-5318-7.
b. Evans, Rod L. (2010). Sorry, Wrong Answer: Trivia Questions That Even Know-It-Alls Get Wrong. Penguin Books. ISBN 978-0-399-53586-4. Retrieved December 31, 2011.
c. "Forget Napoleon – Height Rules". CBS News. February 11, 2009. Archived from the original on July 2, 2013. Retrieved December 31, 2011.
a. "Fondation Napoléon". Napoleon.org. Archived from the original on April 17, 2014. Retrieved August 29, 2009.
b. "La taille de Napoléon" (in French). Archived from the original on September 12, 2009. Retrieved July 22, 2010.
Carine Girac-Marinier (2013). Harrap's Shorter : français-anglais, anglais-français (10e édition ed.). [Edinburgh]. ISBN 978-2-8187-0495-0. OCLC 992953737.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
"Napoleon's Imperial Guard". Archived from the original on April 27, 2014.
a. "The nose of the Great Sphinx". britannica.com. Retrieved November 27, 2022.
b. Feder, Kenneth L. (October 11, 2010). Encyclopedia of Dubious Archaeology: From Atlantis to the Walam Olum: From Atlantis to the Walam Olum. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-0-313-37919-2.
c. Zivie-Coche, Christiane (2002). Sphinx: History of a Monument. Cornell University Press. p. 16. ISBN 978-0-8014-3962-9.
a. Lovgren, Stefan (May 5, 2006). "Cinco de Mayo, From Mexican Fiesta to Popular U.S. Holiday". National Geographic News. Archived from the original on July 9, 2007.
b. Lauren Effron (May 5, 2010). "Cinco de Mayo: NOT Mexico's Independence Day". Discovery Channel. Archived from the original on March 21, 2012. Retrieved May 5, 2011.
a. "Hysteria". Welcome Collection. August 12, 2015. Retrieved September 25, 2018.
b. King, Helen (2011). "Galen and the widow. Towards a history of therapeutic masturbation in ancient gynaecology". Eugesta, Journal of Gender Studies in Antiquity: 227–31.
c. "Victorian-Era Orgasms and the Crisis of Peer Review". The Atlantic. September 6, 2018. Retrieved September 25, 2018.
d. "Why the Movie "Hysteria" Gets Its Vibrator History Wrong". Dildographer. May 4, 2012. Archived from the original on April 15, 2019. Retrieved September 25, 2018.
e. King, Helen (2011). "Galen and the widow. Towards a history of therapeutic masturbation in ancient gynaecology". Eugesta, Journal of Gender Studies in Antiquity: 206–08.
f. "Buzzkill: Vibrators and the Victorians (NSFW)". The Whores of Yore. Retrieved September 25, 2018.
g. Riddell, Fern (November 10, 2014). "No, no, no! Victorians didn't invent the vibrator". The Guardian. Retrieved September 25, 2018.
a. Isaacson, Walter (April 5, 2007). "Making the Grade". Time. Archived from the original on March 29, 2014. Retrieved December 31, 2013.
b. Jones, Andrew Zimmerman. "Physics Myth Month – Einstein Failed Mathematics?". Archived from the original on April 12, 2014. Retrieved May 4, 2011.
Kruszelnicki, Karl (June 22, 2004). "Einstein Failed School". Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Archived from the original on April 27, 2014. Retrieved July 12, 2012.
a. López-Ortiz, Alex (February 20, 1998). "Why is there no Nobel in mathematics?". University of Waterloo. Retrieved June 28, 2022.
b. Mikkelson, David (October 4, 2013). "No Nobel Prize for Math". Snopes. Retrieved June 28, 2022.
c. Firaque, Kabir (October 16, 2019). "Explained: Why is there no mathematics Nobel? The theories, the facts, the myths". The Indian Express. Retrieved June 28, 2022.
Harris, Carolyn (December 27, 2016). "The Murder of Rasputin, 100 Years Later". Smithsonian Magazine. Retrieved October 16, 2023.
"How was Russian mystic Rasputin murdered?". BBC. December 31, 2016. Retrieved October 16, 2023.
Smith, Douglas (2016). "A Cowardly Crime". Rasputin: Faith, Power, and the Twilight of the Romanovs. Farrar, Straus and Giroux. pp. 590–592. ISBN 978-0374711238.
Cathcart, Brian (April 3, 1994). "Rear Window: Making Italy work: Did Mussolini really get the trains running on time". The Independent. London. Archived from the original on January 24, 2012. Retrieved September 3, 2010.
a. Ankerstjerne, Christian. "The myth of Polish cavalry charges". Panzerworld. Archived from the original on August 4, 2012. Retrieved April 5, 2011.
b. "The Mythical Polish Cavalry Charge". Polish American Journal. Polamjournal.com. July 2008. Archived from the original on September 24, 2012. Retrieved February 9, 2012.
Nazi. In: Friedrich Kluge, Elmar Seebold: Etymologisches Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache. 24. Auflage, Walter de Gruyter, Berlin/New York 2002, ISBN 3-11-017473-1 (Online Etymology Dictionary: Nazi).
a. Vilhjálmur Örn Vilhjálmsson. "The King and the Star – Myths created during the Occupation of Denmark" (PDF). Danish institute for international studies. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 16, 2011. Retrieved April 5, 2011.
b. "Some Essential Definitions & Myths Associated with the Holocaust". Center for Holocaust and Genocide Studies – University of Minnesota. Archived from the original on May 15, 2011. Retrieved April 5, 2011.
c. "King Christian and the Star of David". The National Museum of Denmark. Archived from the original on September 28, 2011. Retrieved February 21, 2017.
Kalei, Kalikiano. "Axe Not for Whom the Piton Holds: A Brief History of the Mountaineering Ice Axe". pp. 10–11. Retrieved September 3, 2022 – via Academia.edu.
Ruderman, Wendy (September 1, 2012). "The Ice Pick Seems Antiquated, but It Still Shows Up on the Police Blotter". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved September 3, 2022. One such weapon is the ice pick — often associated with the 1940 murder of the Russian Marxist revolutionary Leon Trotsky: He was killed with an ice pick's cousin, an ice ax, while he was in exile in Mexico, by an assassin who, acting on the orders of Joseph Stalin, crept up behind Trotsky and slammed the ice ax into his skull.
a. Daum, Andreas W. (2007). Kennedy in Berlin. Cambridge University Press. pp. 148–49. ISBN 978-3-506-71991-1.
b. "Gebrauch des unbestimmten Artikels (German, "Use of the indefinite article")". Canoo Engineering AG. Archived from the original on March 28, 2014. Retrieved July 5, 2010.
a. Ryan, Halford Ross (1995). U.S. presidents as orators: a bio-critical sourcebook. Greenwood. pp. 219–20. ISBN 978-0-313-29059-6.
b. "Ich bin ein Pfannkuchen. Oder ein Berliner?" [I am a jelly doughnut. Or a Berliner?] (in German). Stadtkind. Archived from the original on June 19, 2008. Retrieved June 26, 2013.
Rüther, Tobias (March 5, 2019). "Essen und Sprechen Geben Sie mir ein Semmelbrötchen!". Faz.net.
Paul E. Richardson, "The hot line (is a Hollywood myth)", in: Russian Life, September/October issue 2009, pp. 50–59.
Clavin, Tom (June 18, 2013). "There Never Was Such a Thing as a Red Phone in the White House". Smithsonian. Retrieved September 21, 2014.
Isabel Woodford and M.L.R. Smith (2018). "The Political Economy of the Provos: Inside the Finances of the Provisional IRA – A Revision" (PDF). 41 (3). Taylor & Francis: 9–10. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
Republic of Ireland played integral role in supporting IRA, says historian, News Letter, April 5, 2019
Laura K. Donohue (2006). "Anti-Terrorist Finance in the United Kingdom and United States". 27 (2). Stanford University Center for International Security and Cooperation: 8. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
Select Committee on Northern Ireland Affairs - Part One: The continuing threat from paramilitary organisations. UK Parliament (Report). June 26, 2002.
Nicholas Sambanis and Paul Collier (January 2005). Understanding Civil War: Evidence and Analysis · Volume 2. World Bank. p. 171. ISBN 9-7808-2136-0507. Estimated to have sent at total of $3.6 million to Ireland from 1970 to 1991, NORAID's contributions represented a small, but not [politically] insignificant, part of the IRA's income, which is estimated to have amounted to approximately $10 million a year.
T. Wittig (July 26, 2011). Understanding Terrorist Finance. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 154–155. ISBN 9-7802-3031-6935. From its founding in 1969 until 1991, NORAID raised approximately $3.6 million for Irish republican causes, through a combination of testimonial fundraising dinners and an extensive campaign to solicit donations through direct mail, dinner-dance benefits, and "passing the hat" in Irish American-owned businesses (such as bars) in major US cities.' This money was ostensibly to provide support for any number of causes related to Ireland and Irish republicanism, ranging from political activities to support to the families of imprisoned PIRA members
Pamela Duncan and Simon Carswell (March 5, 2015). "Sinn Féin raised $12 million in the United States". The Irish Times. (subscription required)
a. Craig, Laura; Young, Kevin (2008). "Beyond White Pride: Identity, Meaning and Contradiction in the Canadian Skinhead Subculture*". Canadian Review of Sociology/Revue Canadienne de Sociologie. 34 (2): 175–206. doi:10.1111/j.1755-618x.1997.tb00206.x. Retrieved July 2, 2022.
b. Borgeson, Kevin; Valeri, Robin (Fall 2005). "Examining Differences in Skinhead Idealogy [sic] and Culture Through an Analysis of Skinhead Websites". Michigan Sociological Review. 19: 45–62. JSTOR 40969104. Retrieved July 2, 2022.
c. Lambert, Chris (November 12, 2017). "'Black Skinhead': The politics of New Kanye". Daily Dot. Retrieved July 2, 2022. "Skinhead" was a term originally used to describe a 1960s British working-class subculture that revolved around fashion and music and that would heavily inspire the punk rock scene. While it has harmless roots, the skinhead movement fell into polemic politics. Nowadays, it's popularly associated with neo-Nazis, despite having split demographics of far-right, far-left, and apolitical.
Brown, Timothy S. (January 1, 2004). "Subcultures, Pop Music and Politics: Skinheads and "Nazi Rock" in England and Germany". Journal of Social History. 38 (1): 157–178. doi:10.1353/jsh.2004.0079. JSTOR 3790031. S2CID 42029805.
Cotter, John M. (1999). "Sounds of hate: White power rock and roll and the neo‐nazi skinhead subculture". Terrorism and Political Violence. 11 (2): 111–140. doi:10.1080/09546559908427509. ISSN 0954-6553.
Shaffer, Ryan (2013). "The soundtrack of neo-fascism: youth and music in the National Front". Patterns of Prejudice. 47 (4–5): 458–482. doi:10.1080/0031322X.2013.842289. ISSN 0031-322X. S2CID 144461518.
Marc Leepson, "Five myths about the American flag" Archived 2017-07-15 at the Wayback Machine, The Washington Post, June 12, 2011, p. B2.
"150 years later, myths persist about the Emancipation Proclamation". CNN. January 1, 2013. Retrieved July 22, 2022.
Macdonald, John (1988). Great Battles of the American Civil War. Guild Publishing. pp. 66–67.
Freedmen and Southern Society Project (1982). Freedom: a documentary history of emancipation 1861–1867 : selected from the holdings of the National Archives of the United States. The destruction of slavery. CUP Archive. pp. 69. ISBN 978-0-521-22979-1.
"The Emancipation Proclamation". National Archives and Records Administration. Retrieved June 27, 2013.
Foner, Eric (2010). The fiery trial : Abraham Lincoln and American slavery. New York. pp. 241–242. ISBN 978-0-393-06618-0. OCLC 601096674.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
Harrison (2001), Lawfulness of the Reconstruction Amendments, p. 390.
Pruitt-Young, Sharon (June 17, 2021). "Slavery Didn't End On Juneteenth. What You Should Know About This Important Day". NPR. Retrieved July 29, 2022.
Gates, Henry Louis Jr. (January 16, 2013). "What Is Juneteenth?". PBS. Retrieved June 12, 2020.
"The Myths of Gettysburg".
Green, Joey (2005). Contrary to Popular Belief: More than 250 False Facts Revealed. Broadway. ISBN 978-0-7679-1992-0.
"Mary S. Andrews, Author, is Dead". The New York Times. August 3, 1936. p. 15.
a. Haycox, Stephen (1990). "Haycox, Stephen. "Truth and Expectation: Myth in Alaska History". Northern Review. 6. Retrieved August 31, 2015.
b. Welch, Richard E. Jr. (1958). "American Public Opinion and the Purchase of Russian America". American Slavic and East European Review. 17 (4): 481–94. doi:10.2307/3001132. JSTOR 3001132.
c. Howard I. Kushner, "'Seward's Folly'?: American Commerce in Russian America and the Alaska Purchase". California Historical Quarterly (1975): 4–26. JSTOR 25157541.
d. "Biographer calls Seward's Folly a myth". The Seward Phoenix LOG. April 3, 2014. Archived from the original on June 22, 2017. Retrieved August 31, 2015.
e. Professor Preston Jones (Featured Speaker) (July 9, 2015). Founding of Anchorage, Alaska (Adobe Flash). C-SPAN. Retrieved December 22, 2017.
Cook, Mary Alice (Spring 2011). "Manifest Opportunity: The Alaska Purchase as a Bridge Between United States Expansion and Imperialism" (PDF). Alaska History. 26 (1): 1–10.
"The Hat That Won the West". Retrieved February 10, 2010.
Snyder, Jeffrey B. (1997) Stetson Hats and the John B. Stetson Company 1865–1970. p. 50 ISBN 978-0-7643-0211-4
"The O'Leary Legend". Chicago History Museum. Archived from the original on January 10, 2011. Retrieved March 18, 2007.
a. Campbell, W. Joseph (2010). Getting it Wrong: Ten of the Greatest Misreported Stories in American Journalism. Berkeley: University of California Press. pp. 9–25. ISBN 978-0-520-26209-6 – via Internet Archive.
b. Campbell, W. Joseph (2003). Yellow Journalism: Puncturing the Myths, Defining the Legacies. Praeger. p. 72. ISBN 978-0-275-98113-6.
"Did Edison really electrocute Topsy the Elephant". The Edison Papers. October 28, 2016. Archived from the original on November 13, 2013 – via Rutgers University.
"Why Your Family Name Was Not Changed at Ellis Island (and One That Was)". Archived from the original on December 8, 2015.
"Prohibition | Definition, History, Eighteenth Amendment, & Repeal". britannica.com. Retrieved October 24, 2022.
Klein, Christopher (March 7, 2019). "1929 Stock Market Crash: Did Panicked Investors Really Jump From Windows?". HISTORY. A&E Television Networks. Retrieved November 7, 2021.
Fineman, Mia (June 8, 2005). "The Most Famous Farm Couple in the World: Why American Gothic still fascinates". Slate.
"About This Artwork: American Gothic". The Art Institute of Chicago. Archived from the original on May 28, 2010. Retrieved June 20, 2010.
a. Pooley, Jefferson; Socolow, Michael (October 28, 2013). "The Myth of the War of the Worlds Panic". Slate. Archived from the original on May 9, 2014. Retrieved November 24, 2013.
b. Campbell, W. Joseph (2010). Getting it wrong : ten of the greatest misreported stories in American Journalism. Berkeley: University of California Press. pp. 26–44. ISBN 978-0-520-26209-6 – via Google Books.
Garber, Megan (June 15, 2014). "The Man Who Introduced the World to Flying Saucers". The Atlantic. Retrieved June 24, 2022.
Patton, Phil (June 15, 1997). "Indeed They Have Invaded. Look Around". The New York Times. Retrieved June 24, 2022.
Lacitis, Eric (June 24, 2017). "'Flying saucers' became a thing 70 years ago Saturday with sighting near Mount Rainier". The Seattle Times. Retrieved June 24, 2022.
Berger, Eric (June 21, 2011). "The curious tale of a journalist who helped spawn the UFO industry". Houston Chronicle. Retrieved June 24, 2022.
a. "Florida: Anything Goes". Time. April 17, 1950. Archived from the original on June 24, 2013. Retrieved May 3, 2010.
b. Nohlgren, Stephen (November 29, 2003). "A born winner, if not a native Floridian". St. Petersburg Times. Archived from the original on October 5, 2012. Retrieved October 8, 2011.
"An Act of Courage, The Arrest Records of Rosa Parks". National Archives. August 15, 2015. Retrieved December 1, 2020.
Bass, Amy (2009). Those about Him Remained Silent: The Battle Over W.E.B. Du Bois. University of Minnesota Press. p. 155. ISBN 978-0-8166-4495-7.
a. "Renouncing citizenship is usually all about the Benjamins, say experts". Fox News. May 11, 2012. Retrieved May 18, 2015.
b. "Celebrities Who Renounced Their Citizenship". Huffington Post. February 1, 2012. Retrieved May 18, 2015.
c. Aberjhani, Sandra L. West (2003). Encyclopedia of the Harlem Renaissance. Infobase Publishing. p. 89. ISBN 978-1-4381-3017-0.
Lewis, David (2009). W.E.B. Du Bois: A Biography. MacMillan. p. 841. ISBN 978-0-8050-8805-2.
Gansberg, Martin (March 27, 1964). "37 Who Saw Murder Didn't Call the Police" (PDF). The New York Times. Archived from the original (PDF) on August 7, 2015.
Bregman, Rutger (2020). "9". Humankind: A Hopeful History. Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4088-9896-3.
Rasenberger, Jim (October 2006). "Nightmare on Austin Street". American Heritage. Retrieved May 18, 2015.
Cendón, Sara Fernández (February 3, 2012). "Pruitt-Igoe 40 Years Later". American Institute of Architects. Archived from the original on March 14, 2014. Retrieved December 31, 2014. For example, Pruitt-Igoe is often cited as an AIA-award recipient, but the project never won any architectural awards.
Bristol, Katharine (May 1991). "The Pruitt–Igoe Myth" (PDF). Journal of Architectural Education. 44 (3): 168. doi:10.1111/j.1531-314X.2010.01093.x. ISSN 1531-314X. S2CID 219542179. Archived from the original (PDF) on September 24, 2015. Retrieved December 31, 2014. Though it is commonly accorded the epithet 'award-winning,"' Pruitt-Igoe never won any kind of architectural prize. An earlier St. Louis housing project by the same team of architects, the John Cochran Garden Apartments, did win two architectural awards. At some point this prize seems to have been incorrectly attributed to Pruitt-Igoe
Jerry Lembcke, The Spitting Image: Myth, Memory and the Legacy of Vietnam, 1998, ISBN 978-0814751473
Greene, Bob (1989). Homecoming: When the Soldier Returned from Vietnam. G. P. Putnam's Sons. ISBN 978-0-399-13386-2.
Vlieg, Heather (September 2019). "Were They Spat On? Understanding The Homecoming Experience of Vietnam Veterans". The Grand Valley Journal of History. 7 (1).
"100 Women: The truth behind the 'bra-burning' feminists". BBC News. September 6, 2018.
"Kool Aid/Flavor Aid: Inaccuracies vs. Facts Part 7". Alternative Considerations of Jonestown & Peoples Temple. Archived from the original on July 13, 2020. Retrieved June 20, 2022.
Chiu, David (May 26, 2020). "Jonestown: 13 Things You Should Know About Cult Massacre". Rolling Stone. Retrieved June 20, 2022.
Higgins, Chris (November 8, 2012). "Stop Saying 'Drink the Kool-Aid'". The Atlantic. Retrieved June 20, 2022.
Zorn, Eric (November 18, 2008). "Change of Subject: Have you drunk the 'Kool-Aid' Kool-Aid?". Chicago Tribune. Archived from the original on September 28, 2011. Retrieved June 20, 2022.
Krause, Charles A. (December 17, 1978). "Jonestown Is an Eerie Ghost Town Now". Washington Post. Retrieved June 20, 2022. A pair of woman's eyelasses, a towel, a pair of shorts, packets of unopened Flavor-Aid lie scattered about waiting for the final cleanup that may one day return Jonestown to the tidy, if overcrowded, little community it once was.
Woods, Nora. "Jonestown As a Reflection of American Society". Alternative Considerations of Jonestown & Peoples Temple. Archived from the original on October 31, 2021. Retrieved June 20, 2022.
Kihn, Martin (March 2005). "Don't Drink the Grape-Flavored Sugar Water..." Fast Company. Archived from the original on April 7, 2005. Retrieved June 20, 2022.
Jeffrey Bennett; Megan Donohue; Nicholas Schneider; Mark Voit (2007). The cosmic perspective (4th ed.). San Francisco, CA: Pearson/Addison-Wesley. pp. 82–84. ISBN 978-0-8053-9283-8.
Carlson, Shawn (1985). "A double-blind test of astrology" (PDF). Nature. 318 (6045): 419–425. Bibcode:1985Natur.318..419C. doi:10.1038/318419a0. S2CID 5135208.
Zarka, Philippe (2011). "Astronomy and astrology". Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union. 5 (S260): 420–425. Bibcode:2011IAUS..260..420Z. doi:10.1017/S1743921311002602.
"freefall". An astronaut orbiting Earth in a spacecraft experiences a condition of weightlessness because both the spacecraft and the astronaut are in free fall.
Oberg, James (May 1993). "Space myths and misconceptions". Omni. 15 (7). Archived from the original on September 27, 2007. Retrieved May 2, 2007.
"The G's in the Machine", NASA, see "Editor's note #2"
Sangmo Tony Sohn; Jay Anderson; Roeland van der Marel (July 1, 2012). "The M31 velocity vector. I. Hubble Space Telescope proper-motion measurements". The Astrophysical Journal. 753 (1): 7. arXiv:1205.6863. Bibcode:2012ApJ...753....7S. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/753/1/7. S2CID 53071357.
Cowen, Ron (May 31, 2012). "Andromeda on collision course with the Milky Way". Nature. doi:10.1038/nature.2012.10765. S2CID 124815138.
Karthikeyan KC (September 27, 2015). "What Are Zero Gravity and Microgravity, and What Are the Sources of Microgravity?". Geekswipe. Retrieved April 17, 2019.
Chandler, David (May 1991). "Weightlessness and Microgravity" (PDF). The Physics Teacher. 29 (5): 312–13. Bibcode:1991PhTea..29..312C. doi:10.1119/1.2343327.
a. Sigurdsson, Steinn (June 9, 2014). "The Dark Side of the Moon: a Short History". Retrieved September 16, 2017.
b. O'Conner, Patricia T.; Kellerman, Stewart (September 6, 2011). "The Dark Side of the Moon". Retrieved September 16, 2017.
c. Messer, A'ndrea Elyse (June 9, 2014). "55-year-old dark side of the moon mystery solved". Penn State News. Retrieved September 16, 2017.
d. Falin, Lee (January 5, 2015). "What's on the Dark Side of the Moon?". Archived from the original on November 30, 2018. Retrieved September 16, 2017.
Wolfson, Richard (2002). Simply Einstein: relativity demystified. W.W. Norton & Co. p. 261. ISBN 978-0-393-05154-4.
"Frontiers And Controversies In Astrophysics Lecture 9". Yale University. Retrieved April 26, 2011.
Phillips, Tony (July 4, 2003). "The Distant Sun". NASA. Retrieved April 21, 2021.
"Sun-Earth Connection". Adler Planetarium. Archived from the original on December 16, 2007. Retrieved May 8, 2009.
"Ten Things You Thought You Knew about Sun-Earth Science". NASA. Archived from the original on February 21, 2013. Retrieved May 8, 2009.
"NASA – Spacecraft Design". Archived from the original on July 9, 2009. Retrieved January 7, 2013.
"More booming fireballs". March 30, 2009. Archived from the original on December 15, 2013. Retrieved January 7, 2013.
Phil Plait (December 14, 2008). "Meteor propter hoc". Bad Astronomy. Discover. Archived from the original on February 3, 2014. Retrieved January 19, 2014.
"Infernal Egguinox". Snopes.com. March 6, 2012. Retrieved January 29, 2014.
Schmid, Randolph (September 20, 1987). "Equinox Returns and Eggs Keep Balancing". Associated Press News. Archived from the original on April 27, 2014. Retrieved January 29, 2014.
"Fisher Space Pen – Our story" Retrieved on February 4, 2019
"NASA – The Fisher Space Pen" Retrieved on February 4, 2019
Curtin, Ciara. "Fact or Fiction?: NASA Spent Millions to Develop a Pen that Would Write in Space, whereas the Soviet Cosmonauts Used a Pencil". Scientific American. Retrieved May 18, 2022.
"Spinoff Frequently Asked Questions". NASA.gov. Retrieved February 28, 2021.
Scherrer, Deborah; et al. "What Color do YOU think the Sun is?". Stanford SOLAR Center. Retrieved June 1, 2021.
"Space Station Astrophotography". NASA. March 24, 2003. Archived from the original on April 4, 2014. Retrieved January 13, 2011.
"Brief Answers to Cosmic Questions". Universe Forum. Cambridge, MA: Harvard–Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics. Archived from the original on April 13, 2016. Retrieved December 18, 2019. Archival site: "The Universe Forum's role as part of NASA's Education Support Network concluded in September, 2009."
Woese CR, Fox GE (November 1977). "Phylogenetic structure of the prokaryotic domain: the primary kingdoms". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 74 (11): 5088–90. Bibcode:1977PNAS...74.5088W. doi:10.1073/pnas.74.11.5088. PMC 432104. PMID 270744.
Woese CR, Kandler O, Wheelis ML (June 1990). "Towards a natural system of organisms: proposal for the domains Archaea, Bacteria, and Eucarya". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 87 (12): 4576–9. Bibcode:1990PNAS...87.4576W. doi:10.1073/pnas.87.12.4576. PMC 54159. PMID 2112744.
Scamardella, Joseph M. (1999). "Not plants or animals: a brief history of the origin of Kingdoms Protozoa, Protista and Protoctista". International Microbiology. 2 (4): 207–16. PMID 10943416.
Sapp, J. (2005). "The Prokaryote-Eukaryote Dichotomy: Meanings and Mythology". Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews. 69 (2): 292–305. doi:10.1128/MMBR.69.2.292-305.2005. PMC 1197417. PMID 15944457.
Case, Emily (October 1, 2008). "Teaching Taxonomy: How Many Kingdoms?". American Biology Teacher. 70 (8): 472–477. doi:10.2307/30163328. JSTOR 30163328. Retrieved July 28, 2020.
Balch, W.E.; Magrum, L.J.; Fox, G.E.; Wolfe, C.R. & Woese, C.R. (August 1977). "An ancient divergence among the bacteria". J. Mol. Evol. 9 (4): 305–11. Bibcode:1977JMolE...9..305B. doi:10.1007/BF01796092. PMID 408502. S2CID 27788891.
Cavalier-Smith, T. (1998). "A revised six-kingdom system of life". Biological Reviews. 73 (3): 203–66. doi:10.1111/j.1469-185X.1998.tb00030.x. PMID 9809012. S2CID 6557779.
Cavalier-Smith, Thomas (March 26, 1987). "Eucaryotes with no mitochondria". Nature. 326 (6111): 332–333. Bibcode:1987Natur.326..332C. doi:10.1038/326332a0. PMID 3561476.
Simpson, Alastair G.B.; Roger, Andrew J. (2004). "The real 'kingdoms' of eukaryotes". Current Biology. 14 (17): R693–R696. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2004.08.038. PMID 15341755. S2CID 207051421.
Spanney, Laura (January 28, 1995). "Not Many People Know That". New Scientist. Archived from the original on April 27, 2014. Retrieved November 11, 2011.
a. Smith II, Larry (2007). "Longhorn_Information – handling". International Texas Longhorn Association. Archived from the original on May 11, 2010. Retrieved June 23, 2010.
b. Dario, A. (September 12, 2003). "Cattle – Basic Care" (PDF). IACUC, University of Tennessee. Archived from the original (PDF) on June 25, 2008. Retrieved June 23, 2010.
c. Grandin, Temple (2007). "Behavioral Principles of Handling Cattle and Other Grazing Animals under Extensive Conditions". In Moberg, Gary; Mench, Joy A. (eds.). The Biology of Animal Stress. CABI. p. 45. ISBN 978-1-84593-219-0.
Mikkelson, Barbara and David P. (August 19, 2007). "White Wilderness Lemmings Suicide". Snopes. Retrieved August 29, 2009.
Scott, W. (November 1891). "The Monthly chronicle of North-country lore and legend: v. 1–5; Mar. 1887–Dec. 1891". The Monthly Chronicle of North-country Lore and Legend. 5: 523.
a. "Dog noses – myths and facts about your dog's nose – weekly pet tips by Pets.ca". Retrieved May 22, 2011.
b. Varasdi 1996, p. 267: "Dogs do not sweat with their tongues as most people believe. They do have some sweat glands, but the ones of most importance are on the pads, or soles, of their feet."
c. Segaloff, Nat (2001). The Everything tall tales, legends & outrageous lies book. Adams Media Corp. p. 265. ISBN 978-1-58062-514-2. Of course, dogs sweat. You would, too, if you had to wear a fur coat in hot weather. Dogs excrete moisture through the pads on their paws.
d. Olien, Michael D. (1978). The human myth : an introduction to anthropology. New York: Harper & Row. p. 568. ISBN 978-0-06-044918-6. It is another folk tale that dogs do not sweat except through the tongue. This is an incorrect belief as dogs possess sweat glands all over the body.
e. Aoki, T.; Wada, M. (August 2, 1951). "Functional Activity of the Sweat Glands in the Hairy Skin of the Dog". Science. 114 (2953): 123–24. Bibcode:1951Sci...114..123A. doi:10.1126/science.114.2953.123. PMID 14854926.
f. "British Medical Journal 1899 April 15". British Medical Journal. 1 (1998): 921–28. 1899. doi:10.1136/bmj.1.1998.921. PMC 2462491. SOME time ago we received from a correspondent an inquiry as to whether the very prevalent belief that a dog perspires through the tongue was a vulgar error or well founded. ...whether the dog exudes fluid from the tongue of the some kind as that exuded from the human skin. To this question the answer is, No. The skin of the dog is abundantly furnished with glands, having the characteristic disposition and structure of those which in man produce sweat, ... in other words, the dog does not sweat by the tongue.
"How Do Dogs Sweat". Petplace.com. p. 1. Archived from the original on December 14, 2013. Retrieved February 9, 2012.
a. Spadafori, Gina (1996). Dogs for Dummies. IDG Books. ISBN 978-1-56884-861-7
b. Siegal, Mordecai (Ed.; 1995). UC Davis School of Veterinary Medicine Book of the Dogs; Chapter 5, "Geriatrics", by Aldrich, Janet. Harper Collins. ISBN 978-0-06-270136-7.
c. Wang, Tina; Ma, Jianzhu; Hogan, Andrew N.; Fong, Samson; Licon, Katherine; Tsui, Brian; Kreisberg, Jason F.; Adams, Peter D.; Carvunis, Anne-Ruxandra; Bannasch, Danika L.; Ostrander, Elaine A. (July 2, 2020). "Quantitative Translation of Dog-to-Human Aging by Conserved Remodeling of the DNA Methylome". Cell Systems. 11 (2): 176–185.e6. doi:10.1016/j.cels.2020.06.006. ISSN 2405-4712. PMC 7484147. PMID 32619550.
Busch, R. H. (2007). Wolf Almanac, New and Revised: A Celebration Of Wolves And Their World (3rd ed.). Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 978-1-59921-069-8., p. 59
Lopez, Barry H. (1978). Of Wolves and Men. J. M. Dent and Sons Limited. ISBN 978-0-7432-4936-2., p. 38
"Dominance and Dog Training". Archived from the original on February 2, 2017. Retrieved January 30, 2017.
Davis, Lauren. "Why everything you know about wolf packs is wrong". io9. Retrieved October 13, 2017.
a. Di Silvestro, Roger (February 1, 2003). "The Truth About Animal Clichés". National Wildlife Federation. Retrieved October 31, 2011.
b. "Blind as a Bat?". Geneva, New York: Hobart and William Smith Colleges. June 12, 2003. Archived from the original (Press release) on June 7, 2008. Retrieved April 7, 2009.
"Next Time, What Say We Boil a Consultant". Fast Company Issue 01. October 1995. Retrieved February 29, 2016.
Hipsley, Anna (February 19, 2008). "Goldfish three-second memory myth busted (Australian Broadcasting Corporation)". Australia: ABC. Archived from the original on June 25, 2011. Retrieved August 29, 2009.
"Sinking Titanic: Goldfish Memory". Archived from the original on February 25, 2011.. 2004 season, Episode 12. MythBusters. Discovery.com. February 22, 2004.
Ostrander, G. K.; Cheng, KC; Wolf, JC; Wolfe, MJ (2004). "Shark Cartilage, Cancer and the Growing Threat of Pseudoscience". Cancer Research. 64 (23): 8485–91. doi:10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-04-2260. PMID 15574750.
Jennifer Hile (January 23, 2004). "Great White Shark Attacks: Defanging the Myths". nationalgeographic.com.
MacDonald, James (June 26, 2019). "How Snakes Swallow". JSTOR Daily.
Binns, Corey (September 11, 2012). "How Do Snakes Swallow Large Animals?". Live Science.
Is it true that tomato sauce will get rid of the smell of a skunk?. Scienceline. Retrieved on April 5, 2012.
"De-skunking your dog". The Humane Society of the United States. Archived from the original on December 10, 2016. Retrieved August 8, 2019.
Encyclopædia Britannica: Or, A Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, and Miscellaneous Literature, Enlarged and Improved. Archibald Constable. 1823. pp. 501–.
Shepard, Thomas Goodwin (1865). The natural history of secession. Derby & Miller. pp. 78–.
"Porcupines". Texas Parks & Wildlife. n.d. Retrieved October 14, 2022.
"Do mice really love cheese?". HowStuffWorks. April 15, 2015. Retrieved February 27, 2020.
Gudger, E.W. (January 1930). "On the alleged penetration of the human urethra by an Amazonian catfish called candiru with a review of the allied habits of other members of the family pygidiidae". The American Journal of Surgery (Print). Elsevier Inc. 8 (1): 170–188. doi:10.1016/S0002-9610(30)90912-9. ISSN 0002-9610.
Gray, Melissa (August 16, 2013). "Warning over testicle-biting fish in Denmark? It's all wet". CNN. Retrieved September 8, 2013.
Than, Ker (August 13, 2013). "Fears of 'Testicle-Eating' Fish Overblown". National Geographic. Retrieved June 13, 2022.
"Killer Piranhas: Myth or Fact?". Explorersweb. April 7, 2020. Retrieved June 26, 2021.
"FACT CHECK: Is Hippopotamus Milk Pink?". Snopes. January 6, 2016. Retrieved February 16, 2022.
Nash, Pat (February 2005). "The RRRRRRRRiveting Life of Tree Frogs". WSU Beach Watchers. Archived from the original on March 9, 2012. Retrieved June 25, 2022.
Brulliard, Karin (October 14, 2016). "Why French pigs say groin, Japanese bees say boon and American frogs say ribbit". Washington Post. Archived from the original on April 27, 2019. Retrieved June 25, 2022. Only American frogs are said to go "ribbit," and that's believed to be because early Hollywood producers used the ribbiting sound of the Pacific tree frog during night scenes.
"Have You Heard the Calls from Cook County's 12 Frog and Toad Species?". Forest Preserves of Cook County. May 25, 2022. Retrieved June 25, 2022. Here's a bonus fact: you might notice that none of these species says, "ribbit." In fact, the "ribbit" call is unique to the Pacific tree frog, which lives along the Pacific coast, and, notably, in Hollywood, California, where the largest volume of early frog recordings took place.
Mikkelson, Barbara (August 26, 2001). "Fact Check: Will Baby Birds Be Rejected by Their Mother If You Handle Them?". Snopes.
Boyd, Robynne (July 26, 2007). "Fact or Fiction?: Birds (and Other Critters) Abandon Their Young at the Slightest Human Touch". Scientific American.
"Against the Grain". Snopes.com. May 14, 2000. Retrieved April 17, 2021.
"Does Wedding Rice Make Birds Explode?". Live Science. June 4, 2010. Retrieved April 17, 2021.
Fader, Carole (October 19, 2016). "Fact Check: Birds really can eat rice safely". The Florida Times-Union.
Jessica Robinson, "Bald Eagle: A Mighty Symbol, With A Not-So-Mighty Voice"; NPR, July 2, 2012; accessed 2019.08.23.
Ferguson-Lees, J.; Christie, D. (2001). Raptors of the World. London: Christopher Helm. pp. 717–19. ISBN 978-0-7136-8026-3.
Kruszelnicki, Karl S. (November 2, 2006). "Ostrich head in sand". Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Archived from the original on April 27, 2014. Retrieved October 7, 2011.
Smith, Rex (May 8, 2011). "Maybe ostriches are smarter". Albany Times-Union. Archived from the original on April 27, 2014. Retrieved October 7, 2011.
"Alcatraz Escape: Does a Duck's Quack Echo?". Archived from the original on October 3, 2012. (Season 1, Episode 8). MythBusters. Discovery Channel. December 12, 2003.
"A Duck's Quack Doesn't Echo, and no-one knows the reason why?". Acoustics.salford.ac.uk. University of Salford Acoustics. Archived from the original on October 11, 2013. Retrieved January 13, 2010.
Fugate, Lauren; Miller, John MacNeill (November 1, 2021). "Shakespeare's Starlings: Literary History and the Fictions of Invasiveness". Environmental Humanities. 13 (2): 301–322. doi:10.1215/22011919-9320167. ISSN 2201-1919. S2CID 243468840. Retrieved November 26, 2021.
Strycker, Noah (2014). The Thing with Feathers. Penguin Group. p. 42. ISBN 978-1-59448-635-7.
Bates, Mary. "How Do Chameleons Change Colors?". Wired. Wired Magazine. April 11, 2014.
Moment, Gairdner B. (1942). "Simultaneous anterior and posterior regeneration and other growth phenomena in Maldanid polychaetes". Journal of Experimental Zoology. 117: 1–13. doi:10.1002/jez.1401170102.
Reddien, Peter W.; Alvarado, Alejandro Sanchez (2004). "Fundamentals of planarian regeneration". Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology. 20: 725–57. doi:10.1146/annurev.cellbio.20.010403.095114. PMID 15473858.
"The Housefly". Forest Preserve District of Cook County (Illinois). April 15, 1972. Archived from the original on March 1, 2013. Retrieved January 16, 2011.
Sweeney, Bernard W.; Vannote, Robin L. (1982). "Population Synchrony in Mayflies: A Predator Satiation Hypothesis". Evolution. 36 (4): 810–22. doi:10.2307/2407894. JSTOR 2407894. PMID 28568232.
"Buried in Concrete : Daddy Long Legs". Archived from the original on February 25, 2011.. (2004 Season, Episode 13). MythBusters. Discovery Channel. February 25, 2004.
"UCR Spider Site – Daddy Long Legs Myth". University of California Riverside. Archived from the original on November 4, 2013. Retrieved September 18, 2008.
"Spider Myths – If it could only bite". Burke Museum of Natural History & Culture, University of Washington. 2003. Archived from the original on July 14, 2007. Retrieved July 22, 2008.
"Myth: You unknowingly swallow an average of four live spiders in your sleep each year". Burke Museum. 2010. Retrieved February 5, 2020.
Sneed, Annie (April 15, 2014). "Fact or Fiction? People Swallow 8 Spiders a Year While They Sleep". Scientific American. Retrieved June 7, 2015.
Burchell, Helen (August 6, 2023). "Do people really swallow spiders in their sleep?". BBC News. Hertfordshire. Retrieved August 6, 2023.
"Do Female Praying Mantises Always Eat the Males?". EntomologyToday. December 22, 2013.
a. Chatfield, Matthew (January 4, 2008). "Some scientist once proved that bees can't fly...?".. naturenet.net. The Ranger's Blog.
b. Ivars Peterson (September 13, 2004). "Flight of the Bumblebee". Ivars Peterson's MathTrek. Mathematical Association of America. Retrieved November 18, 2011.
c. Dickinson, Michael (June 2001). "Solving the Mystery of Insect Flight". Scientific American. 284 (6): 48–50, 53–57. Bibcode:2001SciAm.284f..48D. doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0601-48. JSTOR 26059248. PMID 11396342. a 1934 book by entomologist Antoine Magnan... refers to a calculation by his assistant André Sainte-Laguë, who was an engineer. The conclusion was presumably based on the fact that the maximum possible lift produced by aircraft wings as small as a bumblebee's wings and traveling as slowly as a bee in flight would be much less than the weight of a bee.
Fisher, JR (1986). "Earwig in the ear". Western Journal of Medicine. 145 (2): 245. PMC 1306897. PMID 3765607.
Costa, J.T. (2006). The Other Insect Societies. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
"Dermaptera: earwigs". Insects and their Allies. CSIRO. Retrieved November 16, 2015.
a. Haltiwanger, John (September 15, 2014). "If All The Bees In The World Die, Humans Will Not Survive". Elite Daily.
b. A Devastating Look At Our World If Honeybees Disappeared: "A world without honeybees would also mean a world without fruits, vegetables, nuts, and seeds."
c. What Would Happen if All the Bees Went Extinct?; "First, the easy part: "I've never seen anything definitively link the quote to Einstein," says Mark Dykes, the chief inspector for Texas Apiary Inspection Service. Quote checkers like this one, and this one agree. But debunking its message? That's more complicated."
d. Would a World Without Bees Be a World Without Us?
Goldschein, Eric. "The 10 Most Important Crops In The World". Business Insider.
"What Are the World's Most Important Staple Foods?". WorldAtlas. June 7, 2019.
Roberts, Catherine (June 2, 2018). "4 Common Myths About Ticks Debunked". Consumer Reports. Retrieved June 7, 2021.
"Host seeking". CVBD: Companion Vector-Borne Diseases. Retrieved December 8, 2016.
"Termite". Merriam-Webster.com. August 27, 2023.
Cleveland, L.R.; Hall, S.K.; Sanders, E.P.; Collier, J. (1934). "The Wood-Feeding Roach Cryptocercus, its protozoa, and the symbiosis between protozoa and roach". Memoirs of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. 17 (2): 185–382. doi:10.1093/aesa/28.2.216.
McKittrick, F.A. (1965). "A contribution to the understanding of cockroach-termite affinities". Annals of the Entomological Society of America. 58 (1): 18–22. doi:10.1093/aesa/58.1.18. PMID 5834489.
Ware, J.L.; Litman, J.; Klass, K.-D.; Spearman, L.A. (2008). "Relationships among the major lineages of Dictyoptera: the effect of outgroup selection on dictyopteran tree topology". Systematic Entomology. 33 (3): 429–450. doi:10.1111/j.1365-3113.2008.00424.x. S2CID 86777253.
Kruszelnicki, Karl S. (February 23, 2006). "Cockroaches and Radiation". ABC Science. Retrieved November 24, 2015.
"Cockroaches are not radiation-proof and most are not pests". BBC Earth. Retrieved June 1, 2018.
"The Cockroach FAQ". University of Massachusetts. Retrieved November 24, 2015.
Riley, Daniel (July 8, 2008). "Will cockroaches really be the last survivors on Earth?". Slate Magazine. Retrieved August 28, 2022.
"Should You Pee on a Jellyfish Sting?". Cleveland Clinic. July 12, 2022.
"Does Urine Help a Jellyfish Sting?". UAMS Health. March 8, 2019.
"Carnivorous Plants | Encyclopedia.com". www.encyclopedia.com. Retrieved May 25, 2021.
Bender, Steve, ed. (2004). "Euphorbia". The Southern Living Garden Book (2nd ed.). Birmingham, AL: Oxmoor House. p. 306. ISBN 978-0-376-03910-1.
a. "Are Poinsettia Plants Poisonous? Fact or Fiction?". MedicineNet. Archived from the original on May 9, 2013. Retrieved December 21, 2007.
b. Krenzelok E.P.; Jacobsen T.D.; Aronis J. M. (November 1996). "Poinsettia exposures have good outcomes...just as we thought". Am J Emerg Med. 14 (7): 671–74. doi:10.1016/S0735-6757(96)90086-8. PMID 8906768.
c. "Ask the Expert: Poison Control > Poinsettia". ASPCA. Archived from the original on January 10, 2011.
a. Gerard, John (1597). "Herball, or Generall Historie of Plantes". London: John Norton. pp. 612–14. Archived from the original on April 27, 2014. Retrieved January 7, 2021. Popular botany book in 17th century England.
b. Hangarter, Roger P. "Solar tracking: sunflower plants". Plants-In-Motion website. Indiana University. Archived from the original on October 19, 2013. Retrieved August 22, 2012. Many people are under the misconception that the flower heads of the cultivated sunflower (Helianthus annuus) track the sun... Immature flower buds of the sunflower do exhibit solar tracking and on sunny days the buds will track the sun across the sky from east to west... However, as the flower bud matures and blossoms, the stem stiffens and the flower becomes fixed facing the eastward direction.
c. Polikarpov, G.G. (1978). "Sunflower's blooming floscule is a compass". Nature. 272 (5649): 122. Bibcode:1978Natur.272..122P. doi:10.1038/272122c0.
d. Lang, A.R.G.; Begg, J.E. (1979). "Movements of Helianthus annuus Leaves and Heads". Journal of Applied Ecology. 16 (1): 299–305. doi:10.2307/2402749. JSTOR 2402749. Archived from the original on May 23, 2013. Retrieved December 10, 2016. Dinural E-W oscillations of the heads occurred initially but ceased as the flowers opened and anthesis commenced, leaving the heads facing east
"When the plant is in the bud stage, it tends to track the movement of the sun across the horizon. Once the flower opens into the radiance of yellow petals, it faces east". National Sunflower Association. Archived from the original on November 3, 2013.
Shalchian-Tabrizi K, Minge MA, Espelund M, et al. (May 7, 2008). Aramayo R (ed.). "Multigene phylogeny of choanozoa and the origin of animals". PLOS ONE. 3 (5): e2098. Bibcode:2008PLoSO...3.2098S. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0002098. PMC 2346548. PMID 18461162.
"Fifth-Grade Elementary School Students' Conceptions and Misconceptions about the Fungus Kingdom". Retrieved October 5, 2022.
"Common Student Ideas about Plants and Animals" (PDF). Retrieved October 5, 2022.
"Evolutionary Science and Society: Educating a New Generation (TOC)" (PDF). Revised Proceedings of the BSCS, AIBS Symposium. MSU.edu. November 2004. pp. 11–12. Retrieved January 13, 2011.
"It Is Not Just a Theory... It Is a Theory!". Chandra Chronicles. Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics. July 7, 2008. Archived from the original on December 14, 2013. Retrieved April 8, 2009.
Kuhn, Thomas S. (1996). The Structure of Scientific Revolutions (3rd ed.). Chicago: University of Chicago Press. p. 7. ISBN 978-0-226-45808-3.
"Misconceptions about the Nature of Science". UMT.edu. University of Montana, Div. Biological Sciences. Archived from the original on October 17, 2011. Retrieved April 8, 2009.
"Misconceptions about evolution". Evolution.berkeley.edu. Archived from the original on October 27, 2013. Retrieved February 9, 2012.
"Five Major Misconceptions about Evolution". TalkOrigins. October 1, 2003. Archived from the original on October 3, 2013. Retrieved February 9, 2012.
"Evolution and Natural Selection". University of Michigan. October 10, 2010. Retrieved November 9, 2016.
Moran, Nancy A. (2002). "Microbial MinimalismGenome Reduction in Bacterial Pathogens". Cell. 108 (5): 583–86. doi:10.1016/S0092-8674(02)00665-7. PMID 11893328. S2CID 18688744.
Brian K. Hall (1984), "Developmental mechanisms underlying the atavisms", Biological Reviews, 59 (1): 89–124, doi:10.1111/j.1469-185x.1984.tb00402.x, PMID 6367843, S2CID 29258934
"Darwin's precursors and influences: Glossary". Retrieved January 18, 2010.
"Is the human race evolving or devolving?". Scientific American. July 20, 1998. Archived from the original on October 10, 2012. see also biological devolution.
Colby, Chris (1996–1997), Introduction to Evolutionary Biology, TalkOrigins Archive, retrieved February 22, 2009
Hartl, D. L. (1981) A Primer of Population Genetics ISBN 978-0-87893-271-9
Haldane, J. B. S. (November 1992). "The Cost of Natural Selection". Current Science. 63 (9/10): 612–625.
"Misconceptions about natural selection and adaptation: Natural selection involves organisms 'trying' to adapt.". Misconceptions about evolution. University of California Museum of Paleontology. Archived from the original on October 27, 2013.
"Misconceptions about natural selection and adaptation: Natural selection gives organisms what they 'need.' ". Misconceptions about evolution. University of California Museum of Paleontology. Archived from the original on October 27, 2013.
Hanke, David (2004). "Teleology: The explanation that bedevils biology". In John Cornwell (ed.). Explanations: Styles of explanation in science. Oxford & New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 143–55. ISBN 978-0-19-860778-6.
Zelenitsky DK; Therrien F; Erickson GM; DeBuhr CL; Kobayashi Y; Eberth DA; Hadfield F (October 25, 2012). "Scientist: "Dinosaurs may have evolved feathers for courtship"". Science. 338 (6106): 510–14. Bibcode:2012Sci...338..510Z. doi:10.1126/science.1225376. PMID 23112330. S2CID 2057698. Archived from the original on December 14, 2013. Retrieved August 18, 2013.
"Study challenges evolutionary theory that DNA mutations are random". U.C. Davis. Retrieved February 12, 2022.
Monroe, J. Grey; Srikant, Thanvi; Carbonell-Bejerano, Pablo; Becker, Claude; Lensink, Mariele; Exposito-Alonso, Moises; Klein, Marie; Hildebrandt, Julia; Neumann, Manuela; Kliebenstein, Daniel; Weng, Mao-Lun; Imbert, Eric; Ågren, Jon; Rutter, Matthew T.; Fenster, Charles B.; Weigel, Detlef (February 2022). "Mutation bias reflects natural selection in Arabidopsis thaliana". Nature. 602 (7895): 101–105. Bibcode:2022Natur.602..101M. doi:10.1038/s41586-021-04269-6. ISSN 1476-4687. PMC 8810380. PMID 35022609.
Bundell, Shamini; Thompson, Benjamin (January 19, 2022). "Why mutation is not as random as we thought". Nature. doi:10.1038/d41586-022-00142-2. PMID 35046581.
Benton, M. J. (1990). "Scientific methodologies in collision: the history of the study of the extinction of the dinosaurs". Evolutionary Biology. 24. Retrieved January 14, 2017.
Lucas, Spencer G. (2000). "Dinosaurs in the public eye". Dinosaurs: The Textbook (3rd ed.). Boston: McGraw-Hill. pp. 247–260. ISBN 978-0-07-303642-7.
MacLeod, N; Rawson, PF; et al. (1997). "The Cretaceous–Tertiary biotic transition". Journal of the Geological Society. 154 (2): 265–292. Bibcode:1997JGSoc.154..265M. doi:10.1144/gsjgs.154.2.0265. S2CID 129654916.
"dinosaur". Dictionary.com. Lexico Publishing Group, LLC. Retrieved August 6, 2008.
Padian K.; Chiappe L. M. (1997). "Bird Origins". In Currie PJ; Padian K (eds.). Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs. San Diego: Academic Press. pp. 41–96.
Wilford, John Noble (March 28, 2016). "'Dinosaurs Among Us' Retraces an Evolutionary Path". The New York Times. Retrieved March 28, 2016.
Chiappe, Luis M. (2009). "Downsized Dinosaurs: The Evolutionary Transition to Modern Birds". Evolution: Education and Outreach. 2 (2): 248–256. doi:10.1007/s12052-009-0133-4.
Lambert, David; the Diagram Group (1990). The Dinosaur Data Book. New York: Avon Books. pp. 290–301. ISBN 978-0-380-75896-8.
Caldwell, Michael W.; Carroll, Robert L.; Kaiser, Hinrich (September 14, 1995). "The pectoral girdle and forelimb of Carsosaurus marchesetti (Aigialosauridae), with a preliminary phylogenetic analysis of mosasauroids and varanoids". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 15 (3): 516–531. Bibcode:1995JVPal..15..516C. doi:10.1080/02724634.1995.10011245. ISSN 0272-4634.
Neenan, J. M.; Klein, N.; Scheyer, T. M. (2013). "European origin of placodont marine reptiles and the evolution of crushing dentition in Placodontia". Nature Communications. 4: 1621. Bibcode:2013NatCo...4.1621N. doi:10.1038/ncomms2633. PMID 23535642.
Angielczyk, K. D. (2009). "Dimetrodon is Not a Dinosaur: Using Tree Thinking to Understand the Ancient Relatives of Mammals and their Evolution". Evolution: Education and Outreach. 2 (2): 257–271. doi:10.1007/s12052-009-0117-4.
"Famous Prehistoric Animals That Weren't Actually Dinosaurs". February 17, 2021.
Black, Riley. "The Dimetrodon in Your Family Tree". Smithsonian Magazine. Retrieved December 5, 2021.
Barras, Colin. "We've drawn iconic sail-wearing Dimetrodon wrong for 100 years". New Scientist. Retrieved December 8, 2021.
Benton, Michael J. (2004). "Origin and relationships of Dinosauria". In Weishampel, David B.; Dodson, Peter; Osmólska, Halszka (eds.). The Dinosauria (2nd ed.). Berkeley: University of California Press. pp. 7–19. ISBN 978-0-520-24209-8.
"American Adults Flunk Basic Science". Science Daily. March 13, 2009. Archived from the original on April 2, 2014.
"Why Did the Woolly Mammoth Die Out?". National Geographic. March 26, 2011. Retrieved August 2, 2016.
Strauss, Bob (August 15, 2019). "Does Oil Really Come From Dinosaurs?". ThoughtCo. Retrieved September 4, 2019.
"Coal Explained". Energy Explained. US Energy Information Administration. April 21, 2017. Archived from the original on December 8, 2017. Retrieved November 13, 2017.
Cleal, C. J. & Thomas, B. A. (2005). "Palaeozoic tropical rainforests and their effect on global climates: is the past the key to the present?" Geobiology, 3, p. 13-31.
Romer, A. S. (1970) [1949]. The Vertebrate Body (4th ed.). W.B. Saunders.
Cowen, R. (2000). History of Life. Oxford, UK: Blackwell Science. p. 154. ISBN 978-0-632-04444-3.
"Those diverse diapsids".
Jones, Marc EH; Anderson, Cajsa Lisa; Hipsley, Christy A; Müller, Johannes; Evans, Susan E; Schoch, Rainer R (September 25, 2013). "Integration of molecules and new fossils supports a Triassic origin for Lepidosauria (lizards, snakes, and tuatara)". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 13: 208. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-13-208. PMC 4016551. PMID 24063680.
Richard J. Butler; Stephen L. Brusatte; Mike Reich; Sterling J. Nesbitt; Rainer R. Schoch; Jahn J. Hornung (2011). "The sail-backed reptile Ctenosauriscus from the latest Early Triassic of Germany and the timing and biogeography of the early archosaur radiation". PLOS ONE. 6 (10): e25693. Bibcode:2011PLoSO...625693B. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0025693. PMC 3194824. PMID 22022431.
Romer, A.S. & Parsons, T.S. (1977). The Vertebrate Body. 5th ed. Saunders, Philadelphia. (6th ed. 1985)
Seiffert Erik R. (January 2006). "Revised age estimates for the later Paleogene mammal faunas of Egypt and Oman". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 103 (13): 5000–5005. Bibcode:2006PNAS..103.5000S. doi:10.1073/pnas.0600689103. PMC 1458784. PMID 16549773.
AronRa (January 16, 2010), Turns out we DID come from monkeys!, retrieved November 12, 2018
Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Ape" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 2 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 160.
a. Perez, S.I.; Tejedor, M.F.; et al. (June 2013). "Divergence times and the evolutionary radiation of New World monkeys (Platyrrhini, Primates): an analysis of fossil and molecular data". PLOS ONE. 8 (6): e68029. Bibcode:2013PLoSO...868029P. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0068029. PMC 3694915. PMID 23826358.
b. Romer, A. S. (1970) [1949]. The Vertebrate Body (4th ed.). W.B. Saunders.
c. Terry, M. W. (1977). "Use of common and scientific nomenclature to designate laboratory primates". In Schrier, A. M. (ed.). Behavioral Primatology: Advances in Research and Theory. Vol. 1. Hillsdale, N.J., USA: Lawrence Erlbaum. pp. 3–4.
d. Li, Jing; Han, Kyudong; Xing, Jinchuan; Kim, Heui-Soo; Rogers, Jeffrey; Ryder, Oliver A.; Disotell, Todd; Yue, Bisong; Batzer, Mark A. (2009). "Phylogeny of the macaques (Cercopithecidae: Macaca) based on Alu elements". Gene. 448 (2): 242–249. doi:10.1016/j.gene.2009.05.013. PMC 2783879. PMID 19497354.
e. Hodges, J. K.; Cortes, J. (2006). The Barbary macaque: biology, management and conservation. Nottingham, UK: Nottingham University Press.
a. "Early Primate Evolution: The First Primates". anthro.palomar.edu. Archived from the original on December 25, 2015. Retrieved August 12, 2017.
b. Benton, Michael J. (2005). "Chapter 3: Primate evolution". Vertebrate palaeontology. Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 378–380. ISBN 978-0-632-05637-8. Retrieved July 10, 2011.
c. Osman Hill, W. C. (1953). Primates Comparative Anatomy and Taxonomy I—Strepsirhini. Edinburgh Univ Pubs Science & Maths, No 3. Edinburgh University Press. p. 53. OCLC 500576914.
d. Martin, W. C. L. (1841). A General Introduction to the Natural History of Mammiferous Animals, With a Particular View of the Physical History of man, and the More Closely Allied Genera of the Order Quadrumana, or Monkeys. London: Wright and Co. printers. pp. 340, 361.
e. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, M. É. (1812). "Tableau des quadrumanes, ou des animaux composant le premier ordre de la classe des Mammifères". Annales du Muséum d'Histoire Naturelle. Paris. 19: 85–122.
f. Bugge, J. (1974). "Chapter 4". Cells Tissues Organs. 87 (Suppl. 62): 32–43. doi:10.1159/000144209. ISSN 1422-6405.
"Letter, Carl Linnaeus to Johann Georg Gmelin. Uppsala, Sweden, 25 February 1747". Swedish Linnaean Society.
Johnson, N. A.; Smith, J. J.; Pobiner, B.; Schrein, C. (February 2012). "Why Are Chimps Still Chimps?". The American Biology Teacher. 74 (2): 74–80. doi:10.1525/abt.2012.74.2.3. JSTOR 3738744. S2CID 86832904.
De Waal, Frans B. M (2002). Tree of Origin: What Primate Behavior Can Tell Us About Human Social Evolution. Harvard University Press. pp. 124–26. ISBN 978-0-674-01004-8.
William H. Calvin, 2002. "A Brain for All Seasons: Human Evolution and Abrupt Climate Change." University of Chicago Press. Chicago.
"Evolution: Frequently Asked Questions". PBS.org. Archived from the original on December 14, 2013. Retrieved August 29, 2009.
Fuss, Jochen; Spassov, Nikolai; Begun, David R.; Böhme, Madelaine (2017). "Potential hominin affinities of Graecopithecus from the Late Miocene of Europe". PLOS ONE. 12 (5): e0177127. Bibcode:2017PLoSO..1277127F. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0177127. PMC 5439669. PMID 28531170.
Daver, G.; Guy, F.; Mackaye, H. T.; Likius, A.; Boisserie, J. -R.; Moussa, A.; Pallas, L.; Vignaud, P.; Clarisse, N. D. (August 24, 2022). "Postcranial evidence of late Miocene hominin bipedalism in Chad" (PDF). Nature. Springer Science and Business Media LLC. 609 (7925): 94–100. Bibcode:2022Natur.609...94D. doi:10.1038/s41586-022-04901-z. ISSN 0028-0836. PMID 36002567. S2CID 234630242.
"Thesaurus results for HUMAN". www.merriam-webster.com. Retrieved May 21, 2022.
"Misconceptions about evolution – Understanding Evolution". September 19, 2021. Retrieved May 21, 2022.
Curtin, Ciara (February 2007). "Fact or Fiction?: Glass Is a (Supercooled) Liquid". Scientific American. Archived from the original on December 14, 2013. Glass, however, is actually neither a liquid—supercooled or otherwise—nor a solid. It is an amorphous solid—a state somewhere between those two states of matter. And yet glass's liquidlike properties are not enough to explain the thicker-bottomed windows, because glass atoms move too slowly for changes to be visible.
Halem, Henry (May 30, 1998). "Does Glass Flow". Glassnotes.com. Archived from the original on October 22, 2013. Retrieved August 29, 2009.
Chang, Kenneth (July 29, 2008). "The Nature of Glass Remains Anything but Clear". The New York Times. Retrieved April 4, 2010.
Zanotto, E.D. (May 1998). "Do cathedral glasses flow?". American Journal of Physics. 66 (5): 392. Bibcode:1998AmJPh..66..392Z. doi:10.1119/1.19026.
a. King, Hobart (2012). "How do diamonds form? They don't form from coal!". geology.com. Archived from the original on October 30, 2013. Retrieved June 29, 2012.
b. Amelia Pak-Harvey (October 31, 2013). "10 common scientific misconceptions". Christian Science Monitor.
M. Seal, "The abrasion of diamond", Proceedings of the Royal Society A 248:1254 (November 25, 1958) doi:10.1098/rspa.1958.0250
Harold D. Weiler, "The wear and care of records and styli", 1954, condensed text
Hertzberg, Ruth; Greene, Janet; Vaughan, Beatrice (2010). Putting Food By: Fifth Edition. Penguin. ISBN 978-1-101-53990-3. Archived from the original on February 6, 2018.
a. "Have pencils ever contained lead?". BBC Science Focus Magazine. Retrieved August 27, 2020.
b. Bennett, Howard J. (26 November 2014). "Ever wondered about the lead in pencils?". The Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Archived from the original on 6 November 2015. Retrieved 5 October 2015.
c. "Pencil swallowing: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia". www.nlm.nih.gov. Archived from the original on 6 October 2015. Retrieved 5 October 2015.
d."graphite pencils | The Weekend Historian". umeshmadan.wordpress.com. Archived from the original on 7 October 2015. Retrieved 5 October 2015.
e. "Lead Facts - Uses, Properties, Element Pb, Plumbing, Pipes, Weights". www.sciencekids.co.nz. Archived from the original on October 30, 2016. Retrieved October 29, 2016.
f. Oxford English Dictionary, 3rd ed., s.v. 'lead' 3 and 'black lead' 2a
a. Broersma, Matthew (June 24, 2004). "Mac OS X Security Myth Exposed". TechWorld. Archived from the original on May 26, 2011. Retrieved August 12, 2011.
b. Foresman, Chris (May 2, 2011). "Fake "MAC Defender" antivirus app scams users for money, CC numbers". Ars Technica. Archived from the original on May 26, 2011.
c. "Myth Busting: Is Linux Immune to Viruses?". Linux.com. Archived from the original on April 30, 2014.
a. Mookhey, K. K.; et al. (2005). Linux: Security, Audit and Control Features. ISACA. p. 128. ISBN 978-1-893209-78-7. Archived from the original on December 1, 2016.
b. Toxen, Bob (2003). Real World Linux Security: Intrusion Prevention, Detection, and Recovery. Prentice Hall Professional. p. 365. ISBN 978-0-13-046456-9. Archived from the original on December 1, 2016.
c. Noyes, Katherine (August 3, 2010). "Why Linux Is More Secure Than Windows". PCWorld. Archived from the original on September 1, 2013.
d. Wallen, Jack (February 9, 2010). "Myth Busting: Is Linux Immune to Viruses?". Linux.com. Retrieved April 9, 2022.
e. "Do I need anti-virus software?". help.ubuntu.com. Retrieved April 9, 2022.
f. Hoffman, Chris (September 21, 2016). "Why You Don't Need an Antivirus On Linux (Usually)". How-To Geek. Retrieved April 9, 2022.
a. Greenberg, Andy. "Hacker Lexicon: What Is the Dark Web?". Wired.
b. Callaghan, Greg (March 9, 2018). "The dark web: uncovering monsters (and myths) in the Net's 'evil twin'". The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved August 8, 2022.
c. Cox, Joseph (June 18, 2015). "The Dark Web as You Know It Is a Myth". Wired. Retrieved August 8, 2022.
d. Beckett, Andy (November 25, 2009). "The dark side of the internet". The Guardian. Retrieved August 8, 2022. While a "darknet" is an online network such as Freenet that is concealed from non-users, with all the potential for transgressive behaviour that implies, much of "the deep web", spooky as it sounds, consists of unremarkable consumer and research data that is beyond the reach of search engines.
Grothaus, Michael (April 12, 2019). "Incognito mode won't keep your browsing private. Do this instead". Fast Company. Retrieved August 14, 2019.
B, Anirudh. "Incognito mode while browsing – Myths Busted". Archived from the original on May 16, 2020. Retrieved September 6, 2019.
Wu, Yuxi; Gupta, Panya; Wei, Miranda; Acar, Yasemin; Fahl, Sascha; Ur, Blase (April 23, 2018). Proceedings of the 2018 World Wide Web Conference: Your Secrets Are Safe: How Browsers' Explanations Impact Misconceptions About Private Browsing Mode. WWW '18. Republic and Canton of Geneva, CHE in Lyon, France: International World Wide Web Conferences Steering Committee. pp. 217–226. doi:10.1145/3178876.3186088. ISBN 9781450356398. S2CID 4881375.
Zelenko, Michael (September 14, 2015). "Putting your wet phone in rice probably won't save it. But do it anyway". The Verge. Retrieved March 18, 2022.
Chugh, Ritesh (April 8, 2021). "Phone wet and won't turn on? Here's how to deal with water damage (hint: soaking it in rice won't work)". The Conversation. Retrieved March 18, 2022.
Aguilar, Nelson (April 30, 2014). "Myth Debunked: Uncooked Rice Isn't the Best Way to Save Your Water-Damaged Phone « Smartphones :: Gadget Hacks". Smartphones.gadgethacks.com. Retrieved May 16, 2022.
"Total population living in extreme poverty, by world region". Our World in Data. Retrieved March 7, 2020.
- Roser, Max; Ortiz-Ospina, Esteban (May 25, 2013). "Global Extreme Poverty". Our World in Data.
- Rosling, Hans; Rönnlund, Anna; Rosling, Ola (2018). Factfulness: Ten Reasons We're Wrong About the World – and Why Things Are Better Than You Think. Flatiron Books. p. 7. ISBN 978-1-250-12381-7.
- Bailey, Ronald (January 31, 2019). "Global Poverty Decline Denialism". Reason.
"Could you live on $1.90 a day? That's the international poverty line". the Guardian. November 1, 2015. Retrieved December 6, 2022.
Edward, Peter (August 8, 2006). "The ethical poverty line: a moral quantification of absolute poverty". Third World Quarterly. 27 (2): 377–393. doi:10.1080/01436590500432739. ISSN 0143-6597. S2CID 154522588.
Scudellari, Megan (December 1, 2015). "The science myths that will not die". Nature. 528 (7582): 322–325. Bibcode:2015Natur.528..322S. doi:10.1038/528322a. ISSN 1476-4687. PMID 26672537. S2CID 1414926.
"Human Overpopulation: Still an Issue of Concern?". Scientific American. Retrieved October 21, 2021.
Piper, Kelsey (August 20, 2019). "We've worried about overpopulation for centuries. And we've always been wrong". Vox. Retrieved October 21, 2021.
a. "Economics A-Z terms beginning with L". The Economist. Retrieved December 21, 2016.
b. Bishop, Matthew (2004). "Lump of labour fallacy". Essential Economics: An A to Z Guide. Bloomberg Press. ISBN 978-1-86197-580-5. One of the best-known fallacies in ECONOMICS is the notion that there is a fixed amount of work to be done – a lump of LABOUR – which can be shared out in different ways to create fewer or more jobs...
Garcia, Mireya (July 15, 2019). "Consumer Watch: Many Americans think income affects credit score". KOKH.
DiJulio, Bianca; Norton, Mira; Brodie, Mollyann (January 20, 2016). "Americans' Views on the U.S. Role in Global Health". Kaiser Family Foundation. Retrieved January 12, 2021.
"4 Common Misconceptions About Taxes, Debunked". Inc. Magazine. March 25, 2019.
"Addressing Benefits Cliffs". National Conference of State Legislatures. August 20, 2019. Retrieved September 15, 2021.
Nall, Clayton; Elmendorf, Christopher; Oklobdzija, Stan (November 15, 2022). "Folk Economics and the Persistence of Political Opposition to New Housing". doi:10.2139/ssrn.4266459. S2CID 253605636. SSRN 4266459. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
Levitz, Eric (August 4, 2023). "Rent Growth Is Slowing (Where Housing Got Built)". Intelligencer. Retrieved August 4, 2023.
Neukom R, Barboza LA, Erb MP, Shi F, Emile-Geay J, Evans MN, Franke J, Kaufman DS, Lücke L, Rehfeld K, Schurer A (2019). "Consistent multidecadal variability in global temperature reconstructions and simulations over the Common Era". Nature Geoscience. 12 (8): 643–649. Bibcode:2019NatGe..12..643P. doi:10.1038/s41561-019-0400-0. ISSN 1752-0908. PMC 6675609. PMID 31372180.
"Global Annual Mean Surface Air Temperature Change". NASA. Retrieved February 23, 2020.
Powell, James (November 20, 2019). "Scientists Reach 100% Consensus on Anthropogenic Global Warming". Bulletin of Science, Technology & Society. 37 (4): 183–184. doi:10.1177/0270467619886266. S2CID 213454806.
Lynas, Mark; Houlton, Benjamin Z.; Perry, Simon (2021). "Greater than 99% consensus on human caused climate change in the peer-reviewed scientific literature". Environmental Research Letters. 16 (11). 114005. Bibcode:2021ERL....16k4005L. doi:10.1088/1748-9326/ac2966. ISSN 1748-9326. S2CID 239032360.
"Public and Scientists' Views on Science and Society". Pew Research Center. January 29, 2015.
Lydia Saad (October 5, 2021). "Are Americans Concerned About Global Warming?". Gallup.
Begley, Sharon (August 13, 2007). "The Truth About Denial". Newsweek. Archived from the original on October 21, 2007. (MSNBC single page version, archived 20 August 2007) "If you think those who have long challenged the mainstream scientific findings about global warming recognize that the game is over, think again. ... outside Hollywood, Manhattan and other habitats of the chattering classes, the denial machine is running at full throttle—and continuing to shape both government policy and public opinion. Since the late 1980s, this well-coordinated, well-funded campaign by contrarian scientists, free-market think tanks and industry has created a paralyzing fog of doubt around climate change. Through advertisements, op-eds, lobbying and media attention, greenhouse doubters (they hate being called deniers) argued first that the world is not warming; measurements indicating otherwise are flawed, they said. Then they claimed that any warming is natural, not caused by human activities. Now they contend that the looming warming will be minuscule and harmless. 'They patterned what they did after the tobacco industry,' says former senator Tim Wirth."
a. Understanding and responding to climate change: Highlights of National Academies Reports, 2008 edition (PDF) (Report). National Academy of Sciences. 2008. p. 2. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 11, 2017. Retrieved November 9, 2010.
b. Oreskes, Naomi (2007). "The scientific consensus on climate change: How do we know we're not wrong?". In DiMento, Joseph F. C.; Doughman, Pamela M. (eds.). Climate Change: What It Means for Us, Our Children, and Our Grandchildren. The MIT Press. p. 68. ISBN 978-0-262-54193-0.
c. Gleick, Peter (January 7, 2017). "Statements on Climate Change from Major Scientific Academies, Societies, and Associations (January 2017 update)". ScienceBlogs. Retrieved April 2, 2020.
"Climate Change". United Nations.
Jacob, Daniel J. Introduction to Atmospheric Chemistry. pp. 177–87. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1999.
"Chlorofluorocarbons". Greenhouse Gases. NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information. Archived from the original on August 30, 2015. Retrieved October 21, 2018.
"CFCS – What on Earth". February 24, 2010.
"The enhanced greenhouse effect and global warming – Physical and human causes of climate change – Higher Geography Revision". BBC Bitesize. January 1, 1970. Retrieved February 9, 2022.
"Myth of cooling towers is symptomatic of global warming information shortage". Royal Society of Chemistry. February 15, 2007. Retrieved March 2, 2022.
"What you need to know about nuclear cooling towers". Duke Energy | Nuclear Information Center. July 24, 2017. Retrieved March 2, 2022.
Energy, Duke. "Common Myths About Nuclear Energy". Duke Energy | Nuclear Information Center. Retrieved April 23, 2023.
"10 myths about nuclear energy | Argonne National Laboratory". www.anl.gov. September 9, 2013. Retrieved April 23, 2023.
"What are the safest sources of energy?". Our World in Data. Retrieved May 27, 2020.
Frank N. von Hippel (September–October 2011). "The radiological and psychological consequences of the Fukushima Daiichi accident". Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists. 67 (5): 27–36. Bibcode:2011BuAtS..67e..27V. doi:10.1177/0096340211421588. S2CID 218769799.
a. "Lightning Myths and Facts". National Weather Service. Fact: Lightning often strikes the same place repeatedly, especially if it's a tall, pointy, isolated object. The Empire State Building is hit an average of 23 times a year
b. "Lightning Often Strikes Twice". NASA Spinoff. Office of the Chief Technologist, NASA. Archived from the original on March 25, 2012. Retrieved June 23, 2010.
c. WeatherBug Meteorologists (May 17, 2010). "The Myths and Facts of Lightning". WeatherBug. Earth Works. Archived from the original on July 11, 2010. Retrieved June 23, 2010.
d. Tristan Simpson (April 29, 2022). "Can lightning strike the same place twice?". The Weather Network. Believe it or not, this long-held myth is far from the truth. While the odds of being struck by lightning are low, the chances of lightning striking the same place twice are high. Lightning can, and often will, hit the same spot multiple times.
"What Is Heat Lightning?". Weather.com.
"Five Things Most People Get Wrong About the Yellowstone Volcano (2015)". Yellowstone Volcano Observatory (USGS). May 8, 2015. Retrieved April 2, 2022.
Gupta, H.K. (2011). Encyclopedia of Solid Earth Geophysics. Springer Dordrecht. p. 1539. ISBN 978-90-481-8701-0.
Robertson, E.C. "The Interior of the Earth". USGS. Retrieved July 8, 2022.
Hata, M.; Uyeshima, M. (March 31, 2015). "Temperature and melt fraction distributions in a mantle wedge determined from the electrical conductivity structure: Application to one nonvolcanic and two volcanic regions in the Kyushu subduction zone, Japan". Geophysical Research Letters. 42 (8): 2709–2717. Bibcode:2015GeoRL..42.2709H. doi:10.1002/2015GL063308. S2CID 128585826.
Clement, B.M.; Holzheid, A.; Tilgner, A. (October 25, 1997). "Core geophysics". PNAS. 94 (24): 12742–12743. Bibcode:1997PNAS...9412742C. doi:10.1073/pnas.94.24.12742. PMC 34384. PMID 9370529.
Katarina, Zimmer (August 28, 2019). "Why the Amazon doesn't really produce 20% of the world's oxygen". National Geographic. Retrieved October 8, 2021.
"Cape of Good Hope, South Africa - 360° Aerial Panoramas".
Kamiar, Mohammad (May 23, 2008). "More Than a Few Northerly Running Rivers in the World". The Florida Geographer. 39.
Rosenberg, Matt (April 5, 2020). "Major Rivers That Flow North". ThoughtCo. Retrieved November 8, 2022.
"Rivers That Flow North". May 6, 2021.
"Major Rivers That Flow North".
"Why Do Koreans Think Electric Fans Will Kill Them?". Esquire. January 22, 2009. Retrieved August 2, 2016.
a. Mersch, John. "Sleepwalking: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatments". MedicineNet, Inc. Archived from the original on October 26, 2013. Retrieved May 10, 2009.
b. "Sleepwalking". National Sleep Foundation. Archived from the original on December 29, 2013. Retrieved May 10, 2009.
Vittone, Mario. "It Doesn't Look Like They're Drowning" (PDF). On Scene: The Journal of U.S. Coast Guard Search and Rescue: 14.
Pia, Frank (1999). "Chapter 14: Reflections on Lifeguard surveillance programs". In Fletemeyer, John R.; Freas, Samuel J. (eds.). Drowning: new perspectives on intervention and prevention. Vol. 1998. Taylor & Francis. p. 234. ISBN 978-1-57444-223-6.
a. Kienle, Alwin; Lilge, Lothar; Vitkin, I.Alex; Patterson, Michael S.; Wilson, Brian C.; Hibst, Raimund; Steiner, Rudolf (March 1, 1996). "Why do veins appear blue? A new look at an old question" (PDF). Applied Optics. 35 (7): 1151–60. Bibcode:1996ApOpt..35.1151K. doi:10.1364/AO.35.001151. PMID 21085227. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 10, 2012. Retrieved April 30, 2012.
b. "Students' Misconceptions in Science: The Color of Blood". Michigan State University. Retrieved April 30, 2012.
a. "Ask an Astrophysicist". NASA. Archived from the original on June 4, 2012. If you don't try to hold your breath, exposure to space for half a minute or so is unlikely to produce permanent injury. Holding your breath is likely to damage your lungs, ... but theory predicts—and animal experiments confirm—that otherwise, exposure to vacuum causes no immediate injury. You do not explode. Your blood does not boil. You do not freeze. You do not instantly lose consciousness
b. "Exploding Body in Vacuum". ABC Science. April 6, 2005. Archived from the original on June 4, 2012. ...will we humans explode in the full vacuum of space, as urban legends claim? The answer is that we won't explode, and if the exposure is short enough, we can even survive.
a. Cheung, K; Hume, P; Maxwell, L (2003). "Delayed onset muscle soreness: treatment strategies and performance factors". Sports Medicine. 33 (2): 145–64. doi:10.2165/00007256-200333020-00005. PMID 12617692. S2CID 26525519.
b.McHugh, Malachy P. (2003). "Recent advances in the understanding of the repeated bout effect: the protective effect against muscle damage from a single bout of eccentric exercise". Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports. 13 (2): 88–97. doi:10.1034/j.1600-0838.2003.02477.x. ISSN 0905-7188. PMID 12641640. S2CID 6697478.
Henschke, Nicholas; Lin, C. Christine (December 1, 2011). "Stretching before or after exercise does not reduce delayed-onset muscle soreness". Br J Sports Med. 45 (15): 1249–50. doi:10.1136/bjsports-2011-090599. ISSN 0306-3674. PMID 22006932. S2CID 32498886. Retrieved September 11, 2018.
a. University of Utah Poison Control Center (June 24, 2014). "Dos and Don'ts in Case of Gasoline Poisoning". University of Utah.
b. Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (October 21, 2014). "Medical Management Guidelines for Gasoline (Mixture) CAS# 86290-81-5 and 8006-61-9". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
Engelhaupt, Erika (May 22, 2014). "Urine is not sterile, and neither is the rest of you". Science News. Archived from the original on June 22, 2018. Retrieved July 31, 2020.
Tipton, M. J.; Collier, N.; Massey, H.; Corbett, J.; Harper, M. (November 1, 2017). "Cold water immersion: kill or cure?: Cold water immersion: kill or cure?". Experimental Physiology. 102 (11): 1335–55. doi:10.1113/EP086283. PMID 28833689.
Green, Jennifer; Green, Michael (2006). Dealing With Death: Practices and Procedures. Jessica Kingsley Publishers. p. 112. ISBN 978-1-84310-381-3.
Prange, Henry D. (2003). "Laplace's Law and the Alveolus: A Misconception of Anatomy and a Misapplication of Physics". Advances in Physiology Education. 27 (1): 34–40. doi:10.1152/advan.00024.2002. PMID 12594072. S2CID 7791096.
Sessler DI, Moayeri A, Støen R, Glosten B, Hynson J, McGuire J (1990). "Thermoregulatory vasoconstriction decreases cutaneous heat loss". Anesthesiology. 73 (4): 656–60. doi:10.1097/00000542-199010000-00011. PMID 2221434.
Gammon, Katharine (February 1, 2013). "Do We Really Lose Half our Body Heat From our Heads?". Live Science. Retrieved January 18, 2022.
Hammond, Claudia. "Do you lose most heat from your head?". www.bbc.com. Retrieved January 18, 2022.
"Scientists debunk myth that most heat is lost through head". The Guardian. December 18, 2008. Retrieved January 18, 2022.
Adams J (April 7, 2020). "The truth about adrenochrome". The Spinoff. Retrieved June 28, 2020.
Friedberg, Brian. "The Dark Virality of a Hollywood Blood-Harvesting Conspiracy". Wired. Retrieved February 21, 2021.
Dresden, Danielle (March 12, 2020). "How many ribs do humans have? Men, women, and anatomy". Medical News Today. Retrieved June 5, 2022. Although many people might think that males have fewer ribs than females — most likely sparked by the biblical story of Adam and Eve — there is no factual evidence.
a. Moser, Rod (November 13, 2006), Q-Tips – Weapons of Ear Destruction?, WebMD
b. Stein, Joel (March 26, 2001), "Something Evil in the Ear Canal", Time
c. American Academy of Family Physicians (May 2007). "Information from Your Family Doctor—Earwax: What You Should Know". American Family Physician. 75 (10): 1530. PMID 17555145.
d. "Why You Really, Truly Should Not Put Q-Tips Into Your Ears". commonhealth. Archived from the original on March 3, 2016. Retrieved March 6, 2016.
a. Konigsberg RD (January 29, 2011). "New Ways to Think About Grief". Archived from the original on January 31, 2011. Retrieved November 27, 2016 – via www.time.com.
b. Corr CA (October 23, 2018). "The 'five stages' in coping with dying and bereavement: strengths, weaknesses and some alternatives". Mortality. 24 (4): 405–417. doi:10.1080/13576275.2018.1527826. S2CID 149545381.
c. Shermer M (November 1, 2008). "Five Fallacies of Grief: Debunking Psychological Stages". www.scientificamerican.com. Scientific American. Archived from the original on May 11, 2020. Retrieved December 29, 2016.
d. Wortman CB, Silver RC (June 1989). "The myths of coping with loss". Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology. 57 (3): 349–357. doi:10.1037/0022-006x.57.3.349. PMID 2661609.
Nuland, Sherwin B. (6 September 2004). "Appreciation: Dr. Elisabeth Kubler-Ross". Time.
"The Most Common Medical Radiation Myths Dispelled". AdventHealth University. May 21, 2018. Retrieved November 5, 2022.
Loughran, Sarah (November 3, 2022). "Are bananas really 'radioactive'? An expert clears up common misunderstandings about radiation". The Conversation. Retrieved November 6, 2022.
a. The Dose Makes the Poison (1/2)
b. The Dose Makes the Poison (2/2)
a. Eisenbud, Merril; Gesell, Thomas F. (1997). Environmental radioactivity: from natural, industrial, and military sources. Academic Press. pp. 171–172. ISBN 978-0-12-235154-9. It is important to recognize that the potassium content of the body is under strict homeostatic control and is not influenced by variations in environmental levels. For this reason, the dose from ⁴⁰K in the body is constant.
b. U. S. Environmental Protection Agency (1999), Federal Guidance Report 13, page 16: "For example, the ingestion coefficient risk for 40K would not be appropriate for an application to ingestion of ⁴⁰K in conjunction with an elevated intake of natural potassium. This is because the biokinetic model for potassium used in this document represents the relatively slow removal of potassium (biological half-time 30 days) that is estimated to occur for typical intakes of potassium, whereas an elevated intake of potassium would result in excretion of a nearly equal mass of natural potassium, and hence of ⁴⁰K, over a short period."
c. Maggie Koerth-Baker (August 27, 2010). "Bananas are radioactive—But they aren't a good way to explain radiation exposure". Retrieved May 25, 2011.. Attributes the title statement to Geoff Meggitt, former UK Atomic Energy Authority.
a. Sanders, Charles (2010). Radiation Hormesis and the Linear-No-Threshold Assumption. p. 47. Bibcode:2010rhln.book.....S. ISBN 978-3-642-03719-1. {{cite book}}: |journal= ignored (help)
b. Sutou S (2018). "Low-dose radiation from A-bombs elongated lifespan and reduced cancer mortality relative to un-irradiated individuals". Genes and Environment. 40 (1): 26. doi:10.1186/s41021-018-0114-3. PMC 6299535. PMID 30598710.
c. Nancy Trautmann: The Dose Makes the Poison--Or Does It?, Bioscience 2005, American Institute of Biological Sciences
Foxman, E. F.; Storer, J. A.; Fitzgerald, M. E.; Wasik, B. R.; Hou, L.; Zhao, H.; Turner, P. E.; Pyle, A. M.; Iwasaki, A. (2015). "Temperature-dependent innate defense against the common cold virus limits viral replication at warm temperature in mouse airway cells". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 112 (3): 827–832. Bibcode:2015PNAS..112..827F. doi:10.1073/pnas.1411030112. PMC 4311828. PMID 25561542.
Mourtzoukou EG, Falagas ME (September 2007). "Exposure to cold and respiratory tract infections". The International Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease. 11 (9): 938–43. PMID 17705968.
a. Sigelman, Carol K. (2012). "Age and Ethnic Differences in Cold Weather and Contagion Theories of Colds and Flu". Health Education & Behavior. 39 (1): 67–76. doi:10.1177/1090198111407187. PMID 21586668. S2CID 206684728.
b. Snow LF (1983). "Traditional health beliefs and practices among lower class black Americans". West J Med. 139 (6): 820–28. PMC 1011011. PMID 6364570.
c. Snow LF (1983). "Traditional health beliefs and practices among lower class black Americans". West J Med. 139 (6): 820–28. PMC 1011011. PMID 6364570.
d. Thomas, Merlin (July 25, 2011). "Monday's medical myth: you can catch a cold by getting cold". The Conversation.
e. "Feeling cold causing colds? – Scientific Scribbles".
f. Parker-Pope, Tara (June 29, 2009). "11 Health Myths That May Surprise You". Archived from the original on April 18, 2019.
"Winter Illness Guide". www.hopkinsmedicine.org. December 6, 2021. Retrieved June 21, 2022.
Acharya, B.; Thapa, K. (January 2016). "Indoor Staying During Winter Season Makes People More Susceptible to Flu". Journal of Nepal Health Research Council. 14 (32): 69–70. ISSN 1999-6217. PMID 27426715.
"Suffering from a cold?". October 6, 2021.
"WARNING: Antibiotics don't work for viruses like colds and the flu". FDA. November 3, 2018.
Arroll, B; Kenealy, T (October 21, 2002). "Antibiotics for the common cold and acute purulent rhinitis". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (3): CD000247. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD000247. PMID 12137610.
"Do Essential Oils Work? Here's What Science Says". Scientific American. March 7, 2020.
a. Eccles, Ronald; Weber, Olaf, eds. (2009). Common cold. Basel: Birkhäuser. p. 7. ISBN 978-3-7643-9894-1.
b. Rutter, Paul (2009). Community pharmacy : symptoms, diagnosis and treatment (2nd ed.). Edinburgh: Elsevier/Churchill Livingstone. p. 7. ISBN 978-0-7020-2995-0.
Davis, Daniel M. (November 5, 2021). "Immunology meets the masses". Science. 374 (6568): 697–697. doi:10.1126/science.abm0134. ISSN 0036-8075.
a. "Vitamin C for the Common Cold". WebMD. Archived from the original on October 24, 2010. Retrieved September 27, 2013.
b. Harri Hemilä; Elizabeth Chalker (January 2013). "Vitamin C for preventing and treating the common cold". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 1 (1): CD000980. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD000980.pub4. PMC 1160577. PMID 23440782.
a. "Warts: 10 Answers to Common Questions".
b. "Putting an End to Warts". Londondrugs.com. Archived from the original on June 9, 2012. Retrieved August 29, 2009.
a. Bosomworth NJ (September 2009). "Exercise and knee osteoarthritis: benefit or hazard?". Can Fam Physician. 55 (9): 871–78. PMC 2743580. PMID 19752252.
b. Deweber, K; Olszewski, M; Ortolano, R (March–April 2011). "Knuckle cracking and hand osteoarthritis". Journal of the American Board of Family Medicine. 24 (2): 169–74. doi:10.3122/jabfm.2011.02.100156. PMID 21383216.
Eichenfield LF, Tom WL, Berger TG, Krol A, Paller AS, Schwarzenberger K; et al. (2014). "Guidelines of care for the management of atopic dermatitis: section 2. Management and treatment of atopic dermatitis with topical therapies". J Am Acad Dermatol. 71 (1): 116–32. doi:10.1016/j.jaad.2014.03.023. PMC 4326095. PMID 24813302.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
Mikkelson, Barbara (March 24, 2012). "Keeping Tabs". Snopes. Retrieved March 30, 2014.
"NKF Dispels Pull Tabs for Dialysis Time Rumor". National Kidney Foundation. June 1, 1998. Archived from the original on April 7, 2014. Retrieved March 30, 2014.
Kamyar Kalantar-Zadeh (November 7, 2019). "High-protein diet is bad for kidney health: unleashing the taboo". Oxford Academic. Retrieved May 5, 2022.
Kamal Patel (November 2, 2020). "Can eating too much protein be bad for you?". Examine.com. Retrieved May 5, 2022.
Bensky, Dan; Clavey, Steven; Stoger, Erich and Gamble, Andrew (2004) Chinese Herbal Medicine: Materia Medica, 3rd Edition. Eastland Press. ISBN 978-0-939616-42-8
Solnit, Rebecca (June 12, 2013). "The Separating Sickness". Harper's Magazine – via Harpers.
"Leprosy – Infections". Merck Manuals Consumer Version.
a. Grzybowski, Andrzej; Nita, Małgorzata (2016). "Leprosy in the Bible". Clinics in Dermatology. 34 (1): 3–7. doi:10.1016/j.clindermatol.2015.10.003. ISSN 0738-081X. PMID 26773616.
b. HaTalmud V'Chachmas HaRefuah. Berlin. 1928. p. 323.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) Title at hebrewbooks.org, pp. 339-340.
"Tetanus – Can a Rusty Nail Cause Tetanus?". Environmental Safety and Health Online. Retrieved November 9, 2015.
Jacqueline Howard (April 17, 2019). "Doctors develop 'cure' for babies with 'bubble boy' disease". CNN.
Sylte, Alison (March 4, 2020). "The 1918 Spanish flu killed 8,000 people in Colorado, but Gunnison only had 2 cases. Here's why". KUSA. Retrieved September 11, 2020.
Mühlbauer, Viktoria; Prinz, Roman; Mühlhauser, Ingrid; Wegwarth, Odette (September 13, 2018). "Alternative package leaflets improve people's understanding of drug side effects – A randomized controlled exploratory survey". PLOS ONE. 13 (9): e0203800. Bibcode:2018PLoSO..1303800M. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0203800. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 6136776. PMID 30212555.
"9 Pet Myths: Debunked!". Ethos Veterinary Health.
"Can Dogs Help Humans Heal? | Psychology Today Australia". www.psychologytoday.com.
"Live Science". Live Science. June 23, 2017. Retrieved July 29, 2018.
Spellman, Frank R; Price-Bayer, Joni. (2010). In Defense of Science: Why Scientific Literacy Matters. The Scarecrow Press. p. 81. ISBN 978-1-60590-735-2 "There is no scientific evidence that crystal healing has any effect. It has been called a pseudoscience. Pleasant feelings or the apparent successes of crystal healing can be attributed to the placebo effect or cognitive bias—a believer wanting it to be true."
Regal, Brian. (2009). Pseudoscience: A Critical Encyclopedia. Greenwood. p. 51. ISBN 978-0-313-35507-3
a. Nicolia, Alessandro; Manzo, Alberto; Veronesi, Fabio; Rosellini, Daniele (2013). "An overview of the last 10 years of genetically engineered crop safety research" (PDF). Critical Reviews in Biotechnology. 34 (1): 77–88. doi:10.3109/07388551.2013.823595. PMID 24041244. S2CID 9836802. We have reviewed the scientific literature on GE crop safety for the last 10 years that catches the scientific consensus matured since GE plants became widely cultivated worldwide, and we can conclude that the scientific research conducted so far has not detected any significant hazard directly connected with the use of GM crops.

The literature about Biodiversity and the GE food/feed consumption has sometimes resulted in animated debate regarding the suitability of the experimental designs, the choice of the statistical methods or the public accessibility of data. Such debate, even if positive and part of the natural process of review by the scientific community, has frequently been distorted by the media and often used politically and inappropriately in anti-GE crops campaigns.
b. "State of Food and Agriculture 2003–2004. Agricultural Biotechnology: Meeting the Needs of the Poor. Health and environmental impacts of transgenic crops". Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Retrieved August 30, 2019. Currently available transgenic crops and foods derived from them have been judged safe to eat and the methods used to test their safety have been deemed appropriate. These conclusions represent the consensus of the scientific evidence surveyed by the ICSU (2003) and they are consistent with the views of the World Health Organization (WHO, 2002). These foods have been assessed for increased risks to human health by several national regulatory authorities (inter alia, Argentina, Brazil, Canada, China, the United Kingdom and the United States) using their national food safety procedures (ICSU). To date no verifiable untoward toxic or nutritionally deleterious effects resulting from the consumption of foods derived from genetically modified crops have been discovered anywhere in the world (GM Science Review Panel). Many millions of people have consumed foods derived from GM plants – mainly maize, soybean and oilseed rape – without any observed adverse effects (ICSU).
c. Ronald, Pamela (May 1, 2011). "Plant Genetics, Sustainable Agriculture and Global Food Security". Genetics. 188 (1): 11–20. doi:10.1534/genetics.111.128553. PMC 3120150. PMID 21546547. There is broad scientific consensus that genetically engineered crops currently on the market are safe to eat. After 14 years of cultivation and a cumulative total of 2 billion acres planted, no adverse health or environmental effects have resulted from commercialization of genetically engineered crops (Board on Agriculture and Natural Resources, Committee on Environmental Impacts Associated with Commercialization of Transgenic Plants, National Research Council and Division on Earth and Life Studies 2002). Both the U.S. National Research Council and the Joint Research Centre (the European Union's scientific and technical research laboratory and an integral part of the European Commission) have concluded that there is a comprehensive body of knowledge that adequately addresses the food safety issue of genetically engineered crops (Committee on Identifying and Assessing Unintended Effects of Genetically Engineered Foods on Human Health and National Research Council 2004; European Commission Joint Research Centre 2008). These and other recent reports conclude that the processes of genetic engineering and conventional breeding are no different in terms of unintended consequences to human health and the environment (European Commission Directorate-General for Research and Innovation 2010).
See also: Domingo, José L.; Bordonaba, Jordi Giné (2011). "A literature review on the safety assessment of genetically modified plants" (PDF). Environment International. 37 (4): 734–742. doi:10.1016/j.envint.2011.01.003. PMID 21296423. In spite of this, the number of studies specifically focused on safety assessment of GM plants is still limited. However, it is important to remark that for the first time, a certain equilibrium in the number of research groups suggesting, on the basis of their studies, that a number of varieties of GM products (mainly maize and soybeans) are as safe and nutritious as the respective conventional non-GM plant, and those raising still serious concerns, was observed. Moreover, it is worth mentioning that most of the studies demonstrating that GM foods are as nutritional and safe as those obtained by conventional breeding, have been performed by biotechnology companies or associates, which are also responsible of commercializing these GM plants. Anyhow, this represents a notable advance in comparison with the lack of studies published in recent years in scientific journals by those companies. Krimsky, Sheldon (2015). "An Illusory Consensus behind GMO Health Assessment". Science, Technology, & Human Values. 40 (6): 883–914. doi:10.1177/0162243915598381. S2CID 40855100. I began this article with the testimonials from respected scientists that there is literally no scientific controversy over the health effects of GMOs. My investigation into the scientific literature tells another story.
And contrast: Panchin, Alexander Y.; Tuzhikov, Alexander I. (January 14, 2016). "Published GMO studies find no evidence of harm when corrected for multiple comparisons". Critical Reviews in Biotechnology. 37 (2): 213–217. doi:10.3109/07388551.2015.1130684. ISSN 0738-8551. PMID 26767435. S2CID 11786594. Here, we show that a number of articles some of which have strongly and negatively influenced the public opinion on GM crops and even provoked political actions, such as GMO embargo, share common flaws in the statistical evaluation of the data. Having accounted for these flaws, we conclude that the data presented in these articles does not provide any substantial evidence of GMO harm.

The presented articles suggesting possible harm of GMOs received high public attention. However, despite their claims, they actually weaken the evidence for the harm and lack of substantial equivalency of studied GMOs. We emphasize that with over 1783 published articles on GMOs over the last 10 years it is expected that some of them should have reported undesired differences between GMOs and conventional crops even if no such differences exist in reality.
and Yang, Y.T.; Chen, B. (2016). "Governing GMOs in the USA: science, law and public health". Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture. 96 (4): 1851–1855. Bibcode:2016JSFA...96.1851Y. doi:10.1002/jsfa.7523. PMID 26536836. It is therefore not surprising that efforts to require labeling and to ban GMOs have been a growing political issue in the USA (citing Domingo and Bordonaba, 2011). Overall, a broad scientific consensus holds that currently marketed GM food poses no greater risk than conventional food... Major national and international science and medical associations have stated that no adverse human health effects related to GMO food have been reported or substantiated in peer-reviewed literature to date.

Despite various concerns, today, the American Association for the Advancement of Science, the World Health Organization, and many independent international science organizations agree that GMOs are just as safe as other foods. Compared with conventional breeding techniques, genetic engineering is far more precise and, in most cases, less likely to create an unexpected outcome.
Freedman, David H. (August 20, 2013). "are engineered foods evil?". Scientific American. Vol. 309, no. 3. pp. 80–85. Bibcode:2013SciAm.309c..80F. doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0913-80. ISSN 0036-8733. JSTOR 26017991. PMID 24003560. S2CID 32994342.
a. "Statement by the AAAS Board of Directors On Labeling of Genetically Modified Foods" (PDF). American Association for the Advancement of Science. October 20, 2012. Retrieved August 30, 2019. The EU, for example, has invested more than €300 million in research on the biosafety of GMOs. Its recent report states: "The main conclusion to be drawn from the efforts of more than 130 research projects, covering a period of more than 25 years of research and involving more than 500 independent research groups, is that biotechnology, and in particular GMOs, are not per se more risky than e.g. conventional plant breeding technologies." The World Health Organization, the American Medical Association, the U.S. National Academy of Sciences, the British Royal Society, and every other respected organization that has examined the evidence has come to the same conclusion: consuming foods containing ingredients derived from GM crops is no riskier than consuming the same foods containing ingredients from crop plants modified by conventional plant improvement techniques.
b. Pinholster, Ginger (October 25, 2012). "AAAS Board of Directors: Legally Mandating GM Food Labels Could "Mislead and Falsely Alarm Consumers"" (PDF). American Association for the Advancement of Science. Retrieved August 30, 2019.
c. European Commission. Directorate-General for Research (2010). A decade of EU-funded GMO research (2001–2010) (PDF). Directorate-General for Research and Innovation. Biotechnologies, Agriculture, Food. European Commission, European Union. doi:10.2777/97784. ISBN 978-92-79-16344-9. Retrieved August 30, 2019.
d. "ISAAA Summary of AMA Report on Genetically Modified Crops and Foods". ISAAA. January 2001. Retrieved August 30, 2019. A report issued by the scientific council of the American Medical Association (AMA) says that no long-term health effects have been detected from the use of transgenic crops and genetically modified foods, and that these foods are substantially equivalent to their conventional counterparts.
e. "Featured CSA Report: Genetically Modified Crops and Foods (I-00) Full Text". American Medical Association. Archived from the original on June 10, 2001. Crops and foods produced using recombinant DNA techniques have been available for fewer than 10 years and no long-term effects have been detected to date. These foods are substantially equivalent to their conventional counterparts.
f. "Report 2 of the Council on Science and Public Health (A-12): Labeling of Bioengineered Foods" (PDF). American Medical Association. 2012. Archived from the original (PDF) on September 7, 2012. Retrieved August 30, 2019. "Bioengineered foods have been consumed for close to 20 years, and during that time, no overt consequences on human health have been reported and/or substantiated in the peer-reviewed literature".
g. "Restrictions on Genetically Modified Organisms: United States. Public and Scholarly Opinion". Library of Congress. June 30, 2015. Retrieved August 30, 2019. Several scientific organizations in the US have issued studies or statements regarding the safety of GMOs indicating that there is no evidence that GMOs present unique safety risks compared to conventionally bred products. These include the National Research Council, the American Association for the Advancement of Science, and the American Medical Association. Groups in the US opposed to GMOs include some environmental organizations, organic farming organizations, and consumer organizations. A substantial number of legal academics have criticized the US's approach to regulating GMOs.
h. National Academies Of Sciences, Engineering; Division on Earth Life Studies; Board on Agriculture Natural Resources; Committee on Genetically Engineered Crops: Past Experience Future Prospects (2016). Genetically Engineered Crops: Experiences and Prospects. The National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine (US). p. 149. doi:10.17226/23395. ISBN 978-0-309-43738-7. PMID 28230933. Retrieved August 30, 2019. Overall finding on purported adverse effects on human health of foods derived from GE crops: On the basis of detailed examination of comparisons of currently commercialized GE with non-GE foods in compositional analysis, acute and chronic animal toxicity tests, long-term data on health of livestock fed GE foods, and human epidemiological data, the committee found no differences that implicate a higher risk to human health from GE foods than from their non-GE counterparts.
Compare: Zeratsky, Katherine (April 21, 2012). "Do detox diets offer any health benefits?". Mayo Clinic. Archived from the original on December 16, 2019. Retrieved May 9, 2015. [...T]here's little evidence that detox diets actually remove toxins from the body. Indeed, the kidneys and liver are generally quite effective at filtering and eliminating most ingested toxins.
a. Barrett, Stephen (June 8, 2011). ""Detoxification" schemes and scams". Quackwatch. Retrieved June 18, 2014.
b. "Detox Diets: Cleansing the Body". WebMD. Retrieved June 23, 2010.
a. Pinnock, CB; Graham, NM; Mylvaganam, A; Douglas, RM (1990). "Relationship between milk intake and mucus production in adult volunteers challenged with rhinovirus-2". The American Review of Respiratory Disease. 141 (2): 352–56. doi:10.1164/ajrccm/141.2.352. PMID 2154152.
b. Patricia Queen Samour; Kathy King Helm (2005). Handbook of pediatric nutrition. Jones & Bartlett Learning. ISBN 978-0-7637-8356-3.
"Cold symptoms: Does drinking milk increase phlegm?". Mayo Clinic. Retrieved July 31, 2022.
a. Valtin, Heinz (2002). ""Drink at least eight glasses of water a day." Really? Is there scientific evidence for "8 × 8"?". American Journal of Physiology. Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology. 283 (5): R993–R1004. doi:10.1152/ajpregu.00365.2002. PMID 12376390.
b. "Über den Durst" (in German). Die Zeit. Retrieved April 7, 2012.
c. "Muss ich wirklich 3 Liter Wasser am Tag trinken" (in German). Archived from the original on September 3, 2012. Retrieved April 7, 2012.
"Busting 5 common myths about water and hydration : Life Kit". NPR.
a. Sophie C. Killer; Andrew K. Blannin; Asker E. Jeukendrup (January 2014). "No Evidence of Dehydration with Moderate Daily Coffee Intake: A Counterbalanced Cross-Over Study in a Free-Living Population". PLOS ONE. 9 (1): e84154. Bibcode:2014PLoSO...984154K. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0084154. PMC 3886980. PMID 24416202. S2CID 18643248.
b. Erickson, Alexa (May 11, 2017). Science Just Debunked a Coffee Myth That's Been Around Since 1928. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
c. Maughan, Ronald J.; Watson, Phillip; Cordery, Philip A.A.; Walsh, Neil P.; Oliver, Samuel J.; Dolci, Alberto; Rodriguez-Sanchez, Nidia; Galloway, Stuart (December 23, 2015). "A randomized trial to assess the potential of different beverages to affect hydration status: development of a beverage hydration index". The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 103 (3): 717–23. doi:10.3945/ajcn.115.114769. PMID 26702122. S2CID 378245.
a. Vreeman R. C.; Carroll A.E. (2008). "Festive medical myths". BMJ. 337: a2769. doi:10.1136/bmj.a2769. PMID 19091758. S2CID 29006871.
b. "Medical Myths". University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences. Archived from the original on January 9, 2014. Retrieved February 10, 2011.
Fullerton-Smith, Jill (2007). The Truth About Food. Bloomsbury. pp. 115–17. ISBN 978-0-7475-8685-2. Most parents assume that children plus sugary foods equals raucous and uncontrollable behaviour. ... according to nutrition experts, the belief that children experience a 'sugar high' is a myth.
Mantantzis, Konstantinos; Schlaghecken, Friederike; Sünram-Lea, Sandra I.; Maylor, Elizabeth A. (June 1, 2019). "Sugar rush or sugar crash? A meta-analysis of carbohydrate effects on mood" (PDF). Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews. 101: 45–67. doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2019.03.016. PMID 30951762. S2CID 92575160.
Atkins, William. "Diverticulitis isn't anti-nut any more". Archived from the original on April 4, 2012. Retrieved July 1, 2011.
Weisberger, L; Jamieson, B (July 2009). "Clinical inquiries: How can you help prevent a recurrence of diverticulitis?". The Journal of Family Practice. 58 (7): 381–82. PMID 19607778.
O'Connor, Anahad (June 28, 2005). "The Claim: Never Swim After Eating". The New York Times. Retrieved January 16, 2011.; "Hour Missed Brooks". Snopes. January 3, 2005. Retrieved January 16, 2011.
a. Webb, Densie (September 2010). "Defending Vegan Diets – RDs Aim to Clear Up Common Misconceptions About Vegan Diets". Today's Dietician: 20. Archived from the original on December 14, 2013. Retrieved March 9, 2011.
b. Matthews, Jessica (November 4, 2009). "Are vegetarian diets safe?". Ask the Expert. American Council on Exercise. Archived from the original on January 6, 2013. Retrieved March 9, 2011.
Messina, Virginia; Reed Mangles; Mark Messina (2004). The dietitian's guide to vegetarian diets. Sudbury, MA: Jones and Bartlett Publishers. ISBN 978-0-7637-3241-7.
Craig, W. J.; Mangels, A. R.; American Dietetic Association (2009). "Position of the American Dietetic Association: vegetarian diets". Journal of the American Dietetic Association. 109 (7): 1266–1282. doi:10.1016/j.jada.2009.05.027. PMID 19562864. S2CID 7906168.
Woo, Kam; Kwok, Timothy; Celermajer, David (August 19, 2014). "Vegan Diet, Subnormal Vitamin B-12 Status and Cardiovascular Health". Nutrients. 6 (8): 3259–3273. doi:10.3390/nu6083259. PMC 4145307. PMID 25195560.
Zampelas A, Magriplis E (February 2020). "Dietary patterns and risk of cardiovascular diseases: a review of the evidence". Proc Nutr Soc (Review). 79 (1): 68–75. doi:10.1017/S0029665119000946. PMID 31250769. S2CID 195757764. Few studies have reported the health benefits of vegan diets and therefore no conclusive evidence can be proposed
Eveleigh, Elizabeth R.; Coneyworth, Lisa J.; Avery, Amanda; Welham, Simon J. M. (May 29, 2020). "Vegans, Vegetarians, and Omnivores: How Does Dietary Choice Influence Iodine Intake? A Systematic Review". Nutrients. 12 (6): E1606. doi:10.3390/nu12061606. ISSN 2072-6643. PMC 7352501. PMID 32486114.
Iguacel, Isabel; Miguel-Berges, María L; Gómez-Bruton, Alejandro; Moreno, Luis A; Julián, Cristina (January 2019). "Veganism, vegetarianism, bone mineral density, and fracture risk: a systematic review and meta-analysis". Nutrition Reviews. 77 (1): 1–18. doi:10.1093/nutrit/nuy045. PMID 30376075. S2CID 53111636.
a. Matson, John (October 11, 2007). "Fact or Fiction?: Chewing Gum Takes Seven Years to Digest". Scientific American. Archived from the original on January 9, 2014. Retrieved February 4, 2011.
b. Claim: Chewing gum takes seven years to pass through the digestive system; FALSE
a. Tarasoff, L. (December 1993). "Monosodium L-glutamate: A double-blind study and review". Food and Chemical Toxicology. 31 (12): 1019–35. doi:10.1016/0278-6915(93)90012-N. PMID 8282275.
b. Freeman, M. (October 2006). "Reconsidering the effects of monosodium glutamate: A literature review". Journal of the American Academy of Nurse Practitioners. 18 (10): 482–86. doi:10.1111/j.1745-7599.2006.00160.x. PMID 16999713. S2CID 21084909."Is MSG (Monosodium Glutamate) bad for your health?". Examine.com. February 23, 2022.
Raphael Rubin; David S. Strayer; Emanuel Rubin; Gonzalo Aponte, eds. (2012). Rubin's pathology : clinicopathologic foundations of medicine (6th ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 623. ISBN 978-1-60547-968-2.
"Fact sheet for health professionals: Vitamin A". Office of Dietary Supplements, National Institutes of Health. June 3, 2013. Archived from the original on May 17, 2008. Retrieved December 29, 2016.
Maron DF (June 23, 2014). "Fact or Fiction?: Carrots Improve Your Vision". Scientific American. Retrieved December 29, 2016.
Dunkin, Mary Anne. "Top Iron-Rich Foods List". WebMD. Retrieved October 21, 2022.
"High Iron Content of Spinach – More Than a Myth?". www.healwithfood.org. Retrieved October 21, 2022.
Mielewczik, M.; Moll, J. (2016). "Spinach in Blunderland: How the myth that spinach is rich in iron became an urban academic legend". Annals of the History and Philosophy of Biology. 21: 61–142. doi:10.17875/gup2018-1125.
a. "Does metabolism vary between two people?". Examine.com. January 28, 2013.
b. Hall, Kevin D.; Heymsfield, Steven B.; Kemnitz, Joseph W.; Klein, Samuel; Schoeller, Dale A.; Speakman, John R. (April 1, 2012). "Energy balance and its components: implications for body weight regulation". The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 95 (4): 989–94. doi:10.3945/ajcn.112.036350. ISSN 1938-3207. PMC 3302369. PMID 22434603.
c. "The truth about slow metabolism". Mayo Clinic.
d. Crowe, Tim. "Monday's medical myth: 'my slow metabolism makes me fat'". The Conversation.
e. Wang, Catharine; Coups, Elliot J. (March 3, 2010). "Causal beliefs about obesity and associated health behaviors: results from a population-based survey". International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity. 7: 19. doi:10.1186/1479-5868-7-19. ISSN 1479-5868. PMC 2842229. PMID 20199677.
f. Barry, Colleen L.; Brescoll, Victoria L.; Brownell, Kelly D.; Schlesinger, Mark (2009). "Obesity Metaphors: How Beliefs about the Causes of Obesity Affect Support for Public Policy". The Milbank Quarterly. 87 (1): 7–47. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.175.4460. doi:10.1111/j.1468-0009.2009.00546.x. PMC 2879183. PMID 19298414.
g. Oliver, J. Eric; Lee, Taeku (October 1, 2005). "Public Opinion and the Politics of Obesity in America". Journal of Health Politics, Policy and Law. 30 (5): 923–954. doi:10.1215/03616878-30-5-923. ISSN 0361-6878. PMID 16477792.
h. Hankey, C. R.; Eley, S.; Leslie, W. S.; Hunter, C. M.; Lean, M. E. J. (2004). "Eating habits, beliefs, attitudes and knowledge among health professionals regarding the links between obesity, nutrition and health". Public Health Nutrition. 7 (2): 337–43. doi:10.1079/PHN2003526. ISSN 1368-9800. PMID 15003142.
i. "How can I speed up my metabolism?". nhs.uk. April 26, 2018. Retrieved August 16, 2019.
a. Oliveira, Rosane (June 9, 2015). "The Startling Truth About Soy". Archived from the original on March 31, 2019. Retrieved February 28, 2019.
b. "The truth about what soya does to men's bodies". The Independent. June 12, 2018.
c. Stanczyk, Frank Z.; Bhavnani, Bhagu R. (March 1, 2012). "Misconception and Concerns about Bioidentical Hormones Used for Custom-Compounded Hormone Therapy". The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism. 97 (3): 756–59. doi:10.1210/jc.2011-2492. PMID 22205711.
d. "Soy" (PDF). www.huhs.edu.
e. Bowles, Nellie (July 25, 2018). "The Dawning of Sperm Awareness". The New York Times – via NYTimes.com.
a. Brandstadt, William G. (December 19, 1967). "Popular Misconceptions Regarding Intoxication". Middlesboro Daily News. Retrieved January 13, 2011.
b. Pierson, Rebecca (December 9, 2004). "Hypothermia main outdoors threat". Elizabethton Star. Retrieved January 13, 2011.
c. Seixas, Judy (April 15, 1977). "Writer Tells Of Alcohol Dangers, Misconceptions". The Virgin Islands Daily News. Retrieved January 13, 2011.
"Alcohol for Warmth". Archived from the original on April 13, 2014.
"Study finds alcohol doesn't kill off brain cells | News.com.au". July 10, 2007. Archived from the original on November 29, 2016. Retrieved March 10, 2019.
Lovinger, D. M. (1993). "Excitotoxicity and Alcohol-Related Brain Damage". Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research. 17 (1): 19–27. doi:10.1111/j.1530-0277.1993.tb00720.x. PMID 8383925.
Kopelman M. D.; Thomson A.D.; Guerrini I.; Marshall E.J. (2009). "The Korsakoff syndrome: clinical aspects, psychology and treatment". Alcohol and Alcoholism. 44 (2): 148–54. doi:10.1093/alcalc/agn118. PMID 19151162.
Köchling, Jöran; Geis, Berit; Wirth, Stefan; Hensel, Kai O. (February 1, 2019). "Grape or grain but never the twain? A randomized controlled multiarm matched-triplet crossover trial of beer and wine". The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 109 (2): 345–52. doi:10.1093/ajcn/nqy309. PMC 6410559. PMID 30753321.
Padosch, Stephan A; Lachenmeier, Dirk W; Kröner, Lars U (2006). "Absinthism: a fictitious 19th century syndrome with present impact". Substance Abuse Treatment, Prevention, and Policy. 1: 14. doi:10.1186/1747-597X-1-14. PMC 1475830. PMID 16722551.
"Class Mag May/June 2009 La Fee". Lafeeabsinthe.com. Archived from the original on December 2, 2016. Retrieved December 2, 2016.
a. Mikkelson, David (July 12, 2009). "Sperm in Swimming Pool". Snopes. Retrieved July 23, 2022.
b. Andelane, Lana (February 26, 2020). "Family Planning debunks claim women can get pregnant 'without penetration' in pools". Newshub. Retrieved July 23, 2022.
c. Taylor, Magdalene (June 13, 2020). "Fact-Checking the Urban Legends About Getting Pregnant in Swimming Pools". MEL Magazine. Retrieved July 23, 2022.
d. Ewe, Koh (February 24, 2020). "Indonesian Government Official Sitti Hikmawatty Thinks Women Can Get Pregnant From Swimming in Pools With Men". Vice. Retrieved July 23, 2022.
Perlman, Sally E.; Nakajyma, Steven T.; Hertweck, S. Paige (2004). Clinical protocols in pediatric and adolescent gynecology. Parthenon. p. 131. ISBN 978-1-84214-199-1.
Green, Hank (December 14, 2019). "The Hymen Doesn't Tell You Anything About a Person". SciShow.
Perlman, Sally E.; Nakajyma, Steven T.; Hertweck, S. Paige (2004). Clinical protocols in pediatric and adolescent gynecology. Parthenon. p. 131. ISBN 978-1-84214-199-1.
"United Nations agencies call for ban on virginity testing". World Health Organization. October 17, 2018. Retrieved October 22, 2018.
A National Protocol for Sexual Assault Medical Forensic Examinations Archived July 8, 2011, at the Wayback Machine National Criminal Justice Reference Service (NCJRS). September 2004
Christensen, Jen. "Trump: Do small hands equal small penis, or a myth?". CNN.
Shah, J.; Christopher, N. (2002). "Can shoe size predict penile length?". BJU International. 90 (6): 586–587. doi:10.1046/j.1464-410X.2002.02974.x. ISSN 1464-410X. PMID 12230622. S2CID 20887458. Retrieved January 28, 2022.
Maugh II, Thomas H. (July 4, 2011). "Judging penis size by comparing index, ring fingers". Los Angeles Times.
Kershaw, Sarah (November 26, 2009). "Shaking Off the Shame". The New York Times.
Bennett, Robin L.; Motulsky, Arno G.; Bittles, Alan; Hudgins, Louanne; Uhrich, Stefanie; Doyle, Debra Lochner; Silvey, Kerry; Scott, C. Ronald; Cheng, Edith; McGillivray, Barbara; Steiner, Robert D.; Olson, Debra (2002). "Genetic Counseling and Screening of Consanguineous Couples and Their Offspring". Journal of Genetic Counseling. 11 (2): 97–119. doi:10.1023/A:1014593404915. PMID 26141656. S2CID 23922750.
a. Ober, C; Hyslop, T; Hauck, WW (January 1999). "Inbreeding effects on fertility in humans: evidence for reproductive compensation". Am. J. Hum. Genet. 64 (1): 225–31. doi:10.1086/302198. PMC 1377721. PMID 9915962.
b. Robert, Alexandre; Toupance, Bruno; Tremblay, Marc; Heyer, Evelyne (2009). "Impact of inbreeding on fertility in a pre-industrial population". European Journal of Human Genetics. 17 (5): 673–81. doi:10.1038/ejhg.2008.237. PMC 2986271. PMID 19092776.
Ainsworth Claire (June 9, 2006). "Sex before the big game?". Nature. doi:10.1038/news060605-16. S2CID 179920555. Archived from the original on November 4, 2012. Retrieved January 16, 2011.
"Sex and Sports: Should Athletes Abstain Before Big Events?". National Geographic. February 22, 2006. Archived from the original on March 1, 2014. Retrieved January 16, 2011.
a. Balon, Richard; Segraves, Robert Taylor (2009). Clinical Manual of Sexual Disorders. American Psychiatric Publishing. p. 258. ISBN 978-1-58562-905-3. Retrieved January 24, 2014.
b. Greenberg, Jerrold S.; Bruess, Clint E.; Oswalt, Sara B. (2014). Exploring the Dimensions of Human Sexuality. Jones & Bartlett Publishers. pp. 102–04. ISBN 978-1-4496-4851-0. Retrieved October 30, 2014.
c. Hines T (August 2001). "The G-Spot: A modern gynecologic myth". Am J Obstet Gynecol. 185 (2): 359–62. doi:10.1067/mob.2001.115995. PMID 11518892. S2CID 32381437.
d. Kilchevsky, A; Vardi, Y; Lowenstein, L; Gruenwald, I (January 2012). "Is the Female G-Spot Truly a Distinct Anatomic Entity?". The Journal of Sexual Medicine. 9 (3): 719–26. doi:10.1111/j.1743-6109.2011.02623.x. PMID 22240236.
e. Lay summary in: "G-Spot Does Not Exist, 'Without A Doubt,' Say Researchers". Huffington Post. January 19, 2012.
f. Vincenzo Puppo (June 6, 2012). "Does the G-spot exist? A review of the current literature". International Urogynecology Journal. 23 (12): 1665–1669. doi:10.1007/s00192-012-1831-y. PMID 22669428. S2CID 1861061. All published scientific data point to the fact that the G-spot does not exist...
Adams HE, Wright Jr LW, Lohr BA (1996). "Is homophobia associated with homosexual arousal?" (PDF). Journal of Abnormal Psychology. 105 (3): 440–45. doi:10.1037/0021-843X.105.3.440. PMID 8772014. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 3, 2017. Retrieved June 14, 2021.
MacInnis, Cara C.; Hodson, Gordon (November 2013). "Is Homophobia Associated with an Implicit Same-Sex Attraction?". Journal of Sex Research. 50 (8): 777–785. doi:10.1080/00224499.2012.690111. PMID 22989040. S2CID 205442892.
Gosline, Anna (December 7, 2007). "Do Women Who Live Together Menstruate Together?". Scientific American. Retrieved January 2, 2012.
Harris, Amy L.; Vitzthum, Virginia J. (2013). "Darwin's Legacy: An Evolutionary View of Women's Reproductive and Sexual Functioning". Journal of Sex Research. 50 (3–4): 207–46. doi:10.1080/00224499.2012.763085. PMID 23480070. S2CID 30229421.
Botcharova, Maria (January 10, 2013). "A gripping tale: scientists claim to have discovered why skin wrinkles in water". The Guardian. Retrieved January 28, 2013.
a. Changizi, Mark; Weber, Romann; Kotecha, Ritesh; Palazzo, Joseph (2011). "Are Wet-Induced Wrinkled Fingers Primate Rain Treads?". Brain Behav. Evol. 77 (4): 286–90. doi:10.1159/000328223. PMID 21701145.
b. Kareklas, Kyriacos; Nettle, Daniel; Smulders, Tom V. (April 23, 2013). "Water-induced finger wrinkles improve handling of wet objects". Biol. Lett. 9 (2): 20120999. doi:10.1098/rsbl.2012.0999. PMC 3639753. PMID 23302867.
Graham-Brown, Robin; Tony Burns (2007). Lecture Notes on Dermatology. Blackwell. p. 6. ISBN 978-1-4051-3977-9.
a. "Shaved Hair Grows Darker". Snopes. October 2, 2003. Archived from the original on January 1, 2014. Retrieved August 29, 2009.
b. "Does shaving make hair grow back thicker?". Mayo Clinic. October 26, 2011. Archived from the original on January 1, 2014. Retrieved February 9, 2012.
c. "Shaving Tips for Teen Girls". WebMD. Archived from the original on January 1, 2014. Retrieved February 9, 2012.
Silverman, Jacob (September 9, 2007). "Are redheads going extinct?". HowStuffWorks. Archived from the original on December 3, 2012. Retrieved July 15, 2011.
"Acne". Mayo Clinic. Retrieved August 20, 2021.
a. "How to treat dandruff". American Academy of Dermatology. Retrieved July 2, 2022. Many people believe that dandruff is caused by poor hygiene, but this is not true.
b. Rosenblum, Katie (September 25, 2019). "Dandruff: What It Is and What to Do About It". Cedars-Sinai. Retrieved July 2, 2022. It's often associated with poor hygiene, but that's a misconception—no one's really sure what causes it.
c. "Dandruff". NHS. October 18, 2017. Retrieved July 2, 2022. Dandruff is not caused by poor hygiene, although it may be more obvious if you do not wash your hair regularly.
a. Rolt, L. T. C. (1962). James Watt. Batsford. p. 10. ISBN 978-1-163-47052-7.
b. Carroll, John Millar (1991). Designing interaction: psychology at the human-computer interface. Cambridge University Press. p. 76. ISBN 978-0-521-40056-5.
c. Green, Joey (2005). Contrary to Popular Belief: More Than 250 False Facts Revealed. Broadway Books. p. 20. ISBN 978-0-7679-1992-0.
d. "Invention – Myth and Reality". Physics World. 1990.
Miller, David Philip (2004). "True Myths: James Watt's Kettle, His Condenser, and His Chemistry". History of Science. 42 (3): 333–60. Bibcode:2004HisSc..42..333M. doi:10.1177/007327530404200304. S2CID 161722497.
"An Evolutionary Framework for Experimental Innovation" (PDF). Australian Government Department of Defence Defence Science and Technology Organisation. Archived from the original (PDF) on August 15, 2011. Retrieved May 1, 2011.
"Origins of the Guillotine". Snopes.com. September 4, 2011. Retrieved June 5, 2020.
"Thomas Crapper". Snopes. February 22, 2007. Retrieved December 13, 2008.
Kinghorn, Jonathan (1986). "A Privvie in Perfection: Sir John Harrington's Water Closet". Bath History. 1: 173–88. ISBN 978-0-86299-294-1
"From Charles Mackintosh's waterproof to Dolly the sheep: 43 innovations Scotland has given the world". The independent. December 30, 2016.
"Thomas Crapper: Myth & Reality". Plumbing & Mechanical Magazine. BNP Media. June 1, 1993.
Harper, Douglas. "Crap". Online Etymology Dictionary. Archived from the original on April 27, 2014. Retrieved May 21, 2013.
Robert, Friedel; Paul Israel (1987). Edison's Electric Light: Biography of an Invention. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press. pp. 115–17. ISBN 978-0-8135-1118-4.
a. Hounshell, David A. (1984), From the American System to Mass Production, 1800–1932: The Development of Manufacturing Technology in the United States, Baltimore, Maryland: Johns Hopkins University Press, ISBN 978-0-8018-2975-8, LCCN 83016269, OCLC 1104810110, pp. 15–47.
b. Sorensen, Charles E.; Williamson, Samuel T. (1956). My Forty Years with Ford. New York: Norton. p. 128. ISBN 978-0-8143-3279-5. LCCN 56010854.
Stein, Ralph (1967). The Automobile Book. Paul Hamlyn Ltd.
a. "Al Gore on the invention of the internet". Snopes. May 5, 2005. Retrieved August 29, 2009.
b. O'Carroll, Eoin (March 9, 2009). "Al Gore joins call for new .ECO Internet domain". Christian Science Monitor. Archived from the original on December 14, 2013. Retrieved February 9, 2012.
Kessler, Glenn (November 4, 2013). "A cautionary tale for politicians: Al Gore and the 'invention' of the Internet". Washington Post.
"The Mother of Gore's Invention". Wired. October 17, 2000.
Joost-Gaugier, Christiane L. (2006), Measuring Heaven: Pythagoras and his Influence on Thought and Art in Antiquity and the Middle Ages, Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press, p. 143, ISBN 978-0-8014-7409-5
Burkert, Walter (June 1, 1972), Lore and Science in Ancient Pythagoreanism, Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, pp. 428–33, ISBN 978-0-674-53918-1
Kahn 2001, pp. 2–3.
Burkert 1972, pp. 429, 462.
Riedweg, Christoph (2005) [2002], Pythagoras: His Life, Teachings, and Influence, Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press, p. 27, ISBN 978-0-8014-7452-1
Kahn 2001, p. 32.
Ferguson, Kitty (2008), The Music of Pythagoras: How an Ancient Brotherhood Cracked the Code of the Universe and Lit the Path from Antiquity to Outer Space, New York City, New York: Walker & Company, pp. 6–7, ISBN 978-0-8027-1631-6
Burkert 1972, p. 429.
a. Jesse Galef (August 29, 2011). "Lies and Debunked Legends about the Golden Ratio". Archived from the original on April 27, 2014. Retrieved April 10, 2013.
b. "Two other beliefs about [the golden ratio] are often mentioned in magazines and books: that the ancient Greeks believed it was the proportion of the rectangle the eye finds most pleasing and that they accordingly incorporated the rectangle in many of their buildings, including the famous Parthenon. These two equally persistent beliefs are likewise assuredly false and, in any case, are completely without any evidence." Devlin, Keith (2008). The Unfinished Game: Pascal, Fermat, and the Seventeenth-Century Letter that Made the World Modern. Basic Books. p. 35.
a. Donald E. Simanek. "Fibonacci Flim-Flam". Archived from the original on February 1, 2010. Retrieved April 9, 2013.
b. Devlin, Keith (May 2007). "The Myth That Will Not Go Away". Archived from the original on July 1, 2013. Retrieved April 10, 2013. Part of the process of becoming a mathematics writer is, it appears, learning that you cannot refer to the golden ratio without following the first mention by a phrase that goes something like 'which the ancient Greeks and others believed to have divine and mystical properties.' Almost as compulsive is the urge to add a second factoid along the lines of 'Leonardo Da Vinci believed that the human form displays the golden ratio.' There is not a shred of evidence to back up either claim, and every reason to assume they are both false. Yet both claims, along with various others in a similar vein, live on.
a. Stillwell, John (1994). Elements of algebra: geometry, numbers, equations. Springer. p. 42.
b. Bunch, Bryan H. (1982). Mathematical fallacies and paradoxes. Van Nostrand Reinhold. p. 119. ISBN 978-0-442-24905-2.
c. Tall, David; Schwarzenberger, R. L. E. (1978). "Conflicts in the Learning of Real Numbers and Limits" (PDF). Mathematics Teaching. 82: 6, 44–49. Archived from the original (PDF) on May 30, 2009. Retrieved May 3, 2009.
Wasserstein RL, Lazar NA (2016). "The ASA's statement on p-values: context, process, and purpose" (PDF). The American Statistician. 70 (2): 129–33. doi:10.1080/00031305.2016.1154108. S2CID 124084622.
Sterne JA, Davey Smith G (January 2001). "Sifting the evidence-what's wrong with significance tests?". BMJ. 322 (7280): 226–31. doi:10.1136/bmj.322.7280.226. PMC 1119478. PMID 11159626.
a. J. Michael Shaughnessy (1977). "Misconceptions of probability: An experiment with a small-group, activity-based, model building approach to introductory probability at the college level". Educational Studies in Mathematics. 8 (3): 295–316. doi:10.1007/BF00385927. S2CID 120555285.
b. Henk Tijms (2007). Understanding Probability: Chance Rules in Everyday Life. Cambridge University Press. p. 79. ISBN 978-0-521-70172-3.
c. Maxwell, Nicholas (2004). Data Matters: Conceptual Statistics for a Random World. Key College. p. 63. ISBN 1-930190-89-1.
d. W. Edward Craighead, Charles B. Nemeroff, ed. (2000). The Corsini Encyclopedia of Psychology and Behavioral Science. Vol. 2. Wiley. p. 617. ISBN 0-471-24097-4.
e. Oppenheimer, D.M., & Monin, B. (2009). The retrospective gambler's fallacy: Unlikely events, constructing the past, and multiple universes. Judgment and Decision Making, vol. 4, no. 5, pp. 326-334
f. "Why we gamble like monkeys". BBC.com. January 2, 2015.
g. Rogers, Paul (1998). "The cognitive psychology of lottery gambling: A theoretical review". Journal of Gambling Studies. 14 (2): 111–134. doi:10.1023/A:1023042708217. ISSN 1050-5350. PMID 12766438. S2CID 21141130.
"Incorrect Lift Theory". grc.nasa.gov. NASA Glenn Research Center. July 28, 2008. Archived from the original on April 27, 2014. Retrieved January 13, 2011. (Java applet).
a. "This occurs because of Bernoulli's principle – fast-moving air has lower pressure than non-moving air". Make Magazine. Archived from the original on January 3, 2013. Retrieved September 5, 2012.
b. "Paper Lift". Physics Force. University of Minnesota. Archived from the original on November 12, 2020. Retrieved January 7, 2021. ... When the demonstrator holds the paper in front of his mouth and blows across the top, he is creating an area of faster-moving air. The slower-moving air under the paper now has higher pressure, thus pushing the paper up, towards the area of lower pressure..
c. "Educational Packet" (PDF). Tall Ships Festival: Channel Islands Harbor. Archived from the original (PDF) on December 3, 2013. Retrieved June 25, 2012. Bernoulli's Principle states that faster moving air has lower pressure... You can demonstrate Bernoulli's Principle by blowing over a piece of paper held horizontally across your lips."
a. Craig, Gale M. "Physical Principles of Winged Flight" (PDF). If the lift in figure A were caused by "Bernoulli principle," then the paper in figure B should droop further when air is blown beneath it. However, as shown, it raises when the upward pressure gradient in downward-curving flow adds to atmospheric pressure at the paper lower surface.
b. Babinsky, Holger (2003). "How Do Wings Work". Physics Education. 38 (6): 497–503. Bibcode:2003PhyEd..38..497B. doi:10.1088/0031-9120/38/6/001. S2CID 1657792. Retrieved January 7, 2021. In fact, the pressure in the air blown out of the lungs is equal to that of the surrounding air... Blowing over a piece of paper does not demonstrate Bernoulli's equation. While it is true that a curved paper lifts when flow is applied on one side, this is not because air is moving at different speeds on the two sides... It is false to make a connection between the flow on the two sides of the paper using Bernoulli's equation.
c. Eastwell, Peter (2007). "Bernoulli? Perhaps, but What About Viscosity?" (PDF). The Science Education Review. 6 (1). Archived from the original (PDF) on March 18, 2018. Retrieved September 10, 2023. ...air does not have a reduced lateral pressure (or static pressure...) simply because it is caused to move, the static pressure of free air does not decrease as the speed of the air increases, it misunderstanding Bernoulli's principle to suggest that this is what it tells us, and the behavior of the curved paper is explained by other reasoning than Bernoulli's principle. ... An explanation based on Bernoulli's principle is not applicable to this situation, because this principle has nothing to say about the interaction of air masses having different speeds... Also, while Bernoulli's principle allows us to compare fluid speeds and pressures along a single streamline and... along two different streamlines that originate under identical fluid conditions, using Bernoulli's principle to compare the air above and below the curved paper in Figure 1 is nonsensical; in this case, there aren't any streamlines at all below the paper!
d. Raskin, Jef. "Coanda Effect: Understanding Why Wings Work". Make a strip of writing paper about 5 cm X 25 cm. Hold it in front of your lips so that it hangs out and down making a convex upward surface. When you blow across the top of the paper, it rises. Many books attribute this to the lowering of the air pressure on top solely to the Bernoulli effect. Now use your fingers to form the paper into a curve that it is slightly concave upward along its whole length and again blow along the top of this strip. The paper now bends downward...an often-cited experiment which is usually taken as demonstrating the common explanation of lift does not do so...
e. Auerbach, David (2000). "Why Aircraft Fly". European Journal of Physics. 21 (4): 289. Bibcode:2000EJPh...21..289A. doi:10.1088/0143-0807/21/4/302. S2CID 250821727. The well-known demonstration of the phenomenon of lift by means of lifting a page cantilevered in one's hand by blowing horizontally along it is probably more a demonstration of the forces inherent in the Coanda effect than a demonstration of Bernoulli's law; for, here, an air jet issues from the mouth and attaches to a curved (and, in this case pliable) surface. The upper edge is a complicated vortex-laden mixing layer and the distant flow is quiescent, so that Bernoulli's law is hardly applicable.
f. Smith, Norman F. (November 1972). "Bernoulli and Newton in Fluid Mechanics". The Physics Teacher. 10 (8): 451–455. Bibcode:1972PhTea..10..451S. doi:10.1119/1.2352317. Millions of children in science classes are being asked to blow over curved pieces of paper and observe that the paper "lifts"... They are then asked to believe that Bernoulli's theorem is responsible... Unfortunately, the "dynamic lift" involved...is not properly explained by Bernoulli's theorem.
a. Babinsky, Holger (2003). "How Do Wings Work". Physics Education. 38 (6): 497–503. Bibcode:2003PhyEd..38..497B. doi:10.1088/0031-9120/38/6/001. S2CID 1657792. Retrieved January 7, 2021. ...if a streamline is curved, there must be a pressure gradient across the streamline, with the pressure increasing in the direction away from the centre of curvature.
b. Smith, Norman F. (April 1973). "Bernoulli, Newton, and Dynamic Lift Part II*: Bernoulli or Newton?". School Science and Mathematics. 73 (4): 327–335. doi:10.1111/j.1949-8594.1973.tb09040.x. The curved paper turns the stream of air downward, and this action produces the lift reaction that lifts the paper.
c. "AERONAUTICS: An Educator's Guide with Activities in Science, Mathematics, and Technology Education" (PDF). NASA. p. 26. Retrieved January 7, 2021. The curved surface of the tongue creates unequal air pressure and a lifting action. ... Lift is caused by air moving over a curved surface.
a. Anderson, David F.; Eberhardt, Scott (2000). Understanding Flight. McGraw Hill Professional. p. 229. ISBN 978-0-07-138666-1 – via Google Books. Demonstrations" of Bernoulli's principle are often given as demonstrations of the physics of lift. They are truly demonstrations of lift, but certainly not of Bernoulli's principle.
b. Feil, Max. The Aeronautics File. As an example, take the misleading experiment most often used to "demonstrate" Bernoulli's principle. Hold a piece of paper so that it curves over your finger, then blow across the top. The paper will rise. However most people do not realize that the paper would NOT rise if it was flat, even though you are blowing air across the top of it at a furious rate. Bernoulli's principle does not apply directly in this case. This is because the air on the two sides of the paper did not start out from the same source. The air on the bottom is ambient air from the room, but the air on the top came from your mouth where you actually increased its speed without decreasing its pressure by forcing it out of your mouth. As a result the air on both sides of the flat paper actually has the same pressure, even though the air on the top is moving faster. The reason that a curved piece of paper does rise is that the air from your mouth speeds up even more as it follows the curve of the paper, which in turn lowers the pressure according to Bernoulli.
a. 19. Rotating Flows, retrieved July 23, 2022
b. "Bad Coriolis". www.ems.psu.edu. Retrieved December 21, 2016.
c. "Flush Bosh". www.snopes.com. April 28, 2003. Retrieved December 21, 2016.
d. "Does the rotation of the Earth affect toilets and baseball games?". July 20, 2009. Retrieved December 21, 2016.
e. "Can somebody finally settle this question: Does water flowing down a drain spin in different directions depending on which hemisphere you're in? And if so, why?". www.scientificamerican.com. Retrieved December 21, 2016.
f. Larry D. Kirkpatrick; Gregory E. Francis (2006). Physics: A World View. Cengage Learning. pp. 168–9. ISBN 978-0-495-01088-3.
g. Y. A. Stepanyants; G. H. Yeoh (2008). "Stationary bathtub vortices and a critical regime of liquid discharge" (PDF). Journal of Fluid Mechanics. 604 (1): 77–98. Bibcode:2008JFM...604...77S. doi:10.1017/S0022112008001080. S2CID 53071268.
h. Creative Media Applications (2004). A Student's Guide to Earth Science: Words and terms. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 22. ISBN 978-0-313-32902-9.
J. D. G. Kooijman; J. P. Meijaard; J. M. Papadopoulos; A. Ruina & A. L. Schwab (April 15, 2011). "A bicycle can be self-stable without gyrosocpic or caster effects" (PDF). Science. 332 (6027): 339–342. Bibcode:2011Sci...332..339K. doi:10.1126/science.1201959. PMID 21493856. S2CID 12296078. Retrieved January 22, 2013.
a. Whitt, Frank R.; Wilson, David G. (1982). Bicycling Science (2nd ed.). Massachusetts Institute of Technology. pp. 198–233. ISBN 978-0-262-23111-4.
b. Klein, Richard E.; et al. "Bicycle Science". LoseTheTrainingWheels.org. Archived from the original on October 10, 2006. Retrieved August 4, 2006.
c. Jones, David E. H. (1970). "The Stability of the Bicycle" (PDF). Physics Today. 23 (4): 34–40. Bibcode:1970PhT....23d..34J. doi:10.1063/1.3022064.
"Could a Penny Dropped off a Skyscraper Actually Kill You?". Scientific American.
"What would happen if you were hit by a penny falling from a skyscraper?". USA Today.
"Thermostats". Energy.gov.
"Programmable thermostat myths: Know the facts and boost your profits". www.achrnews.com.
Patricia Reaney (September 29, 2005). "Quicksand myth exposed". www.abc.net.au. Reuters. Retrieved April 8, 2020.
Hammond, Claudia. "Can quicksand really suck you to your death?". www.bbc.com. Retrieved April 8, 2020.
Aspect, Alain; Dalibard, Jean; Roger, Gérard (December 1982). "Experimental Test of Bell's Inequalities Using Time- Varying Analyzers". Physical Review Letters. 49 (25): 1804–1807. Bibcode:1982PhRvL..49.1804A. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.49.1804.
Bohr, N. (October 13, 1935). "Can Quantum-Mechanical Description of Physical Reality be Considered Complete?" (PDF). Physical Review. 48 (8): 696–702. Bibcode:1935PhRv...48..696B. doi:10.1103/PhysRev.48.696.
a. Colbeck SC (1995). "Pressure melting and ice skating". American Journal of Physics. 63 (10): 888. Bibcode:1995AmJPh..63..888C. doi:10.1119/1.18028. Pressure melting cannot be responsible for the low friction of ice. The pressure needed to reach the melting temperature is above the compressive failure stress..."
b. Kenneth Chang (February 21, 2006). "Explaining Ice: The Answers Are Slippery". The New York Times. According to the frequently cited — if incorrect — explanation of why ice is slippery under an ice skate, the pressure exerted along the blade lowers the melting temperature of the top layer of ice, the ice melts and the blade glides on a thin layer of water that refreezes to ice as soon as the blade passes... But the explanation fails... because the pressure-melting effect is small.
c. Robert Rosenberg (December 2005). "Why is Ice slippery?" (PDF). Physics Today: 50–55.
Bluhm, H.; T. Inoue; M. Salmeron (2000). "Friction of ice measured using lateral force microscopy". Phys. Rev. B. 61 (11): 7760. Bibcode:2000PhRvB..61.7760B. doi:10.1103/PhysRevB.61.7760.
Anthony Simola (2015). The Roving Mind: A Modern Approach to Cognitive Enhancement. ST Press. p. 117. ISBN 978-0-692-40905-3. Retrieved May 10, 2016.
"Photographic Memory". indianapublicmedia.org. Archived from the original on April 27, 2014.
Foer, Joshua (April 27, 2006). "Kaavya Syndrome: The accused Harvard plagiarist doesn't have a photographic memory. No one does". Slate. Archived from the original on September 24, 2011. Retrieved January 20, 2013.
a. Martens, R.; Kelly, I. W.; Saklofske, D. H. (December 1988). "Lunar Phase and Birthrate: A 50-Year Critical Review". Psychological Reports. 63 (3): 923–934. doi:10.2466/pr0.1988.63.3.923. PMID 3070616. S2CID 34184527.
b. Rotton, James; Kelly, I. W. (1985). "Much ado about the full moon: A meta-analysis of lunar-lunacy research". Psychological Bulletin. 97 (2): 286–306. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.97.2.286. PMID 3885282.
c. Kelly, Ivan; Rotton, James; Culver, Roger (1986), "The Moon Was Full and Nothing Happened: A Review of Studies on the Moon and Human Behavior", Skeptical Inquirer, 10 (2): 129–43. Reprinted in The Hundredth Monkey – and other paradigms of the paranormal, edited by Kendrick Frazier, Prometheus Books. Revised and updated in The Outer Edge: Classic Investigations of the Paranormal, edited by Joe Nickell, Barry Karr, and Tom Genoni, 1996, CSICOP.
d. Foster, Russell G.; Roenneberg, Till (2008). "Human Responses to the Geophysical Daily, Annual and Lunar Cycles". Current Biology. 18 (17): R784–R794. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2008.07.003. PMID 18786384. S2CID 15429616.
Godlee, F.; Smith, J.; Marcovitch, H. (2011). "British Medical Journal: Wakefield's article linking MMR vaccine and autism was fraudulent". BMJ. 342: c7452. doi:10.1136/bmj.c7452. PMID 21209060. S2CID 43640126. Archived from the original on November 11, 2013. Retrieved January 5, 2011.
Lilienfeld, Scott O.; Lynn, Steven Jay; Ruscio, John; Beyerstein, Barry L. (September 15, 2011). 50 Great Myths of Popular Psychology: Shattering Widespread Misconceptions about Human Behavior. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 88–89. ISBN 978-1-4443-6074-5. Archived from the original on January 9, 2017. Retrieved May 19, 2016. ...research conducted over the past few decades demonstrates that letter reversals are hardly distinctive to dyslexia. Both backward writing and letter reversals are commonplace in the early phases of spelling and writing of all children age 6 and younger (Liberman et al., 1971; Shaywitz, 1996), not merely dyslexic children.
Handler, SM; Fierson, WM; Section on, Ophthalmology; Council on Children with, Disabilities; American Academy of, Ophthalmology; American Association for Pediatric Ophthalmology and, Strabismus; American Association of Certified, Orthoptists (March 2011). "Learning disabilities, dyslexia, and vision". Pediatrics. 127 (3): e818–56. doi:10.1542/peds.2010-3670. PMID 21357342. A common misconception is that dyslexia is a problem of letter or word reversals. Reversals of letters or words and mirror writing occur normally in early readers and writers. Children with dyslexia are not unusually prone to reversals. Although they do occur, reversal of letters or words, or mirror writing, is not included in the definition of dyslexia.
Dinelli, Beth. "Common Misconceptions about Dyslexia". Commonwealth Learning Center. Retrieved August 2, 2019.
Truth Hurts Report. Mental Health Foundation. 2006. ISBN 978-1-903645-81-9. Retrieved June 11, 2008.
Helen Spandler (1996). Who's Hurting Who? Young people, self-harm and suicide. Manchester: 42nd Street. ISBN 978-1-900782-00-5.
Pembroke, L. R., ed. (1994). Self-harm – Perspectives from personal experience. Chipmunka/Survivors Speak Out. ISBN 978-1-904697-04-6.
Stahl, S. M. (2021). Stahl's essential psychopharmacology: Neuroscientific basis and practical applications (5th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 264. ISBN 978-1-108-98585-7.
"The Myth of the Chemical Imbalance | Ronald Pies". Return. March 17, 2022. Retrieved June 1, 2022.
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual 5th edition.
Baucum, Don (2006). Psychology (2nd ed.). Hauppauge, NY: Barron's. p. 182. ISBN 978-0-7641-3421-0.
a. "Schizophrenia". National Alliance on Mental Illness. Archived from the original on May 4, 2012.
b. "10 Myths About Mental Illness". Mental Health Association. Archived from the original on May 19, 2011.
Goswami, U (2006). "Neuroscience and education: from research to practice?". Nature Reviews. Neuroscience. 7 (5): 406–11. doi:10.1038/nrn1907. PMID 16607400. S2CID 3113512.
a. More modern research suggests that the prefrontal cortex region of the brain is changing in structure even well past the age of 30.Hartshorne, Joshua K.; Germine, Laura T. (April 2015). "When Does Cognitive Functioning Peak? The Asynchronous Rise and Fall of Different Cognitive Abilities Across the Life Span". Psychological Science. 26 (4): 433–443. doi:10.1177/0956797614567339. PMC 4441622. PMID 25770099. Some abilities peak and begin to decline around high school graduation; some abilities plateau in early adulthood, beginning to decline in subjects' 30s; and still others do not peak until subjects reach their 40s or later. These findings motivate a nuanced theory of maturation and age-related decline, in which multiple, dissociable factors differentially affect different domains of cognition. b. Matthews, MEelissa (March 19, 2019). "People's Brains Don't Reach Adulthood Until Age 30, Study Finds". Men's Health. "What we're really saying is that to have a definition of when you move from childhood to adulthood looks increasingly absurd... It's a much more nuanced transition that takes place over three decades."
c. "Scientists think you are not a proper adult until you enter your 30s". Independent.co.uk. March 18, 2019.
d. "Brain only fully 'matures' in middle age, claims neuroscientist". December 16, 2010.
e. Petanjek, Zdravko; Judaš, Miloš; Šimić, Goran; Rašin, Mladen Roko; Uylings, Harry B. M.; Rakic, Pasko; Kostović, Ivica (2011). "Extraordinary neoteny of synaptic spines in the human prefrontal cortex". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 108 (32): 13281–13286. Bibcode:2011PNAS..10813281P. doi:10.1073/pnas.1105108108. PMC 3156171. PMID 21788513.
f. Juzwiak, Stoya; Rich Juzwiak (January 9, 2020). "My Progressive Friends Say It's Immoral to Have Sex With Anyone Under 25". Slate.
g. Henig, Robin Marantz (August 18, 2010). "What Is It About 20-Somethings?". The New York Times.
h. Cockcroft, Kate (September 4, 2015). "The role of working memory in childhood education: Five questions and answers". South African Journal of Childhood Education. 5 (1): 18. doi:10.4102/sajce.v5i1.347. ProQuest 1898641293.
i. Hartshorne, Joshua K.; Germine, Laura T. (April 2015). "When Does Cognitive Functioning Peak? The Asynchronous Rise and Fall of Different Cognitive Abilities Across the Life Span". Psychological Science. 26 (4): 433–443. doi:10.1177/0956797614567339. PMC 4441622. PMID 25770099.
j. Hu, Jane C. (November 28, 2022). "A Powerful Idea About Our Brains Stormed Pop Culture and Captured Minds. It's Mostly Bunk". Slate Magazine. Retrieved November 28, 2022.
Gross C. G. (2000). "Neurogenesis in the adult brain: death of a dogma". Nat Rev Neurosci. 1 (1): 67–73. doi:10.1038/35036235. PMID 11252770. S2CID 2347812.
"Snopes on brains". Snopes.com. February 8, 2000. Retrieved August 29, 2009.
Radford, Benjamin (March–April 1999). "The Ten-Percent Myth". Skeptical Inquirer. ISSN 0194-6730. Archived from the original on October 30, 2013. Retrieved April 15, 2009. It's the old myth heard time and again about how people use only ten percent of their brains
Beyerstein, Barry L. (1999). "Whence Cometh the Myth that We Only Use 10% of our Brains?". In Sergio Della Sala (ed.). Mind Myths: Exploring Popular Assumptions About the Mind and Brain. Wiley. pp. 3–24. ISBN 978-0-471-98303-3.
Bahn, Christopher. "'Limitless' brainpower plot isn't all that crazy". Archived from the original on March 13, 2011. Retrieved March 31, 2011.
Fisher RS, Acevedo C, Arzimanoglou A, Bogacz A, Cross JH, Elger CE, et al. (April 2014). "ILAE official report: a practical clinical definition of epilepsy". Epilepsia. 55 (4): 475–482. doi:10.1111/epi.12550. PMID 24730690. S2CID 35958237.
"The Life and Times of the 10% Neuromyth - Knowing Neurons". Knowing Neurons. February 13, 2018. Archived from the original on March 15, 2018. Retrieved February 24, 2018.
Barker, F. G. II (1995). "Phineas among the phrenologists: the American crowbar case and nineteenth-century theories of cerebral localization" (PDF). Journal of Neurosurgery. 82 (4): 672–82. doi:10.3171/jns.1995.82.4.0672. PMID 7897537. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 6, 2014.
Twycross, Alison (2014). Managing pain in children : a clinical guide for nurses and healthcare professionals. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley Blackwell. p. 7. ISBN 978-0-470-67054-5.
Health, Committee on Psychosocial Aspects of Child and Family; Task Force on Pain in Infants, Children (September 1, 2001). "The Assessment and Management of Acute Pain in Infants, Children, and Adolescents". Pediatrics. 108 (3): 793–97. doi:10.1542/peds.108.3.793. PMID 11533354 – via pediatrics.aappublications.org.
Huang AL, Chen X, Hoon MA, et al. (August 2006). "The cells and logic for mammalian sour taste detection". Nature. 442 (7105): 934–938. Bibcode:2006Natur.442..934H. doi:10.1038/nature05084. PMC 1571047. PMID 16929298.
"Beyond the Tongue Map". Asha.org. October 22, 2002. Archived from the original on December 14, 2013. Retrieved August 29, 2009.
Campbell-Platt, Geoffrey (2009). Food Science and Technology. Wiley. p. 31. ISBN 978-0-632-06421-2.
"Senses Notes" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on July 20, 2011. Retrieved January 13, 2011.
Krulwich, Robert (November 5, 2007). "Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter ... and Umami". Krulwich Wonders, an NPR Science Blog. NPR. Retrieved January 13, 2011.
Besnard, P (December 2015). "Taste of Fat: A Sixth Taste Modality?". Physiological Reviews. 96 (1): 151–176. doi:10.1152/physrev.00002.2015. PMID 26631596.
Cerretani, Jessica (Spring 2010). "Extra Sensory Perceptions". Harvard Medicine. Harvard College. Archived from the original on February 11, 2012. Retrieved January 13, 2011.
"How many senses does a human being have?". Discovery Health. Discovery Communications Inc. April 2000. Archived from the original on November 6, 2011. Retrieved January 13, 2011.
"Biology: Human Senses". CliffNotes. Wiley Publishing, Inc. Archived from the original on April 29, 2013. Retrieved January 13, 2011.
McGann, John P. (May 12, 2017). "Poor human olfaction is a 19th-century myth". Science. 356 (6338): eaam7263. doi:10.1126/science.aam7263. ISSN 0036-8075. PMC 5512720. PMID 28495701.
a. "Study finds shipwrecks threaten precious seas". BBC News/science. June 7, 2013. Retrieved June 7, 2013.
b. "Bermuda Triangle doesn't make the cut on list of world's most dangerous oceans". The Christian Science Monitor. June 10, 2013. Retrieved March 22, 2016.
c. Kusche, Lawrence David (1975). The Bermuda Triangle Mystery Solved. Buffalo, NY: Prometheus Books. ISBN 978-0-87975-971-1.
Philips, Matt (November 19, 2008). "On World Toilet Day, Let Us Praise the Airline Lav". The Middle Seat Terminal (Wall Street Journal). Archived from the original on December 14, 2013. Retrieved April 2, 2009.
"Battery Parked". Snopes.com. February 8, 2011. Retrieved June 2, 2013.
Examples of car battery on concrete misconception in the US from 1983–2011:
a. Shulz, Mort (December 1983). "Car Clinic". Popular Mechanics. p. 37.
b. Brownell, Tom (1993). How to Restore Your Ford Pick-Up. MotorBooks International. p. 215. ISBN 978-1-61059-029-7.
c. Popular Mechanics Complete Car Care Manual; Popular Mechanics Series. Hearst Books. 2005. p. 289. ISBN 978-1-58816-439-1.
d. Sessler, Nilda (2006). Ford Mustang Buyer's and Restoration Guide, 1964 1/2-2007. Indy Tech Publishing. ISBN 978-0-7906-1326-0.
e. Balfour, John; Shaw, Michael; Bremer Nash, Nicole (2011). Advanced photovoltaic installations. Jones & Bartlett Publishers. p. 30. ISBN 978-1-4496-2471-2. Retrieved June 2, 2013.
Magliozzi, Tom; Magliozzi, Ray (November 4, 1999). "No End to Battery Storage Debate". The Vindicator. p. 37.
a. Magliozzi, Tom; Magliozzi, Ray (2008). Ask Click and Clack: Answers from Car Talk. Chronicle Books. pp. 68–69. ISBN 978-0-8118-6477-0. Retrieved June 2, 2013.
b. Car Care Auto Clinic. November 2000. p. 136. ISSN 0032-4558. Retrieved June 2, 2013. {{cite book}}: |magazine= ignored (help)
a. Youso, Karen (October 4, 2008). "Use care in cleaning battery-acid stain". The Seattle Times. Retrieved May 9, 2018.
b. "Managing Used Lead-Acid Batteries" (PDF). Georgia Environmental Compliance Assistance Program. Georgia Tech Research Institute. July 2002. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 28, 2020. Retrieved May 9, 2018.

Sources

Gullotta, Daniel N. (2017). "On Richard Carrier's Doubts: A Response to Richard Carrier's On the Historicity of Jesus: Why We Might Have Reason for Doubt". Journal for the Study of the Historical Jesus. 15 (2–3): 310–346. doi:10.1163/17455197-01502009.
Lisi, Clemente Angelo (2007). A history of the World Cup: 1930–2006. Lanham: Scarecrow Press. ISBN 978-0-8108-5905-0.
Kahn, Charles H. (2001), Pythagoras and the Pythagoreans: A Brief History, Indianapolis, Indiana and Cambridge, England: Hackett Publishing Company, ISBN 978-0-87220-575-8
O'Conner, Patricia T.; Kellerman, Stewart (2009). Origins of the Specious: Myths and Misconceptions of the English Language. New York: Random House. ISBN 978-1-4000-6660-5.
Smith, F. J. (January 1, 1979). "Some aspects of the tritone and the semitritone in the Speculum Musicae: the non‐emergence of the diabolus in musica". Journal of Musicological Research. 3 (1–2): 63–74. doi:10.1080/01411897908574507. ISSN 0141-1896.
Solomon, Maynard (1995). Mozart: A Life (1st ed.). New York: HarperCollins. ISBN 978-0-06-019046-0. OCLC 31435799.
Varasdi, J. Allen (1996). Myth Information: More Than 590 Popular Misconceptions, Fallacies, and Misbeliefs Explained!. Ballantine Books. ISBN 978-0-345-41049-8.

External links

This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.

[:0-1] . "Legal Tender Status". Resource Center. U.S. Department of the Treasury. January 4, 2011. Archived from the original on January 24, 2017. Retrieved January 27, 2017.
b. "Is it legal for a business in the United States to refuse cash as a form of payment?". Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System. Federal Reserve System. June 17, 2011. Archived from the original on January 21, 2017. Retrieved January 27, 2017.
c. "What is A "Legal Tender Law"? And, is It a Problem?". Forbes. Archived from the original on June 3, 2018.

[:9-2] Mikkelson, David (November 21, 2000). "What Does Adidas Stand For?". Snopes. Retrieved June 28, 2022.

[3] VanHooker, Brian (October 27, 2020). "The True Story Behind Adidas' 'All Day I Dream About Sex' (And Other Bogus Brand Acronyms)". MEL Magazine. Retrieved June 28, 2022.

[4] "Sports Legend Revealed: Did Adidas get its name from the acronym "All Day I Dream About Soccer"?". Los Angeles Times. October 12, 2010. Archived from the original on June 28, 2022. Retrieved June 28, 2022.

[5] . "The Claus That Refreshes". Snopes.com. December 18, 2001. Archived from the original on December 22, 2009. Retrieved January 7, 2008.
b. "Did White Rock or The Coca-Cola Company create the modern Santa Claus Advertisement?". whiterocking.org. The White Rock Collectors Association. 2001. Archived from the original on December 22, 2009. Retrieved January 19, 2007.
c. "Coca-Cola's Santa Claus: Not The Real Thing!". BevNET.com. December 18, 2006. Archived from the original on December 22, 2009. Retrieved January 19, 2007.
d. Santa Claus on the 1902 cover of Puck magazine
e. Santa Claus on the 1904 cover of Puck magazine
f. Santa Claus on the 1905 cover of Puck magazine
g. Hoffman, Robert C. (2001). Postcards from Santa Claus: Sights and Sentiments from the Last Century. Square One Publishers. ISBN 978-0-7570-0105-5.

[Snopes_Chevy_Nova_story-6] Mikkelson, Barbara and David (March 19, 2011). "Don't Go Here". Snopes.com. Retrieved October 3, 2015.

[7] . Rodriguez, Ashley (August 29, 2017). "Netflix was founded 20 years ago today because Reed Hastings was late returning a video". Quartz. Retrieved June 28, 2022. The real origin story wasn't as clean or concise, according to co-founder and former CEO Marc Randolph. He says Hastings began telling the tall Apollo 13 tale to give a sexy explanation for how Netflix worked. There was no late fee, no aha moment, just long commutes in Silicon Valley that the pair spent plotting their next venture around the time that Hastings's first business, Pure Software, merged with Atria, where Randolph worked, and sold to another company.
b. Keating, Gina (September 24, 2013). "Prologue". Netflixed: The Epic Battle for America's Eyeballs. Portfolio. pp. 3–4. ISBN 978-1-59184-659-8.
c. Carey, Alexis (January 18, 2020). "True story behind Netflix's rise – and the downfall of Blockbuster". The New Zealand Herald. Retrieved June 28, 2022.
d. Castillo, Michelle (May 23, 2017). "Reed Hastings' story about the founding of Netflix has changed several times". CNBC. Retrieved July 1, 2022.

[8] "Is it true that Pepsi briefly owned Soviet warships?". HistoryExtra. Retrieved September 29, 2023.

[:12-9] Musgrave, Paul (November 27, 2021). "The Doomed Voyage of Pepsi's Soviet Navy". Foreign Policy. Retrieved June 24, 2022.

[10] Clarke, Kaiyah (May 24, 2022). "Fact Check: NO Pepsi Navy – U.S.-Soviet Deal Did NOT Make Pepsi The '6th Most Powerful Military In The World'". Lead Stories. Retrieved June 24, 2022.

[11] . "Does searing meat really seal in moisture?". Cookthink.com. Archived from the original on December 14, 2013. Retrieved August 29, 2009.
b. McGee, Harold (2004). On Food and Cooking (Revised ed.). Scribner. p. 161. ISBN 978-0-684-80001-1. "The Searing Question".

[12] Choi, Candace (July 15, 2013). "New Twinkies weigh less, have fewer calories". USA Today. Retrieved July 15, 2013.

[13] Sagon, Candy (April 13, 2005). "Twinkies, 75 Years and Counting". The Washington Post. Retrieved August 30, 2011.

[14] The myth implies that the "artificial" ingredients in Twinkies makes them immune to decay. a. Kelley, Tina (March 23, 2000). "Twinkie Strike Afflicts Fans With Snack Famine". The New York Times. Retrieved February 10, 2012.
b. Greenfield-Boyce, Neil (October 15, 2020). "A disturbing Twinkie that has so far defied science". All Things Considered. Retrieved October 23, 2020.

[15] Godoy, Maria (July 10, 2013). "The Science Of Twinkies: How Do They Last So Darned Long?". NPR. Retrieved February 22, 2022.

[16] . See "Expiration dates". Consumer Affairs. Retrieved November 11, 2011.
b. "Food Product Dating". Retrieved April 24, 2015.
c. "Harvard study finds food expiration labels are misleading". Reuters. September 18, 2013. Retrieved November 30, 2022. "People think the use-by date means either the product is going to die or you're going to die if you eat it... If the food looks rotten and smells bad, you should throw it away, but just because it's past the date on the package, it doesn't mean it's unsafe.

[17] Gunders, Dana (November 11, 2011). ""Use-By" Dates: a Myth that Needs Busting". NRDC. Retrieved February 22, 2022.

[18] "New Mexico State University – College of Agriculture and Home Economics (2005)". Archived from the original on May 4, 2007.

[19] Tandon, G. L.; Dravid, S. V.; Siddappa, G. S. (January 1964). "Oleoresin of Capsicum (Red Chilies)?Some Technological and Chemical Aspects". Journal of Food Science. 29 (1): 2. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2621.1964.tb01683.x.

[20] Rachel C. Vreeman, Aaron E. Carroll, "Medical Myths", The British Medical Journal (now called The BMJ) 335:1288 (December 20, 2007), doi:10.1136/bmj.39420.420370.25

[7_Common_Medical_Myths_Debunked-21] "7 Common Medical Myths Debunked". WebMD.

[22] Baraniuk, Chris. "The secrets of fake flavours". BBC. Retrieved July 30, 2022.

[23] "Why Doesn't Fake Banana Flavor Taste Like Real Bananas?". Science Friday. Retrieved July 30, 2022.

[solving-24] Lee, Jennifer (January 16, 2008). "Solving a Riddle Wrapped in a Mystery Inside a Cookie". The New York Times. Retrieved May 10, 2012.

[snopesfortunecookie-25] Mikkelson, Barbara (June 9, 2008). "Inscrutable Cookie". Snopes.com.

[26] LeClair, Catherine (August 5, 2020). "How the Oreo cookie went from unknown knock-off to the world's most popular cookie, as a result of a sibling rivalry between baker brothers". Business Insider. Retrieved July 6, 2022.

[27] Rhoads, Christopher (January 19, 2008). "The Hydrox Cookie Is Dead, and Fans Won't Get Over It". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved July 6, 2022. In college, when friends ridiculed her for preferring the cheaper knock-off Hydrox to the real thing, she did some research. Among her findings: Hydrox was created in 1908 by what would later become Sunshine Biscuits Inc. That was four years before the National Biscuit Co. (later called Nabisco) came up with the similar Oreo. Oreo was the knock-off. The Hydrox name came from combining the words hydrogen and oxygen, which Sunshine executives thought evoked purity. Others thought it sounded more like a laundry detergent.

[Lukas-28] Kestenbaum, David; Smith, Robert (September 18, 2015). "Episode 652: The Hydrox Resurrection". Planet Money. NPR. Retrieved July 6, 2022. People thought of Hydrox as the Oreo knockoff, but they were not. Hydrox were the original sandwich cookie.

[NPB-29] "Who Invented Peanut Butter?". National Peanut Board. Archived from the original on November 25, 2016. Retrieved June 24, 2022.

[Americanscientist-30] Cannon, William (February 6, 2017). "A True Renaissance Man". American Scientist. Retrieved June 24, 2022.

[creamy-31] Krampner, Jon (2013). "The Birth of Peanut Butter". Creamy and Crunchy: An Informal History of Peanut Butter, the All-American Food. Columbia University Press. p. 42. ISBN 978-0-231-16233-3.

[32] Wheeling, Kate (January 2021). "A Brief History of Peanut Butter". Smithsonian Magazine. Retrieved June 24, 2022. North Americans weren't the first to grind peanuts—the Inca beat us to it by a few hundred years—but peanut butter reappeared in the modern world because of an American, the doctor, nutritionist and cereal pioneer John Harvey Kellogg, who filed a patent for a proto-peanut butter in 1895.

[potatosnopes-33] Mikkelson, David (April 21, 2013). "Potato Chip Origin". Snopes. Retrieved June 24, 2022.

[fox-34] Fox, William S.; Banner, Mae G. (April 1983). "Social and Economic Contexts of Folklore Variants: The Case of Potato Chip Legends". Western Folklore. 42 (2): 114–126. doi:10.2307/1499968. JSTOR 1499968.

[smithschips-35] Tensley, Brandon (January 2022). "How the Potato Chip Took Over America". Smithsonian Magazine. Retrieved June 23, 2022.

[36] McElwain, Aoife (June 17, 2019). "Did Tayto really invent cheese and onion crisps?". Irish Times. Retrieved June 23, 2022. One of the oldest known published recipes for crisps is by William Kitchiner, an optician who doubled up as a Georgian-era celebrity chef. His book, A Cook's Oracle, published in 1817, was a big hit in the UK and a young America. Kitchiner's recipe – Potatoes fried in Slices or Shavings – calls for slivers of potato fried in "lard or dripping" and "served with a very little salt sprinkled over them".

[37] Burhans, Dick (2008). "Creation Myths". Crunch!: A History of the Great American Potato Chip. University of Wisconsin Press. pp. 17–20. ISBN 978-0299227708.

[38] . Paul Freedman, "Food Histories of the Middle Ages", in Kyri W. Claflin, Peter Scholliers, Writing Food History: A Global Perspective, ISBN 1847888097, p. 24
b. Dalby, Andrew (2000). Dangerous Tastes: The Story of Spices. University of California Press. p. 156. ISBN 978-0-520-23674-5.
c. Jotischky, Andrew (2011). A Hermit's Cookbook: Monks, Food and Fasting in the Middle Ages. Bloomsbury. p. 170. ISBN 978-1-4411-5991-5.
d. Krondl, Michael (2007). The Taste of Conquest: The Rise and Fall of the Three Great Cities of Spice. Ballantine Books. p. 6. ISBN 978-0-345-48083-5.

[39] Smith, Craig S. (April 6, 2005). "The Raw Truth: Don't Blame the Mongols (or Their Horses)". The New York Times. p. F2.

[40] Sokolov, Raymond (2004). How to Cook Revised Edition: An Easy and Imaginative Guide for the Beginner. New York, NY (USA): Harper Collins. pp. 41–42. ISBN 978-0-06-008391-5. Retrieved June 3, 2012.

[41] Albert Jack, What Caesar Did for My Salad: Not to Mention the Earl's Sandwich, Pavlova's Meringue and Other Curious Stories Behind Our Favourite Food, 2010, ISBN 978-1-84614-254-3, p. 141 at Google Books

[42] . Maryann Tebben, Sauces: A Global History, 2014, ISBN 1780234139, chapter 5
b. "Histoire de la Crème Chantilly". Domaine de Chantilly. Archived from the original on April 16, 2013.

[43] . Barbara Ketcham Wheaton (2011). Savoring the Past: The French Kitchen and Table from 1300 to 1789. Simon and Schuster. pp. 43–51. ISBN 978-1-4391-4373-5.
b. Mennell, Stephen (1996). All Manners of Food: Eating and Taste in England and France from the Middle Ages to the Present (2nd ed.). University of Illinois Press. pp. 65–66, 69–71. ISBN 978-0-252-06490-6.
c. Campanini, Antonella (December 18, 2018). The New Gastronome: The Illusive Story Of Catherine de' Medici: A Gastronomic Myth. Summarizing Campanini, Antonella; Bienassis, Loïc (2018). Quellier, Florent; Briost, Pascal (eds.). La Table de la Renaissance: Le mythe italien. ISBN 978-2-7535-7406-9. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)

[Soltysiak-44] Soltysiak, Michal; Celuch, Malgorzata; Erle, Ulrich (June 2011). "Measured and simulated frequency spectra of the household microwave oven". 2011 IEEE MTT-S International Microwave Symposium. pp. 1–4. doi:10.1109/MWSYM.2011.5972844. ISBN 978-1-61284-754-2. S2CID 41526758.

[microwave-45] Bloomfield, Louis. "Question 1456". How Everything Works. Archived from the original on October 17, 2013. Retrieved February 9, 2012.

[46] Baird, Christopher S. (October 15, 2014). "Why are the microwaves in a microwave oven tuned to water". Science Questions with Surprising Answers.

[47] Chaplin, Martin. "Water Absorption Spectrum".

[48] . "Microwave Technology Penetration Depths". pueschner.com. Püschner GMBH + CO KG MicrowavePowerSystems. Retrieved June 1, 2018.
b. Health, Center for Devices and Radiological (December 12, 2017). "Resources for You (Radiation-Emitting Products) – Microwave Oven Radiation". fda.gov. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Retrieved June 1, 2018.

[49] . Frei, MR; Jauchem, JR; Dusch, SJ; Merritt, JH; Berger, RE; Stedham, MA (1998). "Chronic, low-level (1.0 W/kg) exposure of mice prone to mammary cancer to 2450 MHz microwaves". Radiation Research. 150 (5): 568–76. Bibcode:1998RadR..150..568F. doi:10.2307/3579874. JSTOR 3579874. PMID 9806599.
b. Frei, MR; Berger, RE; Dusch, SJ; Guel, V; Jauchem, JR; Merritt, JH; Stedham, MA (1998). "Chronic exposure of cancer-prone mice to low-level 2450 MHz radiofrequency radiation". Bioelectromagnetics. 19 (1): 20–31. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1521-186X(1998)19:1<20::AID-BEM2>3.0.CO;2-6. PMID 9453703.

[50] "Ask the doctor: Microwave's impact on food". harvard.edu. June 12, 2015. Retrieved December 5, 2021.

[51] Harmetz, Aljean (1992). Round Up the Usual Suspects: The Making of Casablanca – Bogart, Bergman, and World War II. Hyperion. p. 72. ISBN 978-1-56282-761-8.

[52] . Sklar, Robert (1992). City Boys: Cagney, Bogart, Garfield. New Jersey: Princeton University Press. p. 135. ISBN 978-0-691-04795-9.
b. Mikkelson, Barbara and David P. (August 17, 2007). "The Blaine Truth". Snopes.com. Retrieved March 25, 2012.

[53] Mariani, Mike (October 28, 2015). "The Tragic, Forgotten History of Zombies". The Atlantic. Retrieved July 3, 2022.

[54] Di Placido, Dani (July 19, 2017). "The Evolution Of The Zombie". Forbes. Retrieved July 3, 2022. George A. Romero's first zombie film Night of the Living Dead is credited with popularizing the zombie, though it never actually uses that word. The "ghouls" in the film are mindless flesh-eaters that have little in common with the Haitian zombie other than rising from the grave.

[Smithsonianzombie-55] Eschner, Kart (October 31, 2017). "Zombie Movies Are Never Really About Zombies". Smithsonian Magazine. Retrieved July 3, 2022. In the 1960s and 70s, filmmaker George Romero brought the zombie film into the mainstream with Night of the Living Dead and Dawn of the Dead. The first of these was technically about "ghouls." Romero didn't start calling them "zombies" until his second film. But his now-iconic films helped to erase enslaved people from zombie history.

[56] Collis, Clark (July 18, 2017). "George A. Romero thought Night of the Living Dead would be a 'one-off'". Entertainment Weekly. Archived from the original on September 2, 2019. Retrieved July 3, 2022. "I never thought of my guys as zombies, when I made the first film," he said. "To me, zombies were still those boys in the Caribbean doing the wetwork for [Bela] Lugosi.

[57] Kay, Glenn (2008). Zombie Movies: The Ultimate Guide. Chicago Review Press. p. 5. ISBN 978-1-55652-770-8.

[58] Maher, John (October 8, 2020). "10 Tragically, Irretrievably Lost Pieces of Animation History". The Vulture. Retrieved June 22, 2022.

[59] Witiw, John (March 27, 2021). "10 Things You Didn't Know About Disney's Snow White And The Seven Dwarfs". CBR. Retrieved June 22, 2022.

[60] Sisterson, Dennis (March 28, 2017). "Magic Wilderness: El Apóstol & Peludópolis". Skwigly. Retrieved June 22, 2022. As we all know, Disney's Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs is usually cited as the first animated feature, but as most of us who read this site are no doubt aware, it wasn't. It was preceded by Lotte Reiniger's The Adventures of Prince Achmed, Ladislas Starevitch's The Tale of the Fox, and two features by the Argentinian animator Quirino Cristiani – all films which could scracely [sic] be more different from the Disney mode.

[61] Chaffee, Keith (October 28, 2019). "A Week to Remember: International Animation Day". Los Angeles Public Library. Retrieved June 22, 2022.

[62] Bendazzi, Giannalberto (2017). "The First Feature Length Animated Film in History". Twice the First: Quirino Cristiani and the Animated Feature Film. CRC Press. p. 36. ISBN 978-1-351-37179-7. On the other hand, the movie was not widely successful, and appealed to a small portion of the population. It was strictly for a Buenos Aires audience: nobody in the provinces even saw it because it was not distributed there. And likewise, given the subject, it was not possible to export the film to other nations, not even to a close cousin similar to Uruguay.

[63] "QI: Quite interesting facts about Spain". Telegraph. May 5, 2011. Archived from the original on January 11, 2022. Retrieved March 29, 2017.

[64] . Lewis, M. Paul; Simons, Gary F.; Fennig, Charles D., eds. (2013). "Deaf sign language". Ethnologue: Languages of the World (17th ed.). SIL International. Archived from the original on November 26, 2013. Retrieved December 3, 2013.
b. Supalla, Ted; Webb, Rebecca (2013). "The grammar of international sign: A new look at pidgin languages.". In Reilly, Judy Snitzer; Emmorey, Karen (eds.). Language, Gesture, and Space. Psychology Press. pp. 333–52. ISBN 978-1-134-77966-6.
c. Omar, Hasuria Che (2009). The Sustainability of the Translation Field. ITBM. p. 293. ISBN 978-983-42179-6-9.

[65] . Geoffrey K. Pullum's explanation in Language Log: The list of snow-referring roots to stick [suffixes] on isn't that long [in the Eskimoan language group]: qani- for a snowflake, apu- for snow considered as stuff lying on the ground and covering things up, a root meaning "slush", a root meaning "blizzard", a root meaning "drift", and a few others—very roughly the same number of roots as in English. Nonetheless, the number of distinct words you can derive from them is not 50, or 150, or 1500, or a million, but simply unbounded. Only stamina sets a limit.
b. The seven most common English words for snow are snow, hail, sleet, ice, icicle, slush, and snowflake. English also has the related word glacier and the four common skiing terms pack, powder, crud, and crust, so one can say that at least 12 distinct words for snow exist in English.

[66] Krupnik, Igor et al. (2010) "Franz Boas and Inuktitut terminology for ice and snow: from the emergence of the field to the 'Great Eskimo Vocabulary Hoax'". in Krupnik et al. (2010). SIKU: Knowing our Ice: Documenting Inuit Sea-Ice knowledge and Use. New York, NY: Springer. pp.385–410.

[Robson-67] David Robson, New Scientist 2896, December 18 2012, Are there really 50 Eskimo words for snow?, "Yet Igor Krupnik, an anthropologist at the Smithsonian Arctic Studies Center in Washington DC believes that Boas was careful to include only words representing meaningful distinctions. Taking the same care with their own work, Krupnik and others have now charted the vocabulary of about 10 Inuit and Yupik dialects and conclude that there are indeed many more words for snow than in English (SIKU: Knowing Our Ice, 2010). Central Siberian Yupik has 40 such terms, whereas the Inuit dialect spoken in Nunavik, Quebec, has at least 53, including matsaaruti, wet snow that can be used to ice a sleigh's runners, and pukak, for the crystalline powder snow that looks like salt. For many of these dialects, the vocabulary associated with sea ice is even richer."

[68] Malotki, Ekkehart (1983). Hopi Time: A Linguistic Analysis of the Temporal Concepts in the Hopi Language. Trends in Linguistics. Studies and Monographs. Vol. 20. Berlin, New York, Amsterdam: Mouton Publishers. ISBN 978-90-279-3349-2.

[langlog-69] Zimmer, Benjamin (March 27, 2007). "Crisis = danger + opportunity: The plot thickens". Language Log. Retrieved January 19, 2009.

[70] . "The Straight Dope: Is the Chinese word for "crisis" a combination of "danger" and "opportunity"?"
b. Mair, Victor H. (2005). "danger + opportunity ≠ crisis: How a misunderstanding about Chinese characters has led many astray". PinyinInfo.com. Retrieved January 15, 2009.

[71] Mikkelson, Barbara & David P. (April 13, 2011). "Gringo". Snopes.com. Retrieved June 17, 2011.

[72] "Where does the word "Gringo" come from?". The Yucatan Times. April 27, 2018. Archived from the original on March 22, 2022. Retrieved June 11, 2022.

[73] Ramirez, Aida (August 7, 2013). "Who, Exactly, Is A Gringo?". NPR. Archived from the original on December 22, 2021. Retrieved June 11, 2022.

[74] "Gringo". American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language. 2001. Archived from the original on May 14, 2013. Retrieved June 17, 2011.

[75] "Is 'Irregardless' a Real Word?".

[76] "Irregardless originated in dialectal American speech in the early 20th century... The most frequently repeated remark about it is that "there is no such word." There is such a word, however." Merriam Webster Dictionary "Definition of IRREGARDLESS". Archived from the original on May 8, 2014. Retrieved October 27, 2011.

[77] ""... "irregardless" is indeed a word. Anne Curzan, a professor of English at the University of Michigan, confirms its legitimacy..." Michigan Radio That's What They Say". October 13, 2012. Archived from the original on April 27, 2014.

[78] "There is No Such Word as '...'".

[79] Fogarty, Mignon (September 12, 2008). "Is "Funnest" a Word". Archived from the original on April 27, 2014. Retrieved September 25, 2012.

[80] unnest: ; ; ; ;

[81] . Jackson, Janice Eurana (1998). Linguistic aspect in African-American English-speaking children: An investigation of aspectual "be". Amherst, Massachusetts: University of Massachusetts Amherst. ISBN 978-0-591-96032-7. ProQuest 304446674.
b. "Do You Speak American. For Educators. Curriculum. High School. AAE". PBS. Retrieved May 23, 2012.
c. "Synergy – African-American English". Umass.edu. Retrieved May 23, 2012.

[snopes420-82] Mikkelson, Barbara (June 13, 2008). "420". Snopes.com. Archived from the original on October 19, 2009. Retrieved June 17, 2011.

[83] "California Penal Code Section 420". January 15, 2011. Archived from the original on April 27, 2014. Retrieved June 17, 2011.

[84] "Thomas Crapper". Snopes.com. May 31, 2011. Retrieved June 17, 2011.

[85] Harper, Douglas (2010). "Crap". Online Etymology Dictionary. Archived from the original on April 27, 2014. Retrieved June 17, 2011.

[86] "Crap". American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language. Houghton Mifflin. 2001. Archived from the original on January 21, 2013. Retrieved June 17, 2011.

[87] Harper, Douglas. "Faggot". The Online Etymological Dictionary. Retrieved May 31, 2023.

[88] Weeks, Linton (May 28, 2011). "The Fa-Word: An Insulting Slur In the Spotlight". NPR. Archived from the original on May 23, 2022. Retrieved May 31, 2023.

[89] Canfield, David (March 13, 2017). "Long TV's Most Politically Incorrect Show, It's Always Sunny in Philadelphia Made the Case for Sensitivity in Season 12". Slate. Archived from the original on November 6, 2020. Retrieved May 31, 2023. But Mac pleads that they understand the slur's significance. 'Did you know that a faggot is a burning bundle of sticks on top of which they used to burn homosexuals?' he asks (erroneously, but with genuine pain).

[fuckingcitation-90] . Mikkelson, Barbara (July 8, 2007). "What the Fuck?". Snopes.com. Archived from the original on April 25, 2012. Retrieved June 17, 2011.
b. Mikkelson, Barbara (July 9, 2007). "Pluck Yew". Snopes.com. Archived from the original on April 25, 2012. Retrieved June 17, 2011.

[91] Sheidlower, Jesse (Autumn 1998). "Revising the F-Word". Verbatim: The Language Quarterly. 23 (4): 18–21.

[92] Henry Ansgar Kelly (September 1994). "Rule of Thumb and the Folklaw of the Husband's Stick". Journal of Legal Education. 44 (3): 341–65.

[93] Sommers, Christina Hoff (1995). Who Stole Feminism? How Women Have Betrayed Women. Simon and Schuster. pp. 203–07, 296–97. ISBN 978-0-684-80156-8.

[Kelly-94] Kelly, Henry Ansgar (September 1994). "Rule of Thumb and the Folklaw of the Husband's Stick" (PDF). Journal of Legal Education. 44 (3): 341–65. JSTOR 42893341.

[FOOTNOTEO'ConnerKellerman2009123–126-95] O'Conner & Kellerman 2009, pp. 123–126.

[96] Brians, Paul (2011). "Common Errors in English Usage – Ye". Common Errors in English Usage. Washington State University. Archived from the original on May 31, 2013. Retrieved June 24, 2011.

[97] Harper, Douglas (2001–2010). "Etymology Online". Online Etymology Dictionary. Archived from the original on April 27, 2014. Retrieved June 24, 2011.

[98] . "Ingenious Trifling". Etymoline. Retrieved October 1, 2015.
b. O'Conner & Kellerman 2009, p. 145

[99] "wop". The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language (5th ed.). HarperCollins.

[Random_House-100] O'Conner & Kellerman 2009, p. 77: "The usual suggestion is that 'Xmas' is ... an attempt by the ungodly to x-out Jesus and banish religion from the holiday."

[xmaschi-101] Bratcher, Dennis (December 3, 2007). "The Origin of "Xmas"". CRI / Voice, Institute. Archived from the original on May 30, 2013. Retrieved June 10, 2011.

[102] Oxford English Dictionary, s.v. "X" (1921 edition) and "Xmas" (Third Edition, 2020)

[103] . Sparks, Preston; Cox, Timothy (November 17, 2008). "Missing persons usually found". Augusta Chronicle. Archived from the original on December 14, 2013. Retrieved May 21, 2011.
b. "FAQs: Question: Do you need to wait 24 hours before reporting a person missing?". National Missing Persons Coordination Center, Australian Federal Police. Archived from the original on September 23, 2008. Retrieved May 22, 2011.
c. Vongkiatkajorn, Kanyakrit. "NYPD: How The Police Handles Missing Persons Cases". NYCity News Service. Retrieved June 25, 2022.

[104] "Report or find a missing person". Gov.uk. June 3, 2013. Archived from the original on January 22, 2014. Retrieved August 18, 2013.

[105] "Why the first 72 hours in a missing persons investigation are the most critical, according to criminology experts". ABC News. Retrieved June 11, 2022.

[Twinkie-106] Pogash, Carol (November 23, 2003). "Myth of the 'Twinkie defense'". San Francisco Chronicle. p. D-1. Retrieved March 20, 2007.

[107] . Powers, Rod (November 24, 2019). "Can a Judge Order Someone to Join the Military or Go to Jail?". The Balance. Retrieved December 30, 2017.
b. Schogol, Jeff (February 3, 2006). "Judge said Army or jail, but military doesn't want him". Stars and Stripes. Retrieved December 30, 2017.

[108] "Snopes on Entrapment". Snopes.com. March 12, 1998. Retrieved August 29, 2009.

[109] Sloane (1990) 49 A Crim R 270. See also agent provocateur

[110] Gramlich, John (November 20, 2020). "What the data says (and doesn't say) about crime in the United States". Pew Research.

[111] "Gun homicides steady after decline in '90s; suicide rate edges up". Pew Research. October 21, 2015.

[112] Willingham, AJ (September 6, 2018). "The First Amendment doesn't guarantee you the rights you think it does". CNN. Retrieved March 1, 2019.

[113] McGregor, Jena (August 8, 2017). "The Google memo is a reminder that we generally don't have free speech at work". The Washington Post. Retrieved March 1, 2019.

[114] Dunn, Christopher (April 28, 2009). "Column: Applying the Constitution to Private Actors (New York Law Journal)". New York Civil Liberties Union. Retrieved January 27, 2017.

[115] Berman-Gorvine, Martin (May 19, 2014). "Employer Ability to Silence Employee Speech Narrowing in Private Sector, Attorneys Say". Bloomberg BNA. Archived from the original on March 31, 2019. Retrieved March 1, 2019.

[116] Timm, Trevor (November 2, 2012). "It's Time to Stop Using the 'Fire in a Crowded Theater' Quote". The Atlantic. Retrieved June 20, 2020.

[117] Volokh, Eugene (May 11, 2015). "Shouting fire in a crowded theater". Washington Post. Retrieved June 20, 2020.

[Reason,_Camp,_Oct._27th,_2022-118] Camp, Emma (October 27, 2022). "Yes, You Can Yell 'Fire' in a Crowded Theater". reason.com. Reason. Retrieved October 29, 2022.

[119] Colleen Long (May 5, 2016). "Cops seek killer of man who washed ashore in 'cement shoes'". CBS 3 Philadelphia. Associated Press. Retrieved August 11, 2018.

[120] "'Cement shoes' found on NYC corpse". BBC News. May 5, 2016. Retrieved August 5, 2021.

[121] "Après deux ans de polémique, l'État "enterre" le général Bigeard". France 24 (in French). November 20, 2012. Retrieved June 25, 2022.

[122] Miranda v. Arizona, 384 U.S. 436 (1966)

[123] Imwinkelried and Blinka, Criminal Evidentiary Foundations, 2d ed. (Lexis 2007) ISBN 978-1-4224-1741-6 at 620.

[124] "Can a case be dismissed if a person is not read his/her Miranda rights?". Patrick Barone. September 10, 2021. Retrieved September 10, 2021.

[125] . Benedictus, Leo (March 23, 2015). "Gum control: how Lee Kuan Yew kept chewing gum off Singapore's streets". The Guardian. Retrieved July 9, 2022.
b. Rajah, Jothie (January 1, 2014). "Flogging Gum: Cultural Imaginaries and Postcoloniality in Singapore's Rule of Law". Law Text Culture. 18 (1): 135–165. ISSN 1322-9060.
c. Brown, Lauren (March 1, 2012). "How To Travel In Singapore Without Getting Caned". Business Insider. Retrieved July 9, 2022.

[126] "Why are chewing gums banned in Singapore?". HT School. Retrieved June 23, 2023.

[127] Gilsinan, Kathy (May 12, 2014). "Interpol at 100: Does the World's Police Force Work?". The Atlantic. Retrieved April 2, 2022.

[128] Lee, Michael. "Interpol hopes physical border security will solve virtual borders". ZDNet. Retrieved April 7, 2022.

[129] "FAQs: Question: Do crime scene investigators really draw a chalk line around the body?". Straight Dope. April 13, 2001. Retrieved February 24, 2023.

[130] Knowles, Elizabeth (October 26, 2006). What They Didn't Say: A Book of Misquotations. OUP Oxford. ISBN 978-0-19-150054-1.

[Evans-131] Evans, Bergen (1962). Comfortable Words. New York City: Random House. All dictionaries now recognize "a Frankenstein" as any monstrous creation that threatens to destroy its creator.

[Garner-132] Garner, Bryan A. (1998). A dictionary of modern American usage. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-507853-4. Today this ubiquitous usage must be accepted as standard

[133] O'Toole, Garson (January 28, 2013). "For Sale, Baby Shoes, Never Worn". Quote Investigator. Retrieved April 5, 2023.

[134] Mikkelson, David (October 29, 2008). "Did Ernest Hemingway Write a Six-Word Story to Win a Bet?". Snopes. Retrieved April 5, 2023.

[135] Churchwell, Sarah (June 23, 2019). "For sale, baby shoes, never worn — the myth of Ernest Hemingway's short story". The Times. Retrieved April 5, 2023. For a long time, legend held that this was one of the world's great short stories, by one of the world's great short-story writers: Ernest Hemingway. There were different versions of the myth . . . None of it is true. And for those who think the internet is a cesspool of lies, it is an interesting experiment to google those six words today. The top items, including a Wikipedia entry on the myth, debunk it as the urban legend it is.

[136] Sorensen, Jon (February 10, 2014). "Did the Vatican Outlaw "The Devil In Music?"". Catholic Answers. Retrieved July 8, 2022.

[FOOTNOTESmith197969–70-137] Smith 1979, pp. 69–70.

[Grove-138] Drabkin, William (2001). "Tritone". Grove Music Online. Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.28403. ISBN 978-1-56159-263-0. (subscription or UK public library membership required)

[FOOTNOTESmith197971-139] Smith 1979, p. 71.

[140] "The Devil's Music". April 28, 2006. Retrieved July 8, 2022.

[FOOTNOTESolomon1995587-141] Solomon 1995, p. 587.

[142] "Was Mozart actually poisoned by Salieri?". Classic fm. Retrieved April 12, 2021.

[143] . Wolff, Christoph (2001). "Bach. III. 7. Johann Sebastian Bach. Works". In Sadie, Stanley; Tyrrell, John (eds.). The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians (2nd ed.). London: Macmillan Publishers. ISBN 978-1-56159-239-5. ‎
b. Williams, Peter F. (2007). J.S. Bach: A Life in Music. Cambridge University Press. p. 158.
c. Schulenberg, David (2006). The Keyboard Music of J.S. Bach. p. 448.
d. Schulze, Hans-Joachim (1979). "Ein 'Dresdner Menuett' im zweiten Klavierbüchlein der Anna Magdalena Bach. Nebst Hinweisen zur Überlieferung einiger Kammermusikwerke Bachs". Bach-Jahrbuch. 65: 45–64, 54–58, 64. doi:10.13141/bjb.v19791376.

[Rauscher-Shaw-Ky-1993-144] Rauscher, Frances H.; Shaw, Gordon L.; Ky, Catherine N. (1993). "Music and spatial task performance". Nature. 365 (6447): 611. Bibcode:1993Natur.365..611R. doi:10.1038/365611a0. PMID 8413624. S2CID 1385692.

[pryse-phillips-145] William Pryse-Phillips (2003). Companion to Clinical Neurology. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-515938-1., p. 611 defines the term as "Slight and transient improvement in spational[sic] reasoning skills detected in normal subjects as a result of exposure to the music of Mozart, specifically his sonata for two pianos (K448)."

[bridgett-146] Bridgett, D.J.; Cuevas, J. (2000). "Effects of listening to Mozart and Bach on the performance of a mathematical test". Perceptual and Motor Skills. 90 (3 Pt 2): 1171–1175. doi:10.2466/pms.2000.90.3c.1171. PMID 10939064. S2CID 35762220.

[thompson-147] Thompson, W.F.; Schellenberg, E.G.; Husain, G. (2001). "Arousal, mood, and the Mozart effect". Psychological Science. 12 (3): 248–251. doi:10.1111/1467-9280.00345. PMID 11437309. S2CID 17641225.

[JonesWest2006-148] Jones, Martin H.; West, Stephen D.; Estell, David B. (2006). "The Mozart effect: Arousal, preference, and spatial performance". Psychology of Aesthetics, Creativity, and the Arts. S (1): 26–32. doi:10.1037/1931-3896.S.1.26.

[Steele2000-149] Steele, Kenneth M. (2000). "Arousal and mood factors in the "Mozart effect"" (PDF). Perceptual and Motor Skills. 91 (1): 188–190. doi:10.2466/pms.2000.91.1.188. PMID 11011888. S2CID 21977655. Archived from the original (PDF) on January 6, 2017. Retrieved November 4, 2015.

[150] Frédéric Chopin; Joseph Banowetz (2000). Piano works. Alfred Music Publishing. p. 6. ISBN 978-0-7692-9854-2. Retrieved October 2, 2010.

[Hinson2004-151] Maurice Hinson (2004). The Pianist's Dictionary. Indiana University Press. p. 114. ISBN 978-0-253-21682-3. Retrieved October 2, 2010. This piece bears an erroneous nickname since the story long associated with this nickname presumes the pianist is supposed to play the piece in one minute. The word "minute" means small or little waltz.

[152] November 7, 2006. "How Do You Solve a Problem Like Maria?". Archived from the original on April 27, 2014. BBC.

[Vilain2010-153] Vilain, Robert (2010). Words and Music. MHRA. pp. 24, 28. ISBN 978-1-907322-08-2.

[154] "Austria's far-right picks different flower for parliament's opening session". DW. September 11, 2017. Retrieved June 21, 2022. Flowers worn traditionally in jacket lapels at Austrian parliamentary openings got special attention Thursday when the Freedom Party of Austria's (FPÖ) 51 deputies — enlarged from 38 — sported edelweiss, the national flower featured in the 1965 hit movie "The Sound of Music."

[155] "In 1977 Mike Nesmith Fooled the World: When The Monkees Sold More Records Than The Beatles and Rolling Stones Combined". Flashbak. September 18, 2017. Archived from the original on June 20, 2018. Retrieved November 9, 2017.

[156] . Cruickshank, Douglas (January 14, 2002). "Sympathy for the Devil". Salon.com. Archived from the original on March 3, 2016. Retrieved June 25, 2006.
b. Zentgraf, Nico. "The Complete Works of the Rolling Stones 1962–2008". Archived from the original on March 27, 2012. Retrieved February 23, 2008.

[157] Burks, John (February 7, 1970). "Rock & Roll's Worst Day". Rolling Stone. Archived from the original on April 22, 2009. Retrieved September 13, 2008.

[158] Elicker, Martina (2001). "Concept Albums: Song Cycles in Popular Music". Word and Music Studies: Essays on the Song Cycle and on Defining the Field. Rodopi. pp. 231–234. ISBN 978-90-420-1565-4.

[159] "Fact Check: In the Air Tonight". Snopes.com.

[160] Peterson, Christopher. "When Did the Buddha Become Fat?". Psychology Today. Retrieved November 1, 2018.

[161] Bromiley, Geoffrey W. (1995). The International Standard Bible Encyclopedia. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. ISBN 978-0-8028-3781-3. Retrieved May 18, 2011.

[JDG324-162] Dunn, James DG (2003). Jesus Remembered. Eerdmans Publishing. p. 324.

[163] "Matthew 2:1–2". Bible Gateway. Retrieved June 2, 2021.

[164] Schiller, G. (1971). Iconography of Christian Art (English translation from German). Vol. I. p. 96. ISBN 978-0-85331-270-3.

[165] Matthew 2:16, as cited by Schiller, Gertud, Iconography of Christian Art, Vol. I, p. 96, 1971 (English trans from German), Lund Humphries, London, ISBN 978-0-85331-270-3

[166] Calvin, John. Calvin's Commentaries, Vol. 31: Matthew, Mark and Luke, Part I, tr. by John King. Retrieved May 15, 2010. Quote from Commentary on Matthew 2:1–6

[167] Longenecker, Dwight (2014). "We Three Kings" Who were the Magi? Catholic Education Resource Center. Retrieved November 16, 2021.

[168] Ashby, Chad. "Magi, Wise Men, or Kings? It's Complicated." Christianity Today, December 16, 2016.

[Ehrman2006-169] Ehrman, Bart D. (2006). Peter, Paul, and Mary Magdalene: The Followers of Jesus in History and Legend. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. pp. 189–90. ISBN 978-0-19-530013-0.

[:10-170] Spong, John Shelby (March 14, 2006). The Sins of Scripture: Exposing the Bible's Texts of Hate to Reveal the God of Love (PDF). HarperOne. p. 108. ISBN 978-0060778408.

[171] . Marrow, Stanley B. (1986). Paul: His Letters and His Theology : an Introduction to Paul's Epistles. Paulist Press. pp. 5, 7. ISBN 978-0-8091-2744-3.
b. "Why did God change Saul's name to Paul?". Catholic Answers. Archived from the original on October 30, 2012. Retrieved August 31, 2014.

[172] "Religion & Ethics – Beliefs: The Immaculate Conception". BBC. 2009. Archived from the original on January 24, 2012. Retrieved January 5, 2011.

[173] Hopko, Thomas. The Winter Pascha Chapter 9, Antiochian Orthodox Christian Archdiocese of North America

[174] . Rafe, Simon. "Infallibility versus Impeccability". Saint Michael's Basic Training: Apologetics. Archived from the original on April 27, 2014. Retrieved June 17, 2011.
b. MacDonald, David; Bonocore, Mark. "Is the Pope Sinless?". The Pope, Bishop of Rome Catholic and Orthodox relations. CatholicBridge.com. Archived from the original on June 15, 2011. Retrieved June 17, 2011.

[175] "Catholic Encyclopedia: Beatification and Canonization". www.newadvent.org.

[St._Peters-176] Noreen (November 19, 2012). "St. Peter's Basilica in Vatican Is Not The Official Church Of The Pope". Today I Found Out. Retrieved February 14, 2019.

[177] . "Utah Local News – Salt Lake City News, Sports, Archive". The Salt Lake Tribune. Retrieved October 1, 2014.
b. "Religions – Mormon: Polygamy". BBC. Retrieved October 1, 2014.
c. "Mormon church explains polygamy in early days". The Big Story. Archived from the original on October 6, 2014. Retrieved October 1, 2014.
d. "Mormon Polygamy Misconceptions about Mormon Polygamy". Mormon Polygamy. Archived from the original on January 13, 2013. Retrieved October 1, 2014.

[178] "Polygamy lives on in LDS temples". The Salt Lake Tribune. Retrieved November 25, 2019.

[179] The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints. "Do Mormons practice polygamy?". mormon.org. Archived from the original on October 6, 2014. Retrieved October 1, 2014.

[180] . "Current practice of polygamy in the Mormon movement". Retrieved October 1, 2014.
b. "Modern Polygamy: Arizona Mormon Fundamentalists Seek to Shed Stereotypes". ABC News. March 14, 2014. Retrieved October 1, 2014.

[181] Poe, Harry Lee; Stanley Mattson, J. (2005). What God Knows: Time, Eternity, and Divine Knowledge. Baylor University Press. ISBN 978-1-932792-12-6.

[182] "St Augustine and the Beginning of Time". Society of Catholic Scientists.

[183] Roos, Dave (February 24, 2020). "Who Decided Which Books to Include in the Bible?". HowStuffWorks. InfoSpace Holdings. Retrieved August 29, 2022.

[councilofrome-184] Cross, F. L.; Livingstone, E. A., eds. (January 1, 2005). "canon of Scripture". The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church (3rd ed.). Oxford University Press. p. 282. doi:10.1093/acref/9780192802903.001.0001. ISBN 978-0-19-280290-3.

[185] Vyver, James (August 17, 2017). "Explainer: Why do Muslim women wear a burka, niqab or hijab?". Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved February 1, 2020. Some Muslim women wear niqabs, which are often confused with the burka.

[186] Quotah, Eman. "I'm Muslim but don't wear a headscarf. Stop using hijabs as a tool for 'solidarity.'". USA Today. Retrieved December 3, 2021.

[187] . Isbister, William H. (November 23, 2002). "A "good" fatwa". British Medical Journal. 325 (7374): 1227. doi:10.1136/bmj.325.7374.1227. PMC 1124693.
b. Vultee, Fred (October 2006). "Fatwa on the Bunny". Journal of Communication Inquiry. 30 (4): 319–336. doi:10.1177/0196859906290919. S2CID 143612009.

[188] "In Depth: Islam, Fatwa FAQ". CBC News Online. June 15, 2006. Archived from the original on July 14, 2011. Retrieved April 8, 2009.

[189] Khadduri, Majid (1955). War and Peace in the Law of Islam. Johns Hopkins Press. pp. 74–80. ISBN 978-1-58477-695-6.

[190] . Buckles, Luke (2004). The Complete Idiot's Guide to World Religions (3rd ed.). Alpha. p. 157. ISBN 978-1-59257-222-9.
b. "Western definition of "jihad" must be corrected – Italian expert". Kuwait News Agency (KUNA). March 29, 2007. Archived from the original on October 15, 2011.

[191] Safi, Louay M. (2003). Peace and the Limits of War: Transcending the Classical Conception of Jihad. International Institute of Islamic Thought. p. preface. ISBN 978-1-56564-402-1.

[192] -Jalalayn. "Tafsir Ar-Rahman". Tafsir al-Jalalayn. Retrieved April 30, 2020.

[guardian72virgins-193] Warraq, Ibn (January 12, 2002). "Virgins? What virgins?". The Guardian. London. Archived from the original on June 22, 2013.

[194] Anjali Nirmal (2009). Urban Terrorism: Myths and Realities. Pointer Publishers. p. 33. ISBN 978-81-7132-598-6.

[Salahuddin_Yusuf-195] Salahuddin Yusuf, Riyadhus Salihin, commentary on Nawawi, Chapter 372, Dar-us-Salam Publications (1999), ISBN 978-1-59144-053-6

[Szpek-196] Szpek, Heidi (2002). Voices from the University: The Legacy of the Hebrew Bible. iUniverse. p. 92. ISBN 978-0-595-25619-8.

[197] . Babylonian Talmud, Berakhot, 40a
b. Adams, Cecil (November 24, 2006). "Was the forbidden fruit in the Garden of Eden an apple?". The Straight Dope. Archived from the original on April 1, 2014. Retrieved February 9, 2012.

[198] Levine, Rabbi Menachem (October 7, 2018). "Judaism and Tattoos". aish.com. Retrieved December 12, 2018.

[golfsnopes-199] Mikkelson, Barbara (May 18, 2010). "Golf: Gentlemen Only, Ladies Forbidden?". Snopes. Retrieved June 23, 2022.

[usga-200] Jerris, Rand. "FAQ – Golf History Questions". United States Golf Association. Retrieved June 23, 2022.

[canadagolf-201] Clemens, Warren (November 27, 2004). "Did 'Gentlemen Only, Ladies Forbidden?' give us golf?". The Globe and Mail. Retrieved June 23, 2022.

[202] . Cole, Diane (October 4, 1990). "Contrary to myth, baseball may have had no single inventor". U.S. News & World Report. Archived from the original on December 14, 2013. Retrieved August 6, 2009.
b. Fox, Butterfield (October 4, 1990). "Cooperstown? Hoboken? Try New York City". The New York Times. Retrieved April 3, 2009.

[203] 柔道帯の最高位は、何と紅!? "紅帯"所持者に投げられてきた! (in Japanese). R25.jp. May 15, 2008. Archived from the original on May 19, 2008. Retrieved November 11, 2008.

[204] Corrigan, James (January 5, 2006). "FA Cup countdown: 1927 and all that". The Independent. Retrieved April 8, 2018.

[205] Williams, Jack (February 17, 2017). "You Can Tell an F.A. Cup Champion by Its Corner Flags. Or Not". The New York Times. Retrieved April 8, 2018.

[206] Adhikari, Somak (June 6, 2018). "No, India Did Not Withdraw From The 1950 FIFA World Cup Because They Did Not Want To Wear Shoes". The Times of India. The Times Group. Retrieved December 2, 2019.

[207] . Lisi 2007, p. 49
b. "1950 FIFA World Cup Brazil – Overview". FIFA. Archived from the original on March 18, 2012.

[208] "Violent video games found not to be associated with adolescent aggression". University of Oxford. February 13, 2019. Retrieved June 25, 2022.

[209] Etchells, Pete (April 6, 2019). "Five damaging myths about video games – let's shoot 'em up". The Guardian. Retrieved December 23, 2020.

[210] Henry, Jenkins. "Reality Bytes: Eight Myths About Video Games Debunked". PBS. Retrieved December 23, 2020.

[211] "Misconceptions – Video Game Dissection". Pennsylvania State University. Retrieved December 23, 2020.

[212] Markey, Patrick M.; Ferguson, Christopher J. (October 1, 2017). "Teaching Us to Fear: The Violent Video Game Moral Panic and the Politics of Game Research" (PDF). American Journal of Play: 99–115. Archived from the original (PDF) on June 29, 2021. Retrieved December 23, 2020.

[NYTimes_20190805-213] Draper, Kevin (August 5, 2019). "Video Games Aren't Why Shootings Happen. Politicians Still Blame Them". The New York Times. Retrieved August 22, 2019.

[214] Plunkett, Luke (February 3, 2016). "Why Gandhi Is Such An Asshole In Civilization". Kotaku. Retrieved June 22, 2022.

[memoir!-215] Meier, Sid (2020). "Funny Business". Sid Meier's Memoir!: A Life in Computer Games. W. W. Norton. pp. 261–266. ISBN 978-1-324-00587-2.

[dtf_probably_myth-216] Артемий Леонов (September 5, 2019). Почему история о баге с «ядерным Ганди» в Civilization, скорее всего, выдумана [Why the story about the "Nuclear Gandhi" bug in Civilization is likely fictional]. DTF.ru (in Russian). Retrieved June 22, 2022.

[217] Jackson, Gina (August 11, 2016). "Gandhi Is Still An Asshole In Civilization VI". Kotaku. Retrieved June 22, 2022.

[218] Kennedy, Sam (December 2, 2005). "Dragon Quest vs. America". 1up. Archived from the original on July 28, 2012. Retrieved June 26, 2022. Predating Xbox 360 hysteria by years, several fans were mugged on their way home with their new prize, and the situation became so bad that it was brought before the Japanese Diet. Although tales of a law requiring Dragon Quest games only be released on the mornings of weekends or holidays are the stuff of urban legend, each new title is as highly anticipated as the launch of a new console.

[219] Joe, Skrebels (April 22, 2020). "How Dragon Quest Spawned an Urban Legend". IGN. Archived from the original on April 14, 2022. Retrieved June 26, 2022.

[220] Gilbert, Henry (July 11, 2010). "Everything you need to know about Dragon Quest – There is no Dragon Quest law". GamesRadar. Archived from the original on July 26, 2013. Retrieved June 26, 2022.

[221] Walker, Matt (August 19, 2012). "Dragon Quest X Online: Mezameshi Itsutsu no Shuzoku". Nintendo World Report. Retrieved June 26, 2022. Its Thursday release is unheard of for a Dragon Quest game, which are generally released over the weekend so people don't take work off in droves to play them.

[Worldcoinnews-222] Fox, Mark (2012). "Space Invaders targets coins". World Coin News. Krause Publications. 39 (2): 35–37. Retrieved June 26, 2022.

[Numismatist-223] Paradis, Charles (March 2014). "Insert Coin to Play: Space Invaders and the 100-Yen Myth". The Numismatist. American Numismatic Association: 46–48. Retrieved June 26, 2022.

[224] Parkin, Simon (October 17, 2013). "The Space Invader". The New Yorker. Retrieved June 26, 2022.

[225] . Shaw, Johnathan (July–August 2003). "Who Built the Pyramids?". Harvard Magazine. Retrieved August 14, 2022.
b. "Egypt tombs suggest pyramids not built by slaves". Reuters. January 10, 2010. Retrieved August 14, 2022.
c. Weiss, Daniel (July–August 2022). "Journeys of the Pyramid Builders". Archaeology. Archaeological Institute of America. Retrieved August 14, 2022. Based on the contents of the papyri, Tallet believes that at least some workers in the time of Khufu were highly skilled and well rewarded for their labor, contradicting the popular notion that the Great Pyramid was built by masses of oppressed slaves.

[USPyramids-226] Kratovac, Katarina (January 12, 2010). "Egypt: New Find Shows Slaves Didn't Build Pyramids". U.S. News. Retrieved August 14, 2022.

[Watterson-227] Watterson, Barbara (1997). "The Era of Pyramid-builders". The Egyptians. Blackwell. p. 63. Herodotus claimed that the Great Pyramid at Giza was built with the labour of 100,000 slaves working in three-monthly shifts, a charge that cannot be substantiated. Much of the non-skilled labour on the pyramids was undertaken by peasants working during the Inundation season when they could not farm their lands. In return for their services they were given rations of food, a welcome addition to the family diet.

[228] David, Ariel (April 19, 2019). "For You Were (Not) Slaves in Egypt: The Ancient Memories Behind the Exodus Myth". Haaretz. Retrieved August 14, 2022.

[Brinkmann2008-229] . Brinkmann, Vinzenz (2008). "The Polychromy of Ancient Greek Sculpture". In Panzanelli, Roberta; Schmidt, Eike D.; Lapatin, Kenneth (eds.). The Color of Life: Polychromy in Sculpture from Antiquity to the Present. Los Angeles: The J. Paul Getty Museum and the Getty Research Institute. pp. 18–39. ISBN 978-0-89236-918-8.
b. Gurewitsch, Matthew (July 2008). "True Colors: Archaeologist Vinzenz Brinkmann insists his eye-popping reproductions of ancient Greek sculptures are right on target". Smithsonian.com. Smithsonian Institution. Retrieved May 15, 2018.
c. Prisco, Jacopo (November 30, 2017). "'Gods in Color' returns antiquities to their original, colorful grandeur". CNN style. Retrieved May 15, 2018.

[230] Talbot, Margaret (October 22, 2018). "The Myth of Whiteness in Classical Sculpture". The New Yorker. Retrieved May 12, 2020.

[231] . James Hamilton-Paterson, Carol Andrews, Mummies: Death and Life in Ancient Egypt, p. 190, Collins for British Museum Publications, 1978, ISBN 978-0-00-195532-5
b. Charlotte Booth, The Boy Behind the Mask, p. xvi, Oneword, 2007, ISBN 978-1851685448
c. Richard Cavendish, "Tutankhamun's Curse?", History Today 64:3 (3 March 2014)

[232] Sparkes A.W. (1988). "Idiots, Ancient and Modern". Australian Journal of Political Science. 23: 101–102. doi:10.1080/00323268808402051.

[233] Winkler, Martin M. (2009). The Roman Salute: Cinema, History, Ideology. Columbus: Ohio State University Press. ISBN 978-0-8142-0864-9. p. 55

[234] Fass, Patrick (1994). Around the Roman Table. University of Chicago Press. pp. 66–67. ISBN 978-0-226-23347-5.

[235] McKeown, J.C. (2010). A Cabinet of Roman Curiosities: Strange Tales and Surprising Facts from the World's Greatest Empire. Oxford University Press. pp. 153–54. ISBN 978-0-19-539375-0.

[236] . Ridley, R.T. (1986). "To Be Taken with a Pinch of Salt: The Destruction of Carthage". Classical Philology. 81 (2): 140–146. doi:10.1086/366973. JSTOR 269786. S2CID 161696751.: "a tradition in Roman history well known to most students"
b. Stevens, Susan T. (1988). "A Legend of the Destruction of Carthage". Classical Philology. 83 (1): 39–41. doi:10.1086/367078. JSTOR 269635. S2CID 161764925.
c. Visona, Paolo (1988). "Passing the Salt: On the Destruction of Carthage Again". Classical Philology. 83 (1): 41–42. doi:10.1086/367079. JSTOR 269636. S2CID 162289604.: "this story... had already gained widespread currency"
d. Warmington, B.H. (1988). "The Destruction of Carthage: A Retractatio". Classical Philology. 83 (4): 308–10. doi:10.1086/367123. JSTOR 269510. S2CID 162850949.: "the frequently repeated story"

[237] "...could not survive the trauma of a Caesarean" Oxford Classical Dictionary, Third Edition, "Childbirth"

[Wanjek_2003_p5-238] Wanjek, Christopher (April 7, 2003). Bad Medicine: Misconceptions and Misuses Revealed, from Distance Healing to Vitamin O. John Wiley & Sons. p. 5. ISBN 978-0-471-46315-3.

[239] Harper, Douglas. "caesarian". Online Etymology Dictionary. Retrieved January 22, 2022.

[240] . Lindberg, David C. (2003). Lindberg, David C.; Numbers, Ronald L. (eds.). The Medieval Church Encounters the Classical Tradition: Saint Augustine, Roger Bacon, and the Handmaiden Metaphor. p. 8. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
b. Grant, Edward (2001). God and Reason in the Middle Ages. Cambridge. p. 9.
c. Peters, Ted (2005). "Science and Religion". In Jones, Lindsay (ed.). Encyclopedia of Religion (2nd ed.). Thomson Gale. p. 8182.
d. Snyder, Christopher A. (1998). An Age of Tyrants: Britain and the Britons A.D. 400–600. University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press. pp. xiii–xiv. ISBN 978-0-271-01780-8.

[Hawks_2009-241] Hawks, John (2009). Human lifespans have not been constant for the last 2000 years.

[Wanjek_2003-242] Wanjek, Christopher (2002). Bad Medicine: Misconceptions and Misuses Revealed, from Distance Healing to Vitamin O. Wiley. pp. 70–71. ISBN 978-0-471-43499-3.

[apps.business.ualberta.ca-243] ""Expectations of Life" by H.O. Lancaster as per". Archived from the original on September 4, 2012.

[244] Kahn, Charles (2005). World History: Societies of the Past. Portage & Main Press. p. 9. ISBN 978-1-55379-045-7.

[245] E. W. Gordon, Introduction to Old Norse (2nd edition, Oxford 1962) pp. lxix–lxx.

[246] Evans, Andrew (June 2016). "Is Iceland Really Green and Greenland Really Icy?". National Geographic.

[247] . Eirik the Red's Saga. Gutenberg.org. March 8, 2006. Archived from the original on May 11, 2011. Retrieved September 6, 2010.
b. "How Greenland Got Its Name". The Ancient Standard. December 17, 2010. Archived from the original on March 19, 2012. Retrieved January 24, 2020..
c. Grove, Jonathan (2009). "The place of Greenland in medieval Icelandic saga narrative". Journal of the North Atlantic. 2: 30–51. doi:10.3721/037.002.s206. S2CID 163032041. Archived from the original on April 11, 2012.

[248] "Is King Canute misunderstood?". BBC. May 26, 2011. Archived from the original on April 20, 2014.

[249] "National Pasta Association". Archived from the original on March 20, 2012. article FAQs section "Who "invented" pasta?"; "The story that it was Marco Polo who imported noodles to Italy and thereby gave birth to the country's pasta culture is the most pervasive myth in the history of Italian food." (Dickie 2008, p. 48).

[250] S. Serventi, F. Sabban La pasta. Storia e cultura di un cibo universale, VII. Economica Laterza 2004.

[251] Schild, Wolfgang (2000). Die eiserne Jungfrau. Dichtung und Wahrheit (Schriftenreihe des Mittelalterlichen Kriminalmuseums Rothenburg o. d. Tauber Nr. 3). Rothenburg ob der Tauber.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)

[Guy-252] Guy, Neil (2011–2012). "The Rise of the Anticlockwise Newel Stair" (PDF). The Castle Studies Group Journal. 25: 114, 163.

[253] Wright, James (October 9, 2019). Guest Post: Busting Mediaeval Building Myths: Part One. History... the interesting bits!. Retrieved February 24, 2020.

[Ryder-254] Ryder, Charles (2011). The spiral stair or vice: its origins, role and meaning in medieval stone castles (PhD). University of Liverpool. pp. 293–94.

[255] Breiding, Dirk. "Department of Arms and Armor, The Metropolitan Museum of Art". metmuseum.org. Archived from the original on April 26, 2014. Retrieved February 23, 2012.

[256] "Cranes hoisting armored knights". Archived from the original on October 29, 2013. Retrieved October 23, 2013.

[257] Keyser, Linda Migl (2008). "The Medieval Chastity Belt Unbuckled". In Harris, Stephen J.; Grigsby, Bryon L. (eds.). Misconceptions About the Middle Ages. Routledge.

[washingtonpost.com-258] "Busting a myth about Columbus and a flat Earth". Washington Post. Retrieved September 29, 2018.

[259] . "Here be Dragons". National Geographic. Retrieved June 24, 2022.
b. Meyer, Robinson (December 12, 2013). "No Old Maps Actually Say 'Here Be Dragons'". The Atlantic. Retrieved June 24, 2022.
c. Van Duzer, Chet (June 4, 2014). "Bring on the Monsters and Marvels: Non-Ptolemaic Legends on Manuscript Maps of Ptolemy's Geography". Viator. 45 (2): 303–334. doi:10.1484/J.VIATOR.1.103923. ISSN 0083-5897.
d. Kim, Meeri (August 19, 2013). "Oldest globe to depict the New World may have been discovered". The Washington Post. Retrieved July 2, 2022. The only other map or globe on which this specific phrase appears is what can arguably be called the egg's twin: the copper Hunt-Lenox Globe, dated around 1510 and housed by the Rare Book Division of the New York Public Library.

[260] Louise M. Bishop (2010). "The Myth of the Flat Earth". In Stephen Harris; Bryon L. Grigsby (eds.). Misconceptions about the Middle Ages. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-135-98666-7. Retrieved January 26, 2014.

[261] "Columbus's Geographical Miscalculations". IEEE Spectrum: Technology, Engineering, and Science News. October 9, 2012. Archived from the original on October 3, 2018. Retrieved October 3, 2018.

[262] "Washington Irving's Columbus and the Flat Earth – Darin Hayton". dhayton.haverford.edu. Retrieved September 29, 2018.

[263] . Eviatar Zerubavel (2003). Terra cognita: the mental discovery of America. Transaction Publishers. pp. 90–91. ISBN 978-0-7658-0987-2.
b. Sale, Kirkpatrick (1991). The Conquest of Paradise: Christopher Columbus and the Columbian Legacy. Plume. pp. 204–09. ISBN 978-1-84511-154-0 – via Google Books.

[264] Wills, Matthew (January 17, 2020). The Mexica Didn't Believe the Conquistadors Were Gods. JSTOR. Retrieved January 19, 2020.

[265] "Plymouth Colony Clothing". Web.ccsd.k12.wy.us. Archived from the original on October 22, 2013. Retrieved February 9, 2012.

[266] . Schenone, Laura (2004). A Thousand Years Over A Hot Stove: A History Of American Women Told Through Food, Recipes, And Remembrances. New York: W. W. Norton & Company. p. 118. ISBN 978-0-393-32627-7.
b. Wilson, Susan (2000). Literary Trail of Greater Boston. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company. p. 23. ISBN 978-0-618-05013-0 – via Google Books.

[267] Brooks, Rebecca Beatrice (July 22, 2018). "What Did the Pilgrims Wear?". History of Massachusetts Blog. Rebecca Beatrice Brooks. Retrieved November 10, 2019.

[Newton's_apple:_The_real_story-268] "Newton's apple: The real story". New Scientist. January 18, 2010. Archived from the original on January 21, 2010. Retrieved May 10, 2010.

[269] . Rosenthal, Bernard (1995). Salem Story: Reading the Witch Trials of 1692. Cambridge University Press. p. 209. ISBN 978-0-521-55820-4.
b. Adams, Gretchen (2010). The Specter of Salem: Remembering the Witch Trials in Nineteenth-Century America. ReadHowYouWant.com. p. xxii. ISBN 978-1-4596-0582-4 – via Google Books.
c. Kruse, Colton (March 22, 2018). "Salem Never Burned Any Witches At The Stake". Ripley's Believe It or Not!. Retrieved July 18, 2022.

[270] "Top 5 Marie Antoinette Scandals". history.howstuffworks.com. September 2, 2008. Archived from the original on September 4, 2012. Retrieved January 13, 2023.

[271] "Washington's False Teeth Not Wooden". NBC News. January 27, 2005. Retrieved August 29, 2009.

[272] Etter, William M. "George Washington's Teeth Myth". www.mountvernon.org. Mount Vernon Ladies' Association. Retrieved March 24, 2019.

[273] Thompson, Mary V. "The Private Life of George Washington's Slaves". PBS. Retrieved June 16, 2014.

[274] "Teeth". George Washington's Mount Vernon. Retrieved December 2, 2022.

[275] "Declaration of Independence – A History". archives.gov. U.S. National Archives and Records Administration. Archived from the original on January 26, 2010. Retrieved April 4, 2011.

[276] Crabtree, Steve (July 6, 1999). "New Poll Gauges Americans' General Knowledge Levels". Gallup News Service. Archived from the original on March 27, 2014. Retrieved January 13, 2011. Fifty-five percent say it commemorates the signing of the Declaration of Independence (this is a common misconception, and close to being accurate; July 4th is actually the date in 1776 when the Continental Congress approved the Declaration, which was officially signed on August 2nd.) Another 32 percent give a more general answer, saying that July 4th celebrates Independence Day.

[277] . Lund, Nicholas (November 21, 2013). "Did Benjamin Franklin Really Say the National Symbol Should Be the Turkey?". Slate. Archived from the original on April 27, 2014. Retrieved November 22, 2013.
b. McMillan, Joseph (May 18, 2007). "The Arms of the United States: Benjamin Franklin and the Turkey". American Heraldry Society. Archived from the original on April 27, 2014. Retrieved November 24, 2013.

[278] . Sick, Bastian (2004). Der Dativ ist dem Genetiv sein Tod (in German). Kiepenheuer & Witsch. pp. 131–135. ISBN 978-3-462-03448-6 – via Internet Archive.
b. "Willi Paul Adams: The German Americans. Chapter 7: German or English". Archived from the original on June 24, 2010.
c. "The German Vote". Snopes.com. July 9, 2007.

[279] . Owen Connelly (2006). Blundering to Glory: Napoleon's Military Campaigns. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 7. ISBN 978-0-7425-5318-7.
b. Evans, Rod L. (2010). Sorry, Wrong Answer: Trivia Questions That Even Know-It-Alls Get Wrong. Penguin Books. ISBN 978-0-399-53586-4. Retrieved December 31, 2011.
c. "Forget Napoleon – Height Rules". CBS News. February 11, 2009. Archived from the original on July 2, 2013. Retrieved December 31, 2011.

[280] . "Fondation Napoléon". Napoleon.org. Archived from the original on April 17, 2014. Retrieved August 29, 2009.
b. "La taille de Napoléon" (in French). Archived from the original on September 12, 2009. Retrieved July 22, 2010.

[281] Carine Girac-Marinier (2013). Harrap's Shorter : français-anglais, anglais-français (10e édition ed.). [Edinburgh]. ISBN 978-2-8187-0495-0. OCLC 992953737.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)

[282] "Napoleon's Imperial Guard". Archived from the original on April 27, 2014.

[283] . "The nose of the Great Sphinx". britannica.com. Retrieved November 27, 2022.
b. Feder, Kenneth L. (October 11, 2010). Encyclopedia of Dubious Archaeology: From Atlantis to the Walam Olum: From Atlantis to the Walam Olum. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-0-313-37919-2.
c. Zivie-Coche, Christiane (2002). Sphinx: History of a Monument. Cornell University Press. p. 16. ISBN 978-0-8014-3962-9.

[284] . Lovgren, Stefan (May 5, 2006). "Cinco de Mayo, From Mexican Fiesta to Popular U.S. Holiday". National Geographic News. Archived from the original on July 9, 2007.
b. Lauren Effron (May 5, 2010). "Cinco de Mayo: NOT Mexico's Independence Day". Discovery Channel. Archived from the original on March 21, 2012. Retrieved May 5, 2011.

[285] . "Hysteria". Welcome Collection. August 12, 2015. Retrieved September 25, 2018.
b. King, Helen (2011). "Galen and the widow. Towards a history of therapeutic masturbation in ancient gynaecology". Eugesta, Journal of Gender Studies in Antiquity: 227–31.
c. "Victorian-Era Orgasms and the Crisis of Peer Review". The Atlantic. September 6, 2018. Retrieved September 25, 2018.
d. "Why the Movie "Hysteria" Gets Its Vibrator History Wrong". Dildographer. May 4, 2012. Archived from the original on April 15, 2019. Retrieved September 25, 2018.
e. King, Helen (2011). "Galen and the widow. Towards a history of therapeutic masturbation in ancient gynaecology". Eugesta, Journal of Gender Studies in Antiquity: 206–08.
f. "Buzzkill: Vibrators and the Victorians (NSFW)". The Whores of Yore. Retrieved September 25, 2018.
g. Riddell, Fern (November 10, 2014). "No, no, no! Victorians didn't invent the vibrator". The Guardian. Retrieved September 25, 2018.

[286] . Isaacson, Walter (April 5, 2007). "Making the Grade". Time. Archived from the original on March 29, 2014. Retrieved December 31, 2013.
b. Jones, Andrew Zimmerman. "Physics Myth Month – Einstein Failed Mathematics?". Archived from the original on April 12, 2014. Retrieved May 4, 2011.

[287] Kruszelnicki, Karl (June 22, 2004). "Einstein Failed School". Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Archived from the original on April 27, 2014. Retrieved July 12, 2012.

[:03-288] . López-Ortiz, Alex (February 20, 1998). "Why is there no Nobel in mathematics?". University of Waterloo. Retrieved June 28, 2022.
b. Mikkelson, David (October 4, 2013). "No Nobel Prize for Math". Snopes. Retrieved June 28, 2022.
c. Firaque, Kabir (October 16, 2019). "Explained: Why is there no mathematics Nobel? The theories, the facts, the myths". The Indian Express. Retrieved June 28, 2022.

[289] Harris, Carolyn (December 27, 2016). "The Murder of Rasputin, 100 Years Later". Smithsonian Magazine. Retrieved October 16, 2023.

[290] "How was Russian mystic Rasputin murdered?". BBC. December 31, 2016. Retrieved October 16, 2023.

[291] Smith, Douglas (2016). "A Cowardly Crime". Rasputin: Faith, Power, and the Twilight of the Romanovs. Farrar, Straus and Giroux. pp. 590–592. ISBN 978-0374711238.

[292] Cathcart, Brian (April 3, 1994). "Rear Window: Making Italy work: Did Mussolini really get the trains running on time". The Independent. London. Archived from the original on January 24, 2012. Retrieved September 3, 2010.

[293] . Ankerstjerne, Christian. "The myth of Polish cavalry charges". Panzerworld. Archived from the original on August 4, 2012. Retrieved April 5, 2011.
b. "The Mythical Polish Cavalry Charge". Polish American Journal. Polamjournal.com. July 2008. Archived from the original on September 24, 2012. Retrieved February 9, 2012.

[294] Nazi. In: Friedrich Kluge, Elmar Seebold: Etymologisches Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache. 24. Auflage, Walter de Gruyter, Berlin/New York 2002, ISBN 3-11-017473-1 (Online Etymology Dictionary: Nazi).

[295] . Vilhjálmur Örn Vilhjálmsson. "The King and the Star – Myths created during the Occupation of Denmark" (PDF). Danish institute for international studies. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 16, 2011. Retrieved April 5, 2011.
b. "Some Essential Definitions & Myths Associated with the Holocaust". Center for Holocaust and Genocide Studies – University of Minnesota. Archived from the original on May 15, 2011. Retrieved April 5, 2011.
c. "King Christian and the Star of David". The National Museum of Denmark. Archived from the original on September 28, 2011. Retrieved February 21, 2017.

[296] Kalei, Kalikiano. "Axe Not for Whom the Piton Holds: A Brief History of the Mountaineering Ice Axe". pp. 10–11. Retrieved September 3, 2022 – via Academia.edu.

[297] Ruderman, Wendy (September 1, 2012). "The Ice Pick Seems Antiquated, but It Still Shows Up on the Police Blotter". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved September 3, 2022. One such weapon is the ice pick — often associated with the 1940 murder of the Russian Marxist revolutionary Leon Trotsky: He was killed with an ice pick's cousin, an ice ax, while he was in exile in Mexico, by an assassin who, acting on the orders of Joseph Stalin, crept up behind Trotsky and slammed the ice ax into his skull.

[298] . Daum, Andreas W. (2007). Kennedy in Berlin. Cambridge University Press. pp. 148–49. ISBN 978-3-506-71991-1.
b. "Gebrauch des unbestimmten Artikels (German, "Use of the indefinite article")". Canoo Engineering AG. Archived from the original on March 28, 2014. Retrieved July 5, 2010.

[299] . Ryan, Halford Ross (1995). U.S. presidents as orators: a bio-critical sourcebook. Greenwood. pp. 219–20. ISBN 978-0-313-29059-6.
b. "Ich bin ein Pfannkuchen. Oder ein Berliner?" [I am a jelly doughnut. Or a Berliner?] (in German). Stadtkind. Archived from the original on June 19, 2008. Retrieved June 26, 2013.

[300] Rüther, Tobias (March 5, 2019). "Essen und Sprechen Geben Sie mir ein Semmelbrötchen!". Faz.net.

[richardson-301] Paul E. Richardson, "The hot line (is a Hollywood myth)", in: Russian Life, September/October issue 2009, pp. 50–59.

[302] Clavin, Tom (June 18, 2013). "There Never Was Such a Thing as a Red Phone in the White House". Smithsonian. Retrieved September 21, 2014.

[303] Isabel Woodford and M.L.R. Smith (2018). "The Political Economy of the Provos: Inside the Finances of the Provisional IRA – A Revision" (PDF). 41 (3). Taylor & Francis: 9–10. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)

[304] Republic of Ireland played integral role in supporting IRA, says historian, News Letter, April 5, 2019

[305] Laura K. Donohue (2006). "Anti-Terrorist Finance in the United Kingdom and United States". 27 (2). Stanford University Center for International Security and Cooperation: 8. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)

[306] Select Committee on Northern Ireland Affairs - Part One: The continuing threat from paramilitary organisations. UK Parliament (Report). June 26, 2002.

[307] Nicholas Sambanis and Paul Collier (January 2005). Understanding Civil War: Evidence and Analysis · Volume 2. World Bank. p. 171. ISBN 9-7808-2136-0507. Estimated to have sent at total of $3.6 million to Ireland from 1970 to 1991, NORAID's contributions represented a small, but not [politically] insignificant, part of the IRA's income, which is estimated to have amounted to approximately $10 million a year.

[308] T. Wittig (July 26, 2011). Understanding Terrorist Finance. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 154–155. ISBN 9-7802-3031-6935. From its founding in 1969 until 1991, NORAID raised approximately $3.6 million for Irish republican causes, through a combination of testimonial fundraising dinners and an extensive campaign to solicit donations through direct mail, dinner-dance benefits, and "passing the hat" in Irish American-owned businesses (such as bars) in major US cities.' This money was ostensibly to provide support for any number of causes related to Ireland and Irish republicanism, ranging from political activities to support to the families of imprisoned PIRA members

[309] Pamela Duncan and Simon Carswell (March 5, 2015). "Sinn Féin raised $12 million in the United States". The Irish Times. (subscription required)

[310] . Craig, Laura; Young, Kevin (2008). "Beyond White Pride: Identity, Meaning and Contradiction in the Canadian Skinhead Subculture*". Canadian Review of Sociology/Revue Canadienne de Sociologie. 34 (2): 175–206. doi:10.1111/j.1755-618x.1997.tb00206.x. Retrieved July 2, 2022.
b. Borgeson, Kevin; Valeri, Robin (Fall 2005). "Examining Differences in Skinhead Idealogy [sic] and Culture Through an Analysis of Skinhead Websites". Michigan Sociological Review. 19: 45–62. JSTOR 40969104. Retrieved July 2, 2022.
c. Lambert, Chris (November 12, 2017). "'Black Skinhead': The politics of New Kanye". Daily Dot. Retrieved July 2, 2022. "Skinhead" was a term originally used to describe a 1960s British working-class subculture that revolved around fashion and music and that would heavily inspire the punk rock scene. While it has harmless roots, the skinhead movement fell into polemic politics. Nowadays, it's popularly associated with neo-Nazis, despite having split demographics of far-right, far-left, and apolitical.

[sub-pop-pol-311] Brown, Timothy S. (January 1, 2004). "Subcultures, Pop Music and Politics: Skinheads and "Nazi Rock" in England and Germany". Journal of Social History. 38 (1): 157–178. doi:10.1353/jsh.2004.0079. JSTOR 3790031. S2CID 42029805.

[312] Cotter, John M. (1999). "Sounds of hate: White power rock and roll and the neo‐nazi skinhead subculture". Terrorism and Political Violence. 11 (2): 111–140. doi:10.1080/09546559908427509. ISSN 0954-6553.

[313] Shaffer, Ryan (2013). "The soundtrack of neo-fascism: youth and music in the National Front". Patterns of Prejudice. 47 (4–5): 458–482. doi:10.1080/0031322X.2013.842289. ISSN 0031-322X. S2CID 144461518.

[314] Marc Leepson, "Five myths about the American flag" Archived 2017-07-15 at the Wayback Machine, The Washington Post, June 12, 2011, p. B2.

[:4-315] "150 years later, myths persist about the Emancipation Proclamation". CNN. January 1, 2013. Retrieved July 22, 2022.

[Macdonald-316] Macdonald, John (1988). Great Battles of the American Civil War. Guild Publishing. pp. 66–67.

[:5-317] Freedmen and Southern Society Project (1982). Freedom: a documentary history of emancipation 1861–1867 : selected from the holdings of the National Archives of the United States. The destruction of slavery. CUP Archive. pp. 69. ISBN 978-0-521-22979-1.

[318] "The Emancipation Proclamation". National Archives and Records Administration. Retrieved June 27, 2013.

[319] Foner, Eric (2010). The fiery trial : Abraham Lincoln and American slavery. New York. pp. 241–242. ISBN 978-0-393-06618-0. OCLC 601096674.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)

[320] Harrison (2001), Lawfulness of the Reconstruction Amendments, p. 390.

[321] Pruitt-Young, Sharon (June 17, 2021). "Slavery Didn't End On Juneteenth. What You Should Know About This Important Day". NPR. Retrieved July 29, 2022.

[gates-322] Gates, Henry Louis Jr. (January 16, 2013). "What Is Juneteenth?". PBS. Retrieved June 12, 2020.

[323] "The Myths of Gettysburg".

[Green2005-324] Green, Joey (2005). Contrary to Popular Belief: More than 250 False Facts Revealed. Broadway. ISBN 978-0-7679-1992-0.

[325] "Mary S. Andrews, Author, is Dead". The New York Times. August 3, 1936. p. 15.

[326] . Haycox, Stephen (1990). "Haycox, Stephen. "Truth and Expectation: Myth in Alaska History". Northern Review. 6. Retrieved August 31, 2015.
b. Welch, Richard E. Jr. (1958). "American Public Opinion and the Purchase of Russian America". American Slavic and East European Review. 17 (4): 481–94. doi:10.2307/3001132. JSTOR 3001132.
c. Howard I. Kushner, "'Seward's Folly'?: American Commerce in Russian America and the Alaska Purchase". California Historical Quarterly (1975): 4–26. JSTOR 25157541.
d. "Biographer calls Seward's Folly a myth". The Seward Phoenix LOG. April 3, 2014. Archived from the original on June 22, 2017. Retrieved August 31, 2015.
e. Professor Preston Jones (Featured Speaker) (July 9, 2015). Founding of Anchorage, Alaska (Adobe Flash). C-SPAN. Retrieved December 22, 2017.

[327] Cook, Mary Alice (Spring 2011). "Manifest Opportunity: The Alaska Purchase as a Bridge Between United States Expansion and Imperialism" (PDF). Alaska History. 26 (1): 1–10.

[328] "The Hat That Won the West". Retrieved February 10, 2010.

[329] Snyder, Jeffrey B. (1997) Stetson Hats and the John B. Stetson Company 1865–1970. p. 50 ISBN 978-0-7643-0211-4

[330] "The O'Leary Legend". Chicago History Museum. Archived from the original on January 10, 2011. Retrieved March 18, 2007.

[331] . Campbell, W. Joseph (2010). Getting it Wrong: Ten of the Greatest Misreported Stories in American Journalism. Berkeley: University of California Press. pp. 9–25. ISBN 978-0-520-26209-6 – via Internet Archive.
b. Campbell, W. Joseph (2003). Yellow Journalism: Puncturing the Myths, Defining the Legacies. Praeger. p. 72. ISBN 978-0-275-98113-6.

[edison.rutgers.edu-332] "Did Edison really electrocute Topsy the Elephant". The Edison Papers. October 28, 2016. Archived from the original on November 13, 2013 – via Rutgers University.

[Ellis_Island-333] "Why Your Family Name Was Not Changed at Ellis Island (and One That Was)". Archived from the original on December 8, 2015.

[334] "Prohibition | Definition, History, Eighteenth Amendment, & Repeal". britannica.com. Retrieved October 24, 2022.

[335] Klein, Christopher (March 7, 2019). "1929 Stock Market Crash: Did Panicked Investors Really Jump From Windows?". HISTORY. A&E Television Networks. Retrieved November 7, 2021.

[Slate-336] Fineman, Mia (June 8, 2005). "The Most Famous Farm Couple in the World: Why American Gothic still fascinates". Slate.

[ArtInstituteChicago-337] "About This Artwork: American Gothic". The Art Institute of Chicago. Archived from the original on May 28, 2010. Retrieved June 20, 2010.

[338] . Pooley, Jefferson; Socolow, Michael (October 28, 2013). "The Myth of the War of the Worlds Panic". Slate. Archived from the original on May 9, 2014. Retrieved November 24, 2013.
b. Campbell, W. Joseph (2010). Getting it wrong : ten of the greatest misreported stories in American Journalism. Berkeley: University of California Press. pp. 26–44. ISBN 978-0-520-26209-6 – via Google Books.

[UFOAtlantic-339] Garber, Megan (June 15, 2014). "The Man Who Introduced the World to Flying Saucers". The Atlantic. Retrieved June 24, 2022.

[NYUFO-340] Patton, Phil (June 15, 1997). "Indeed They Have Invaded. Look Around". The New York Times. Retrieved June 24, 2022.

[341] Lacitis, Eric (June 24, 2017). "'Flying saucers' became a thing 70 years ago Saturday with sighting near Mount Rainier". The Seattle Times. Retrieved June 24, 2022.

[342] Berger, Eric (June 21, 2011). "The curious tale of a journalist who helped spawn the UFO industry". Houston Chronicle. Retrieved June 24, 2022.

[343] . "Florida: Anything Goes". Time. April 17, 1950. Archived from the original on June 24, 2013. Retrieved May 3, 2010.
b. Nohlgren, Stephen (November 29, 2003). "A born winner, if not a native Floridian". St. Petersburg Times. Archived from the original on October 5, 2012. Retrieved October 8, 2011.

[344] "An Act of Courage, The Arrest Records of Rosa Parks". National Archives. August 15, 2015. Retrieved December 1, 2020.

[Dubois_controversy_book-345] Bass, Amy (2009). Those about Him Remained Silent: The Battle Over W.E.B. Du Bois. University of Minnesota Press. p. 155. ISBN 978-0-8166-4495-7.

[346] . "Renouncing citizenship is usually all about the Benjamins, say experts". Fox News. May 11, 2012. Retrieved May 18, 2015.
b. "Celebrities Who Renounced Their Citizenship". Huffington Post. February 1, 2012. Retrieved May 18, 2015.
c. Aberjhani, Sandra L. West (2003). Encyclopedia of the Harlem Renaissance. Infobase Publishing. p. 89. ISBN 978-1-4381-3017-0.

[Lewis_Du_Bois_bio-347] Lewis, David (2009). W.E.B. Du Bois: A Biography. MacMillan. p. 841. ISBN 978-0-8050-8805-2.

[NYT_Kitty_Genovese_story-348] Gansberg, Martin (March 27, 1964). "37 Who Saw Murder Didn't Call the Police" (PDF). The New York Times. Archived from the original (PDF) on August 7, 2015.

[349] Bregman, Rutger (2020). "9". Humankind: A Hopeful History. Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4088-9896-3.

[American_Heritage_Genovese_article-350] Rasenberger, Jim (October 2006). "Nightmare on Austin Street". American Heritage. Retrieved May 18, 2015.

[AIA_Pruitt_Igoe_page-351] Cendón, Sara Fernández (February 3, 2012). "Pruitt-Igoe 40 Years Later". American Institute of Architects. Archived from the original on March 14, 2014. Retrieved December 31, 2014. For example, Pruitt-Igoe is often cited as an AIA-award recipient, but the project never won any architectural awards.

[Pruitt_Igoe_Myth-352] Bristol, Katharine (May 1991). "The Pruitt–Igoe Myth" (PDF). Journal of Architectural Education. 44 (3): 168. doi:10.1111/j.1531-314X.2010.01093.x. ISSN 1531-314X. S2CID 219542179. Archived from the original (PDF) on September 24, 2015. Retrieved December 31, 2014. Though it is commonly accorded the epithet 'award-winning,"' Pruitt-Igoe never won any kind of architectural prize. An earlier St. Louis housing project by the same team of architects, the John Cochran Garden Apartments, did win two architectural awards. At some point this prize seems to have been incorrectly attributed to Pruitt-Igoe

[353] Jerry Lembcke, The Spitting Image: Myth, Memory and the Legacy of Vietnam, 1998, ISBN 978-0814751473

[354] Greene, Bob (1989). Homecoming: When the Soldier Returned from Vietnam. G. P. Putnam's Sons. ISBN 978-0-399-13386-2.

[Were_They_Spat_On?-355] Vlieg, Heather (September 2019). "Were They Spat On? Understanding The Homecoming Experience of Vietnam Veterans". The Grand Valley Journal of History. 7 (1).

[356] "100 Women: The truth behind the 'bra-burning' feminists". BBC News. September 6, 2018.

[357] "Kool Aid/Flavor Aid: Inaccuracies vs. Facts Part 7". Alternative Considerations of Jonestown & Peoples Temple. Archived from the original on July 13, 2020. Retrieved June 20, 2022.

[358] Chiu, David (May 26, 2020). "Jonestown: 13 Things You Should Know About Cult Massacre". Rolling Stone. Retrieved June 20, 2022.

[Atlantickoolaid-359] Higgins, Chris (November 8, 2012). "Stop Saying 'Drink the Kool-Aid'". The Atlantic. Retrieved June 20, 2022.

[360] Zorn, Eric (November 18, 2008). "Change of Subject: Have you drunk the 'Kool-Aid' Kool-Aid?". Chicago Tribune. Archived from the original on September 28, 2011. Retrieved June 20, 2022.

[361] Krause, Charles A. (December 17, 1978). "Jonestown Is an Eerie Ghost Town Now". Washington Post. Retrieved June 20, 2022. A pair of woman's eyelasses, a towel, a pair of shorts, packets of unopened Flavor-Aid lie scattered about waiting for the final cleanup that may one day return Jonestown to the tidy, if overcrowded, little community it once was.

[362] Woods, Nora. "Jonestown As a Reflection of American Society". Alternative Considerations of Jonestown & Peoples Temple. Archived from the original on October 31, 2021. Retrieved June 20, 2022.

[363] Kihn, Martin (March 2005). "Don't Drink the Grape-Flavored Sugar Water..." Fast Company. Archived from the original on April 7, 2005. Retrieved June 20, 2022.

[Cosmic-364] Jeffrey Bennett; Megan Donohue; Nicholas Schneider; Mark Voit (2007). The cosmic perspective (4th ed.). San Francisco, CA: Pearson/Addison-Wesley. pp. 82–84. ISBN 978-0-8053-9283-8.

[Carlson-365] Carlson, Shawn (1985). "A double-blind test of astrology" (PDF). Nature. 318 (6045): 419–425. Bibcode:1985Natur.318..419C. doi:10.1038/318419a0. S2CID 5135208.

[Zarka-366] Zarka, Philippe (2011). "Astronomy and astrology". Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union. 5 (S260): 420–425. Bibcode:2011IAUS..260..420Z. doi:10.1017/S1743921311002602.

[367] "freefall". An astronaut orbiting Earth in a spacecraft experiences a condition of weightlessness because both the spacecraft and the astronaut are in free fall.

[368] Oberg, James (May 1993). "Space myths and misconceptions". Omni. 15 (7). Archived from the original on September 27, 2007. Retrieved May 2, 2007.

[369] "The G's in the Machine", NASA, see "Editor's note #2"

[Sohn-370] Sangmo Tony Sohn; Jay Anderson; Roeland van der Marel (July 1, 2012). "The M31 velocity vector. I. Hubble Space Telescope proper-motion measurements". The Astrophysical Journal. 753 (1): 7. arXiv:1205.6863. Bibcode:2012ApJ...753....7S. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/753/1/7. S2CID 53071357.

[nature1-371] Cowen, Ron (May 31, 2012). "Andromeda on collision course with the Milky Way". Nature. doi:10.1038/nature.2012.10765. S2CID 124815138.

[372] Karthikeyan KC (September 27, 2015). "What Are Zero Gravity and Microgravity, and What Are the Sources of Microgravity?". Geekswipe. Retrieved April 17, 2019.

[373] Chandler, David (May 1991). "Weightlessness and Microgravity" (PDF). The Physics Teacher. 29 (5): 312–13. Bibcode:1991PhTea..29..312C. doi:10.1119/1.2343327.

[374] . Sigurdsson, Steinn (June 9, 2014). "The Dark Side of the Moon: a Short History". Retrieved September 16, 2017.
b. O'Conner, Patricia T.; Kellerman, Stewart (September 6, 2011). "The Dark Side of the Moon". Retrieved September 16, 2017.
c. Messer, A'ndrea Elyse (June 9, 2014). "55-year-old dark side of the moon mystery solved". Penn State News. Retrieved September 16, 2017.
d. Falin, Lee (January 5, 2015). "What's on the Dark Side of the Moon?". Archived from the original on November 30, 2018. Retrieved September 16, 2017.

[375] Wolfson, Richard (2002). Simply Einstein: relativity demystified. W.W. Norton & Co. p. 261. ISBN 978-0-393-05154-4.

[376] "Frontiers And Controversies In Astrophysics Lecture 9". Yale University. Retrieved April 26, 2011.

[Science@NASA-377] Phillips, Tony (July 4, 2003). "The Distant Sun". NASA. Retrieved April 21, 2021.

[378] "Sun-Earth Connection". Adler Planetarium. Archived from the original on December 16, 2007. Retrieved May 8, 2009.

[379] "Ten Things You Thought You Knew about Sun-Earth Science". NASA. Archived from the original on February 21, 2013. Retrieved May 8, 2009.

[380] "NASA – Spacecraft Design". Archived from the original on July 9, 2009. Retrieved January 7, 2013.

[381] "More booming fireballs". March 30, 2009. Archived from the original on December 15, 2013. Retrieved January 7, 2013.

[382] Phil Plait (December 14, 2008). "Meteor propter hoc". Bad Astronomy. Discover. Archived from the original on February 3, 2014. Retrieved January 19, 2014.

[383] "Infernal Egguinox". Snopes.com. March 6, 2012. Retrieved January 29, 2014.

[AP-384] Schmid, Randolph (September 20, 1987). "Equinox Returns and Eggs Keep Balancing". Associated Press News. Archived from the original on April 27, 2014. Retrieved January 29, 2014.

[385] "Fisher Space Pen – Our story" Retrieved on February 4, 2019

[386] "NASA – The Fisher Space Pen" Retrieved on February 4, 2019

[387] Curtin, Ciara. "Fact or Fiction?: NASA Spent Millions to Develop a Pen that Would Write in Space, whereas the Soviet Cosmonauts Used a Pencil". Scientific American. Retrieved May 18, 2022.

[spinfaq-388] "Spinoff Frequently Asked Questions". NASA.gov. Retrieved February 28, 2021.

[SunStanford-389] Scherrer, Deborah; et al. "What Color do YOU think the Sun is?". Stanford SOLAR Center. Retrieved June 1, 2021.

[390] "Space Station Astrophotography". NASA. March 24, 2003. Archived from the original on April 4, 2014. Retrieved January 13, 2011.

[391] "Brief Answers to Cosmic Questions". Universe Forum. Cambridge, MA: Harvard–Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics. Archived from the original on April 13, 2016. Retrieved December 18, 2019. Archival site: "The Universe Forum's role as part of NASA's Education Support Network concluded in September, 2009."

[pmid270744-392] Woese CR, Fox GE (November 1977). "Phylogenetic structure of the prokaryotic domain: the primary kingdoms". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 74 (11): 5088–90. Bibcode:1977PNAS...74.5088W. doi:10.1073/pnas.74.11.5088. PMC 432104. PMID 270744.

[w1990-393] Woese CR, Kandler O, Wheelis ML (June 1990). "Towards a natural system of organisms: proposal for the domains Archaea, Bacteria, and Eucarya". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 87 (12): 4576–9. Bibcode:1990PNAS...87.4576W. doi:10.1073/pnas.87.12.4576. PMC 54159. PMID 2112744.

[Scamardella1999-394] Scamardella, Joseph M. (1999). "Not plants or animals: a brief history of the origin of Kingdoms Protozoa, Protista and Protoctista". International Microbiology. 2 (4): 207–16. PMID 10943416.

[sapp2005-395] Sapp, J. (2005). "The Prokaryote-Eukaryote Dichotomy: Meanings and Mythology". Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews. 69 (2): 292–305. doi:10.1128/MMBR.69.2.292-305.2005. PMC 1197417. PMID 15944457.

[Emily_Case-396] Case, Emily (October 1, 2008). "Teaching Taxonomy: How Many Kingdoms?". American Biology Teacher. 70 (8): 472–477. doi:10.2307/30163328. JSTOR 30163328. Retrieved July 28, 2020.

[Balch_Magrum_Fox_Wolfe_Woese-397] Balch, W.E.; Magrum, L.J.; Fox, G.E.; Wolfe, C.R. & Woese, C.R. (August 1977). "An ancient divergence among the bacteria". J. Mol. Evol. 9 (4): 305–11. Bibcode:1977JMolE...9..305B. doi:10.1007/BF01796092. PMID 408502. S2CID 27788891.

[Cavalier-Smith_1998_203–66-398] Cavalier-Smith, T. (1998). "A revised six-kingdom system of life". Biological Reviews. 73 (3): 203–66. doi:10.1111/j.1469-185X.1998.tb00030.x. PMID 9809012. S2CID 6557779.

[399] Cavalier-Smith, Thomas (March 26, 1987). "Eucaryotes with no mitochondria". Nature. 326 (6111): 332–333. Bibcode:1987Natur.326..332C. doi:10.1038/326332a0. PMID 3561476.

[SimpsonRoger2004-400] Simpson, Alastair G.B.; Roger, Andrew J. (2004). "The real 'kingdoms' of eukaryotes". Current Biology. 14 (17): R693–R696. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2004.08.038. PMID 15341755. S2CID 207051421.

[401] Spanney, Laura (January 28, 1995). "Not Many People Know That". New Scientist. Archived from the original on April 27, 2014. Retrieved November 11, 2011.

[402] . Smith II, Larry (2007). "Longhorn_Information – handling". International Texas Longhorn Association. Archived from the original on May 11, 2010. Retrieved June 23, 2010.
b. Dario, A. (September 12, 2003). "Cattle – Basic Care" (PDF). IACUC, University of Tennessee. Archived from the original (PDF) on June 25, 2008. Retrieved June 23, 2010.
c. Grandin, Temple (2007). "Behavioral Principles of Handling Cattle and Other Grazing Animals under Extensive Conditions". In Moberg, Gary; Mench, Joy A. (eds.). The Biology of Animal Stress. CABI. p. 45. ISBN 978-1-84593-219-0.

[403] Mikkelson, Barbara and David P. (August 19, 2007). "White Wilderness Lemmings Suicide". Snopes. Retrieved August 29, 2009.

[404] Scott, W. (November 1891). "The Monthly chronicle of North-country lore and legend: v. 1–5; Mar. 1887–Dec. 1891". The Monthly Chronicle of North-country Lore and Legend. 5: 523.

[405] . "Dog noses – myths and facts about your dog's nose – weekly pet tips by Pets.ca". Retrieved May 22, 2011.
b. Varasdi 1996, p. 267: "Dogs do not sweat with their tongues as most people believe. They do have some sweat glands, but the ones of most importance are on the pads, or soles, of their feet."
c. Segaloff, Nat (2001). The Everything tall tales, legends & outrageous lies book. Adams Media Corp. p. 265. ISBN 978-1-58062-514-2. Of course, dogs sweat. You would, too, if you had to wear a fur coat in hot weather. Dogs excrete moisture through the pads on their paws.
d. Olien, Michael D. (1978). The human myth : an introduction to anthropology. New York: Harper & Row. p. 568. ISBN 978-0-06-044918-6. It is another folk tale that dogs do not sweat except through the tongue. This is an incorrect belief as dogs possess sweat glands all over the body.
e. Aoki, T.; Wada, M. (August 2, 1951). "Functional Activity of the Sweat Glands in the Hairy Skin of the Dog". Science. 114 (2953): 123–24. Bibcode:1951Sci...114..123A. doi:10.1126/science.114.2953.123. PMID 14854926.
f. "British Medical Journal 1899 April 15". British Medical Journal. 1 (1998): 921–28. 1899. doi:10.1136/bmj.1.1998.921. PMC 2462491. SOME time ago we received from a correspondent an inquiry as to whether the very prevalent belief that a dog perspires through the tongue was a vulgar error or well founded. ...whether the dog exudes fluid from the tongue of the some kind as that exuded from the human skin. To this question the answer is, No. The skin of the dog is abundantly furnished with glands, having the characteristic disposition and structure of those which in man produce sweat, ... in other words, the dog does not sweat by the tongue.

[406] "How Do Dogs Sweat". Petplace.com. p. 1. Archived from the original on December 14, 2013. Retrieved February 9, 2012.

[407] . Spadafori, Gina (1996). Dogs for Dummies. IDG Books. ISBN 978-1-56884-861-7
b. Siegal, Mordecai (Ed.; 1995). UC Davis School of Veterinary Medicine Book of the Dogs; Chapter 5, "Geriatrics", by Aldrich, Janet. Harper Collins. ISBN 978-0-06-270136-7.
c. Wang, Tina; Ma, Jianzhu; Hogan, Andrew N.; Fong, Samson; Licon, Katherine; Tsui, Brian; Kreisberg, Jason F.; Adams, Peter D.; Carvunis, Anne-Ruxandra; Bannasch, Danika L.; Ostrander, Elaine A. (July 2, 2020). "Quantitative Translation of Dog-to-Human Aging by Conserved Remodeling of the DNA Methylome". Cell Systems. 11 (2): 176–185.e6. doi:10.1016/j.cels.2020.06.006. ISSN 2405-4712. PMC 7484147. PMID 32619550.

[408] Busch, R. H. (2007). Wolf Almanac, New and Revised: A Celebration Of Wolves And Their World (3rd ed.). Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 978-1-59921-069-8., p. 59

[409] Lopez, Barry H. (1978). Of Wolves and Men. J. M. Dent and Sons Limited. ISBN 978-0-7432-4936-2., p. 38

[410] "Dominance and Dog Training". Archived from the original on February 2, 2017. Retrieved January 30, 2017.

[411] Davis, Lauren. "Why everything you know about wolf packs is wrong". io9. Retrieved October 13, 2017.

[bats-412] . Di Silvestro, Roger (February 1, 2003). "The Truth About Animal Clichés". National Wildlife Federation. Retrieved October 31, 2011.
b. "Blind as a Bat?". Geneva, New York: Hobart and William Smith Colleges. June 12, 2003. Archived from the original (Press release) on June 7, 2008. Retrieved April 7, 2009.

[fastcompany-413] "Next Time, What Say We Boil a Consultant". Fast Company Issue 01. October 1995. Retrieved February 29, 2016.

[414] Hipsley, Anna (February 19, 2008). "Goldfish three-second memory myth busted (Australian Broadcasting Corporation)". Australia: ABC. Archived from the original on June 25, 2011. Retrieved August 29, 2009.

[415] "Sinking Titanic: Goldfish Memory". Archived from the original on February 25, 2011.. 2004 season, Episode 12. MythBusters. Discovery.com. February 22, 2004.

[416] Ostrander, G. K.; Cheng, KC; Wolf, JC; Wolfe, MJ (2004). "Shark Cartilage, Cancer and the Growing Threat of Pseudoscience". Cancer Research. 64 (23): 8485–91. doi:10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-04-2260. PMID 15574750.

[417] Jennifer Hile (January 23, 2004). "Great White Shark Attacks: Defanging the Myths". nationalgeographic.com.

[418] MacDonald, James (June 26, 2019). "How Snakes Swallow". JSTOR Daily.

[419] Binns, Corey (September 11, 2012). "How Do Snakes Swallow Large Animals?". Live Science.

[420] Is it true that tomato sauce will get rid of the smell of a skunk?. Scienceline. Retrieved on April 5, 2012.

[421] "De-skunking your dog". The Humane Society of the United States. Archived from the original on December 10, 2016. Retrieved August 8, 2019.

[422] Encyclopædia Britannica: Or, A Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, and Miscellaneous Literature, Enlarged and Improved. Archibald Constable. 1823. pp. 501–.

[423] Shepard, Thomas Goodwin (1865). The natural history of secession. Derby & Miller. pp. 78–.

[424] "Porcupines". Texas Parks & Wildlife. n.d. Retrieved October 14, 2022.

[425] "Do mice really love cheese?". HowStuffWorks. April 15, 2015. Retrieved February 27, 2020.

[Gudger-426] Gudger, E.W. (January 1930). "On the alleged penetration of the human urethra by an Amazonian catfish called candiru with a review of the allied habits of other members of the family pygidiidae". The American Journal of Surgery (Print). Elsevier Inc. 8 (1): 170–188. doi:10.1016/S0002-9610(30)90912-9. ISSN 0002-9610.

[CNN-427] Gray, Melissa (August 16, 2013). "Warning over testicle-biting fish in Denmark? It's all wet". CNN. Retrieved September 8, 2013.

[428] Than, Ker (August 13, 2013). "Fears of 'Testicle-Eating' Fish Overblown". National Geographic. Retrieved June 13, 2022.

[429] "Killer Piranhas: Myth or Fact?". Explorersweb. April 7, 2020. Retrieved June 26, 2021.

[430] "FACT CHECK: Is Hippopotamus Milk Pink?". Snopes. January 6, 2016. Retrieved February 16, 2022.

[431] Nash, Pat (February 2005). "The RRRRRRRRiveting Life of Tree Frogs". WSU Beach Watchers. Archived from the original on March 9, 2012. Retrieved June 25, 2022.

[432] Brulliard, Karin (October 14, 2016). "Why French pigs say groin, Japanese bees say boon and American frogs say ribbit". Washington Post. Archived from the original on April 27, 2019. Retrieved June 25, 2022. Only American frogs are said to go "ribbit," and that's believed to be because early Hollywood producers used the ribbiting sound of the Pacific tree frog during night scenes.

[433] "Have You Heard the Calls from Cook County's 12 Frog and Toad Species?". Forest Preserves of Cook County. May 25, 2022. Retrieved June 25, 2022. Here's a bonus fact: you might notice that none of these species says, "ribbit." In fact, the "ribbit" call is unique to the Pacific tree frog, which lives along the Pacific coast, and, notably, in Hollywood, California, where the largest volume of early frog recordings took place.

[434] Mikkelson, Barbara (August 26, 2001). "Fact Check: Will Baby Birds Be Rejected by Their Mother If You Handle Them?". Snopes.

[435] Boyd, Robynne (July 26, 2007). "Fact or Fiction?: Birds (and Other Critters) Abandon Their Young at the Slightest Human Touch". Scientific American.

[436] "Against the Grain". Snopes.com. May 14, 2000. Retrieved April 17, 2021.

[437] "Does Wedding Rice Make Birds Explode?". Live Science. June 4, 2010. Retrieved April 17, 2021.

[438] Fader, Carole (October 19, 2016). "Fact Check: Birds really can eat rice safely". The Florida Times-Union.

[439] Jessica Robinson, "Bald Eagle: A Mighty Symbol, With A Not-So-Mighty Voice"; NPR, July 2, 2012; accessed 2019.08.23.

[440] Ferguson-Lees, J.; Christie, D. (2001). Raptors of the World. London: Christopher Helm. pp. 717–19. ISBN 978-0-7136-8026-3.

[441] Kruszelnicki, Karl S. (November 2, 2006). "Ostrich head in sand". Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Archived from the original on April 27, 2014. Retrieved October 7, 2011.

[442] Smith, Rex (May 8, 2011). "Maybe ostriches are smarter". Albany Times-Union. Archived from the original on April 27, 2014. Retrieved October 7, 2011.

[443] "Alcatraz Escape: Does a Duck's Quack Echo?". Archived from the original on October 3, 2012. (Season 1, Episode 8). MythBusters. Discovery Channel. December 12, 2003.

[444] "A Duck's Quack Doesn't Echo, and no-one knows the reason why?". Acoustics.salford.ac.uk. University of Salford Acoustics. Archived from the original on October 11, 2013. Retrieved January 13, 2010.

[Fugate2021-445] Fugate, Lauren; Miller, John MacNeill (November 1, 2021). "Shakespeare's Starlings: Literary History and the Fictions of Invasiveness". Environmental Humanities. 13 (2): 301–322. doi:10.1215/22011919-9320167. ISSN 2201-1919. S2CID 243468840. Retrieved November 26, 2021.

[446] Strycker, Noah (2014). The Thing with Feathers. Penguin Group. p. 42. ISBN 978-1-59448-635-7.

[447] Bates, Mary. "How Do Chameleons Change Colors?". Wired. Wired Magazine. April 11, 2014.

[448] Moment, Gairdner B. (1942). "Simultaneous anterior and posterior regeneration and other growth phenomena in Maldanid polychaetes". Journal of Experimental Zoology. 117: 1–13. doi:10.1002/jez.1401170102.

[449] Reddien, Peter W.; Alvarado, Alejandro Sanchez (2004). "Fundamentals of planarian regeneration". Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology. 20: 725–57. doi:10.1146/annurev.cellbio.20.010403.095114. PMID 15473858.

[450] "The Housefly". Forest Preserve District of Cook County (Illinois). April 15, 1972. Archived from the original on March 1, 2013. Retrieved January 16, 2011.

[Sweeney-451] Sweeney, Bernard W.; Vannote, Robin L. (1982). "Population Synchrony in Mayflies: A Predator Satiation Hypothesis". Evolution. 36 (4): 810–22. doi:10.2307/2407894. JSTOR 2407894. PMID 28568232.

[452] "Buried in Concrete : Daddy Long Legs". Archived from the original on February 25, 2011.. (2004 Season, Episode 13). MythBusters. Discovery Channel. February 25, 2004.

[453] "UCR Spider Site – Daddy Long Legs Myth". University of California Riverside. Archived from the original on November 4, 2013. Retrieved September 18, 2008.

[454] "Spider Myths – If it could only bite". Burke Museum of Natural History & Culture, University of Washington. 2003. Archived from the original on July 14, 2007. Retrieved July 22, 2008.

[455] "Myth: You unknowingly swallow an average of four live spiders in your sleep each year". Burke Museum. 2010. Retrieved February 5, 2020.

[456] Sneed, Annie (April 15, 2014). "Fact or Fiction? People Swallow 8 Spiders a Year While They Sleep". Scientific American. Retrieved June 7, 2015.

[457] Burchell, Helen (August 6, 2023). "Do people really swallow spiders in their sleep?". BBC News. Hertfordshire. Retrieved August 6, 2023.

[458] "Do Female Praying Mantises Always Eat the Males?". EntomologyToday. December 22, 2013.

[459] . Chatfield, Matthew (January 4, 2008). "Some scientist once proved that bees can't fly...?".. naturenet.net. The Ranger's Blog.
b. Ivars Peterson (September 13, 2004). "Flight of the Bumblebee". Ivars Peterson's MathTrek. Mathematical Association of America. Retrieved November 18, 2011.
c. Dickinson, Michael (June 2001). "Solving the Mystery of Insect Flight". Scientific American. 284 (6): 48–50, 53–57. Bibcode:2001SciAm.284f..48D. doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0601-48. JSTOR 26059248. PMID 11396342. a 1934 book by entomologist Antoine Magnan... refers to a calculation by his assistant André Sainte-Laguë, who was an engineer. The conclusion was presumably based on the fact that the maximum possible lift produced by aircraft wings as small as a bumblebee's wings and traveling as slowly as a bee in flight would be much less than the weight of a bee.

[460] Fisher, JR (1986). "Earwig in the ear". Western Journal of Medicine. 145 (2): 245. PMC 1306897. PMID 3765607.

[461] Costa, J.T. (2006). The Other Insect Societies. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

[462] "Dermaptera: earwigs". Insects and their Allies. CSIRO. Retrieved November 16, 2015.

[463] . Haltiwanger, John (September 15, 2014). "If All The Bees In The World Die, Humans Will Not Survive". Elite Daily.
b. A Devastating Look At Our World If Honeybees Disappeared: "A world without honeybees would also mean a world without fruits, vegetables, nuts, and seeds."
c. What Would Happen if All the Bees Went Extinct?; "First, the easy part: "I've never seen anything definitively link the quote to Einstein," says Mark Dykes, the chief inspector for Texas Apiary Inspection Service. Quote checkers like this one, and this one agree. But debunking its message? That's more complicated."
d. Would a World Without Bees Be a World Without Us?

[464] Goldschein, Eric. "The 10 Most Important Crops In The World". Business Insider.

[465] "What Are the World's Most Important Staple Foods?". WorldAtlas. June 7, 2019.

[466] Roberts, Catherine (June 2, 2018). "4 Common Myths About Ticks Debunked". Consumer Reports. Retrieved June 7, 2021.

[467] "Host seeking". CVBD: Companion Vector-Borne Diseases. Retrieved December 8, 2016.

[468] "Termite". Merriam-Webster.com. August 27, 2023.

[469] Cleveland, L.R.; Hall, S.K.; Sanders, E.P.; Collier, J. (1934). "The Wood-Feeding Roach Cryptocercus, its protozoa, and the symbiosis between protozoa and roach". Memoirs of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. 17 (2): 185–382. doi:10.1093/aesa/28.2.216.

[470] McKittrick, F.A. (1965). "A contribution to the understanding of cockroach-termite affinities". Annals of the Entomological Society of America. 58 (1): 18–22. doi:10.1093/aesa/58.1.18. PMID 5834489.

[471] Ware, J.L.; Litman, J.; Klass, K.-D.; Spearman, L.A. (2008). "Relationships among the major lineages of Dictyoptera: the effect of outgroup selection on dictyopteran tree topology". Systematic Entomology. 33 (3): 429–450. doi:10.1111/j.1365-3113.2008.00424.x. S2CID 86777253.

[472] Kruszelnicki, Karl S. (February 23, 2006). "Cockroaches and Radiation". ABC Science. Retrieved November 24, 2015.

[473] "Cockroaches are not radiation-proof and most are not pests". BBC Earth. Retrieved June 1, 2018.

[Umass-474] "The Cockroach FAQ". University of Massachusetts. Retrieved November 24, 2015.

[475] Riley, Daniel (July 8, 2008). "Will cockroaches really be the last survivors on Earth?". Slate Magazine. Retrieved August 28, 2022.

[476] "Should You Pee on a Jellyfish Sting?". Cleveland Clinic. July 12, 2022.

[UAMSHealth-477] "Does Urine Help a Jellyfish Sting?". UAMS Health. March 8, 2019.

[478] "Carnivorous Plants | Encyclopedia.com". www.encyclopedia.com. Retrieved May 25, 2021.

[southern-479] Bender, Steve, ed. (2004). "Euphorbia". The Southern Living Garden Book (2nd ed.). Birmingham, AL: Oxmoor House. p. 306. ISBN 978-0-376-03910-1.

[480] . "Are Poinsettia Plants Poisonous? Fact or Fiction?". MedicineNet. Archived from the original on May 9, 2013. Retrieved December 21, 2007.
b. Krenzelok E.P.; Jacobsen T.D.; Aronis J. M. (November 1996). "Poinsettia exposures have good outcomes...just as we thought". Am J Emerg Med. 14 (7): 671–74. doi:10.1016/S0735-6757(96)90086-8. PMID 8906768.
c. "Ask the Expert: Poison Control > Poinsettia". ASPCA. Archived from the original on January 10, 2011.

[481] . Gerard, John (1597). "Herball, or Generall Historie of Plantes". London: John Norton. pp. 612–14. Archived from the original on April 27, 2014. Retrieved January 7, 2021. Popular botany book in 17th century England.
b. Hangarter, Roger P. "Solar tracking: sunflower plants". Plants-In-Motion website. Indiana University. Archived from the original on October 19, 2013. Retrieved August 22, 2012. Many people are under the misconception that the flower heads of the cultivated sunflower (Helianthus annuus) track the sun... Immature flower buds of the sunflower do exhibit solar tracking and on sunny days the buds will track the sun across the sky from east to west... However, as the flower bud matures and blossoms, the stem stiffens and the flower becomes fixed facing the eastward direction.
c. Polikarpov, G.G. (1978). "Sunflower's blooming floscule is a compass". Nature. 272 (5649): 122. Bibcode:1978Natur.272..122P. doi:10.1038/272122c0.
d. Lang, A.R.G.; Begg, J.E. (1979). "Movements of Helianthus annuus Leaves and Heads". Journal of Applied Ecology. 16 (1): 299–305. doi:10.2307/2402749. JSTOR 2402749. Archived from the original on May 23, 2013. Retrieved December 10, 2016. Dinural E-W oscillations of the heads occurred initially but ceased as the flowers opened and anthesis commenced, leaving the heads facing east

[482] "When the plant is in the bud stage, it tends to track the movement of the sun across the horizon. Once the flower opens into the radiance of yellow petals, it faces east". National Sunflower Association. Archived from the original on November 3, 2013.

[pmid18461162-483] Shalchian-Tabrizi K, Minge MA, Espelund M, et al. (May 7, 2008). Aramayo R (ed.). "Multigene phylogeny of choanozoa and the origin of animals". PLOS ONE. 3 (5): e2098. Bibcode:2008PLoSO...3.2098S. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0002098. PMC 2346548. PMID 18461162.

[484] "Fifth-Grade Elementary School Students' Conceptions and Misconceptions about the Fungus Kingdom". Retrieved October 5, 2022.

[485] "Common Student Ideas about Plants and Animals" (PDF). Retrieved October 5, 2022.

[486] "Evolutionary Science and Society: Educating a New Generation (TOC)" (PDF). Revised Proceedings of the BSCS, AIBS Symposium. MSU.edu. November 2004. pp. 11–12. Retrieved January 13, 2011.

[487] "It Is Not Just a Theory... It Is a Theory!". Chandra Chronicles. Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics. July 7, 2008. Archived from the original on December 14, 2013. Retrieved April 8, 2009.

[488] Kuhn, Thomas S. (1996). The Structure of Scientific Revolutions (3rd ed.). Chicago: University of Chicago Press. p. 7. ISBN 978-0-226-45808-3.

[489] "Misconceptions about the Nature of Science". UMT.edu. University of Montana, Div. Biological Sciences. Archived from the original on October 17, 2011. Retrieved April 8, 2009.

[490] "Misconceptions about evolution". Evolution.berkeley.edu. Archived from the original on October 27, 2013. Retrieved February 9, 2012.

[491] "Five Major Misconceptions about Evolution". TalkOrigins. October 1, 2003. Archived from the original on October 3, 2013. Retrieved February 9, 2012.

[Michigan-492] "Evolution and Natural Selection". University of Michigan. October 10, 2010. Retrieved November 9, 2016.

[pmid11893328-493] Moran, Nancy A. (2002). "Microbial MinimalismGenome Reduction in Bacterial Pathogens". Cell. 108 (5): 583–86. doi:10.1016/S0092-8674(02)00665-7. PMID 11893328. S2CID 18688744.

[Briankhall1-494] Brian K. Hall (1984), "Developmental mechanisms underlying the atavisms", Biological Reviews, 59 (1): 89–124, doi:10.1111/j.1469-185x.1984.tb00402.x, PMID 6367843, S2CID 29258934

[Glossary-495] "Darwin's precursors and influences: Glossary". Retrieved January 18, 2010.

[496] "Is the human race evolving or devolving?". Scientific American. July 20, 1998. Archived from the original on October 10, 2012. see also biological devolution.

[IntroEvolutionaryBiology-497] Colby, Chris (1996–1997), Introduction to Evolutionary Biology, TalkOrigins Archive, retrieved February 22, 2009

[498] Hartl, D. L. (1981) A Primer of Population Genetics ISBN 978-0-87893-271-9

[499] Haldane, J. B. S. (November 1992). "The Cost of Natural Selection". Current Science. 63 (9/10): 612–625.

[500] "Misconceptions about natural selection and adaptation: Natural selection involves organisms 'trying' to adapt.". Misconceptions about evolution. University of California Museum of Paleontology. Archived from the original on October 27, 2013.