Romanian Cyrillic alphabet

The Romanian Cyrillic alphabet is the Cyrillic alphabet that was used to write the Romanian language & Old Church Slavonic before the 1860s, when it was officially replaced by a Latin-based Romanian alphabet. Cyrillic remained in occasional use until the 1920s, mostly in Russian-ruled Bessarabia.[1]

Romanian Cyrillic
Script type
Time period
14th–19th centuries
LanguagesRomanian
Related scripts
Parent systems
Sister systems
Early Cyrillic alphabet

From the 1830s until the full adoption of the Latin alphabet, the Romanian transitional alphabet was in place, combining Cyrillic and Latin letters, and including some of the Latin letters with diacritics that remain in the modern Romanian alphabet.[2] The Romanian Orthodox Church continued using the alphabet in its publications until 1881.[3]

The Romanian Cyrillic alphabet is not the same as the Moldovan Cyrillic alphabet (which is based on the modern Russian alphabet) that was used in the Moldavian SSR for most of the Soviet era and that is still used in Transnistria.

Table of correspondence

The Cyrillic script
Slavic letters
АА́А̀А̂А̄ӒБВ
ГҐДЂЃЕЕ́Ѐ
Е̄Е̂ЁЄЄ́ЖЗЗ́
ЅИІІ́ЇЇ́И́
ЍИ̂ӢЙЈКЛЉ
МНЊОО́О̀О̂Ō
ӦПРСС́ТЋЌ
УУ́У̀У̂ӮЎӰФ
ХЦЧЏШЩЪ
Ъ̀ЫЫ́ЬѢЭЭ́Ю
Ю́Ю̀ЯЯ́Я̀
Non-Slavic letters
ӐА̊А̃Ӓ̄ӔӘӘ́Ә̃
ӚВ̌ԜГ̑Г̇Г̣Г̌Г̂
Г̆Г̈ҔҒӺҒ̌Ӷ
Д́Д̌Д̈Д̣Д̆ӖЕ̃
Ё̄Є̈ҖӜӁЖ̣ҘӞ
З̌З̣З̆ԐԐ̈ӠИ̃Ӥ
ҊҚӃҠҞҜК̣Ԛ
Л́ӅԮԒЛ̈Ӎ
Н́ӉҢԨӇҤО̆О̃
Ӧ̄ӨӨ̄Ө́Ө̆ӪԤП̈
Р̌ҎС̌ҪС̣С̱Т́Т̈
Т̌Т̇Т̣ҬУ̃ӲУ̊
Ӱ̄ҰҮҮ́Х̣Х̱Х̮Х̑
Х̌ҲӼӾҺҺ̈ԦЦ̌
Ц̈ҴҶҶ̣ӴӋҸ
Ч̇Ч̣ҼҾШ̈Ш̣Ы̆
Ы̄ӸҌҨЭ̆Э̄Э̇
ӬӬ́Ӭ̄Ю̆Ю̈Ю̈́Ю̄Я̆
Я̄Я̈Я̈́Ӏ
Archaic or unused letters
А̨Б̀Б̣Б̱В̀Г̀Г̧
Г̄Г̓Г̆Ҕ̀Ҕ̆ԀД̓
Д̀Д̨ԂЕ̇Е̨
Ж̀Ж̑Џ̆
Ꚅ̆З̀З̑ԄԆ
ԪІ̂І̣І̨
Ј̵Ј̃К̓К̀К̆Ӄ̆
К̑К̇К̈К̄ԞК̂
Л̀ԠԈЛ̑Л̇Ԕ
М̀М̃Н̀Н̄Н̧Н̃
ԊԢН̡Ѻ
П̓П̀П́П̧
ҦП̑ҀԚ̆Р́Р̀Р̃
ԖС̀С̈ԌҪ̓Т̓Т̀
ԎТ̑Т̧Ꚍ̆
ѸУ̇У̨ꙋ́Ф̑
Ф̓Х́Х̀Х̆Х̇Х̧Х̓
һ̱ѠѼѾЦ̀Ц́
Ц̓Ꚏ̆Ч́
Ч̀Ч̆Ч̑Ч̓Ԭ
Ꚇ̆Ҽ̆Ш̀Ш̆Ш̑Щ̆
Ꚗ̆Ы̂Ы̃Ѣ́Ѣ̈Ѣ̆
Э̨Э̂Ю̂
Я̈Я̂Я̨ԘѤѦѪ
ѨѬѮѰѲѴ
Ѷ

The Romanian Cyrillic alphabet was close to the contemporary version of the Early Cyrillic alphabet of the Old Church Slavonic liturgical language.

Letter Numerical
value
Romanian
Latin
equivalent
Transitional
alphabet
Moldovan
Cyrillic
equivalent
Phoneme Romanian
name[4]
Slavonic
equiv.
name
А а1aA aа/a/azазъ (azŭ)
Б БbБ Бб/b/bucheбꙋкꙑ (buky)
В в2vВ вв/v/vedeвѣдѣ (vĕdĕ)
Г г3gh (before e, i)

g (elsewhere)

G gг/ɡ/glagolглаголи (glagoli)
Д д4dD dд/d/dobruдобро (dobro)
Є є, Е е[5]5eE eе/e/estєстъ (estŭ)
Ж жjЖ жж/ʒ/juveteживѣтє (živěte)
Ѕ ѕ6dzḐ ḑдз/d͡z/zaluꙃѣло (dzělo)
З з7zZ zз/z/zemleзємл҄ꙗ (zemlja)
И и8iI iи/i/ijeижє (iže)
Й й[6]iĬ ĭй/j/, /ʲ/
І і[7]10iI iи/i/iи (i)
К к20ch (before e, i)

c (elsewhere)

К к
or
K k
к/k/kakuкако (kako)
Л л30lЛ лл/l/liudeлюдиѥ (ljudije)
М м40mM mм/m/misleteмꙑслитє (myslite)
Н н50nN nн/n/nașнашь (našĭ)
Ѻ ѻ, О о[5]70oO oо/o̯/onонъ (onŭ)
П п80pП пп/p/pocoiпокои (pokoi)
Р р100rР рр/r/râțăрьци (rĭci)
С с200sS sс/s/slovăслово (slovo)
Т т300tT tт/t/tferduтврьдо (tvrĭdo)
ОУ оу[5]400uꙊ ꙋ[8] (Ȣ, ȣ, ɣ)у/u/upsilonꙋкъ (ukŭ)
Оу Ȣ, У Ȣ[5]ucu
Ф ф500fF fф/f/fârtaфрьтъ (frĭtŭ)
Х х600hХ хх/h/heruхѣръ (xěrŭ)
Ѡ ѡ[9]800oO oо/o/omegaотъ (otŭ)
Щ щștЩ щшт/ʃt/șteaща (šta)
Ц ц900țЦ цц/t͡s/țiци
Ч ч90c (before e, i)

ci (elsewhere)

Ч чч/t͡ʃ/cervuчрьвь (črĭvĭ)
Ш шșШ шш/ʃ/șaша (ša)
Ъ ъă, ŭ[10]Ъ ъэ/ə/ierѥръ (jerŭ)
Ы ы, Ꙑ ꙑâ, î[10]Î îы/ɨ/ieriѥрꙑ (jery)
Ь ьă, ŭ, ĭ[10]Ꙋ̆ ꙋ̆ьѥрь (jerĭ)
Ѣ ѣeaEa eaя/e̯a/eati(u)ѣть (ětĭ)
Ю юiuĬꙋ ĭꙋю/ju/Io / iuю (ju)
Ꙗ ꙗ[5]iaĬa ĭaиа/ja/ia (ja)
Ѥ ѥ[5]ieĬe ĭeие/je/ѥ (je)
Ѧ ѧĭa, ea[10]Ĭa ĭa, Ea eaя/ja/iaѧсъ (ęsŭ)
Ѫ ѫîÎ îы/ɨ/ѫсъ (ǫsŭ)
Ѯ ѯ[11]60xKs ksкс/ks/csiѯи (ksi)
Ѱ ѱ[11]700psПs пsпс/ps/psiѱи (psi)
Ѳ ѳ[11]9th, ftT t, Ft ftт, фт/t/ and approx. /θ/ or /f/thitaфита (fita)
Ѵ ѵ[11]400i, uI i; Ꙋ ꙋи, у/i/, /y/, /v/ижица (ižica)
Ꙟ ꙟ, ↑ în îmÎn în Îm îmын, ым/ɨn/, /ɨm/în
Џ џg (before e, i)

gi (elsewhere)

Џ џӂ/d͡ʒ/gea

Unregulated transitional alphabets

Starting with the 1830s and ending with the official adoption of the Latin alphabet, there were no regulations for writing Romanian, and various alphabets using Cyrillic and Latin letters, besides the mid-transitional version in the table above, were used, sometimes two or more of them in a single book. The following table shows some of the many alphabets used in print.

Pre-1830 1833[12] 1838[13] 1846 (1)[14] 1846 (2)[15] 1848[16] 1858[17] 1860[18]
А аА аА аА аА аА аA aA a
Б Б Б Б Б Б Б Б Б Б Б Б B b Б Б
В вВ вВ вВ вВ вВ вV vВ в
Г гГ гГ гГ гГ гГ гG gГ г
Д дД дД дD dД дD dD dD d
Є є, Е eЄ єЄ єE eΕ εE eE eE e
Ж жЖ жЖ жЖ жЖ жЖ жJ jЖ ж
Ѕ ѕЅ ѕДз дзḐ ḑДз дзDz dzDz dzDz dz
З зЗ зЗ зZ zЗ зZ zZ zZ z
И иИ иI iI iІ іI iI iI i
І іЇ їI iI iІ іI iI iI i
К кК кК кK kК кК кK kK k
Л лЛ лЛ лЛ лЛ лЛ лL lL l
М мМ мМ мM mМ мM mM mM m
Н нН нН нN nN ɴN nN nN n
Ѻ ѻ, О oО оО оO oО оО оО оO о
П пП пП пП пП пП пП пП п
Р рР рР рР рР рР рR rР р
С сС сС сS sС сС сS sS s
Т тТ тТ тT tТ тТ тT tT t
Оу оу У у (initial)
Ꙋ ꙋ (mid and final)
Ꙋ ꙋ Ꙋ ꙋ Ꙋ ꙋ Ꙋ ꙋ Ꙋ ꙋ Ꙋ ꙋ
Ꙋ, ȣ
Ф фФ фФ фФ фФ фФ фF fФ ф
Х хХ хХ хХ хХ хХ хХ хХ х
Ѡ ѡ Ѡ ѡ[19] О оO oО оO oО оО о
Щ щЩ щЩ щЩ щШт штЩ щШt шtШt шt
Ц цЦ цЦ цЦ цЦ цЦ цЦ цЦ ц
Ч чЧ чЧ чЧ чЧ чЧ чЧ чЧ ч
Ш шШ шШ шШ шШ шШ шШ шШ ш
Ъ ъЪ ъЪ ъЪ ъЪ ъЪ ъЪ ъЪ ъ
Ы ы Ꙟ ꙟ (initial)
Ѫ ѫ (mid and final)
Ꙟ ꙟ (initial)
Ѫ ѫ (mid and final)
Ꙟ ꙟꙞ ꙟ / Î î (transitional form) Ꙟ ꙟ (initial)
Ѫ ѫ (mid and final)
Î îÎ î
Ѣ ѣ Ѣ ѣѢ ѣEa ea Εа εа (ligature, small letter only) Ea eaEa eaEa ea
Ю ю Ю ю IꙊ iꙋ (ligature) IꙊ Iꙋ iꙋ (ligature) IꙊ Iꙋ іꙋ (ligature, small letter only) Iꙋ iꙋ IꙊ iꙋ (ligature) Ĭꙋ ĭꙋ
Ꙗ ꙗ Ꙗ ꙗ (initial)
Ѧ ѧ (mid and final)
Ꙗ ꙗ Ꙗ Iа (ligature) ꙗ IА Iа ꙗIa iaĬa ĭaĬa ĭa
Ѥ ѥЙє йєĬe ĭeĬe ĭeĬε ĭεIe ieĬe ĭeĬe ĭe
Ѧ ѧ Ꙗ ꙗ (initial)
Ѧ ѧ (mid and final)
Ꙗ ꙗ Ꙗ Iа (ligature) ꙗ IА Iа ꙗIa iaĬa ĭaĬa ĭa
Ѫ ѫ Ꙟ ꙟ (initial)
Ѫ ѫ (mid and final)
Ꙟ ꙟ (initial)
Ѫ ѫ (mid and final)
Ꙟ ꙟꙞ ꙟ / Î î (transitional form) Ꙟ ꙟ (initial)
Ѫ ѫ (mid and final)
Î îÎ î
Ѯ ѯКс ксКс ксKs ksКс ксКс ксKs ksKs ks
Ѱ ѱ[11]Пс псПс псПs пsПс псПс псПs пsПs пs
Ѳ ѳ[11]Т тТ тT tѲ ѳТ тT tT t
Ѵ ѵ[11]И, ꙊI, ꙊI, ꙊІ, ꙊІ, ꙊI, ꙊI, Ꙋ
Ꙟ ꙟꙞн ꙟн Ꙟм ꙟмꙞн ꙟн Ꙟм ꙟмꙞн ꙟн Ꙟм ꙟмꙞⲛ ꙟⲛ Ꙟм ꙟмꙞn ꙟn Ꙟm ꙟmÎn în Îm îmÎn în Îm îm
Џ џЏ џЏ џЏ џЏ џЏ џЏ џЏ џ

Example of Romanian Cyrillic text

According to a document from the 1850s,[20] this is how the Romanian Lord's Prayer looked in Cyrillic script. Transcriptional values correspond to the above table.

Тáтъʌь нѡ́сmрꙋ Tatăl nostru

Та́тъль но́стрꙋ ка́реле є҆́щй ꙟ҆ че́рюрй: сфн҃цѣ́скъсе нꙋ́меле тъ́ꙋ:
Ві́е ꙟ҆пъръці́ѧ та̀: Фі́е во́ѧ та̀, пре кꙋ́мь ꙟ҆ че́рю, шѝ пре пъмѫ́нть.
Пѫ́йнѣ ноа́стръ, чѣ̀ де то́ате зи́леле, дъ́неѡ но́аѡ а҆́стъзй.
Шѝ не ꙗ҆́ртъ но́аѡ даторі́йле ноа́стре,
пре кꙋ́мь шѝ но́й є҆ртъ́мь дато́рничилѡрь но́щрй.
Шѝ нꙋ́ не дꙋ́че пе но́й ꙟ҆ и҆спи́тъ. Чѝ не и҆зБъвѣще де че́ль ръ́ꙋ.
Къ а҆та̀ ꙗ҆́сте ꙟ҆пъръці́ѧ, шѝ Пꙋтѣ́рѣ, шѝ мъри́рѣ ꙟ҆ вѣ́чй, а҆ми́нь.

Tatăl nostru, carele ești în ceriuri, sfințeascăse numele tău:
Vie împărăția ta: Fie voia ta, pre cumi în ceriu, și pre pământi.
Pâinea noastră, cea de toate zilele, dăneo noua astăzi.
Și ne iartă noua datoriile noastre,
pre cumi și noi iertămi datornicilori noștri.
Și nu ne duce pe noi în ispită. Ci ne izbăveaște de celi rău.
Că ata iaste împrăția, și Putearea, și mărirea în veaci, amini.

See also

References

  1. Ileana-Stanca Desa, Dulciu Morărescu, Ioana Patriche, Adriana Raliade, Iliana Sulică, Publicațiile periodice românești (ziare, gazete, reviste). Vol. III: Catalog alfabetic 1919–1924, pp. 235–236, 264, 368, 374, 575, 708, 1024. Bucharest: Editura Academiei, 1987
  2. George Baiculescu, Georgeta Răduică, Neonila Onofrei, Publicațiile periodice românești (ziare, gazete, reviste). Vol. II: Catalog alfabetic 1907–1918. Supliment 1790–1906, pp. 763, 801, 810, 813, 832, 867. Bucharest: Editura Academiei, 1969
  3. Grigore Chiriță, Societatea din Principatele Unite Române în perioada constituirii statului național (1856-1866), p. 134. Bucharest: Editura Academiei Române, 2004, ISBN 978-973-270-984-9
  4. According to Costache Negruzzi, "Cum am învățat românește", first published in Curier de Ambe Sexe, I, nr. 22, p.337–343
  5. Initial vs. non-initial shapes: Є/Е, Ѻ/О, Оу/У, IA/Ѧ.
  6. Й is hardly a separate letter of the alphabet; the letters Ю, Ȣ and Ѡ also accept a brevity sign.
  7. In loanwords of Greek origin (or ones adopted through the Greek language), letters И and І correspond to eta and iota, respectively. In the words of Romanian origin and in Slavic loanwords, their usage follows pre-1917 Russian rules, namely, І before vowels, otherwise И.
  8. Book written in the transitional alphabet showing various letter forms
  9. The distinction of Ѡ and О is present not only in loanwords, but in Romanian words as well.
  10. Letters ĭ and ŭ represent a barely spoken/heard i or u.
  11. Letters Ѯ, Ѱ, Ѳ and Ѵ are used for copying Greek spelling of loanwords (especially for names and toponyms).
  12. Грамматикъ практїкъ романо-францозѧскъ [modernised: Grammatică practică romano-franțozească compusă dupre autorii clasici cei mai noi ... - George Vida]. Retrieved 2012-10-22.
  13. Filosofice și politice prin falule învățaturĭ morale - Dimitrie Țichindeal, Dositej Obradović. Retrieved 2012-10-22.
  14. Magazinu istoriku pentru Dacia - Treboniu A. Laurian, Nicolae Bălcescu. Retrieved 2012-10-22.
  15. Noul Testament al Domnuluī shī Mîntuītoruluī nostru Īīsus Khrīstos. Retrieved 2012-10-22.
  16. Biografia lui Viliam G. Shecspri dupe Le Fourneur: Urmată de Romeo cu ... - William Shakespeare. Retrieved 2012-10-22.
  17. Istoria Moldo-Romănieĭ: arătîndŭ neamurile de ċare s'aŭ loċuitŭ aceste ... - George Ioanid. Retrieved 2012-10-22.
  18. Cîntece naționale: Tipărite cu fondul d-lor librarĭ Pusu i Petriu. A treia ... - O. Dumitrescu. Retrieved 2012-10-22.
  19. -лѡр only
  20. File:Romanian-kirilitza-tatal-nostru.jpg
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