South American land mammal age

The South American land mammal ages (SALMA) establish a geologic timescale for prehistoric South American fauna beginning 64.5 Ma during the Paleocene and continuing through to the Late Pleistocene (0.011 Ma). These periods are referred to as ages, stages, or intervals and were established using geographic place names where fossil materials where obtained.[1]

South American land mammal age is located in South America
South American land mammal age
South American land mammal age
South American land mammal age
South American land mammal age
South American land mammal age
South American land mammal age
South American land mammal age
South American land mammal age
South American land mammal age
South American land mammal age
South American land mammal age
South American land mammal age
South American land mammal age
South American land mammal age
South American land mammal age
South American land mammal age
South American land mammal age
South American land mammal age
South American land mammal age
South American land mammal age
South American land mammal age
South American land mammal age
Locations of SALMA type localities
Pleistocene ages
Pliocene ages
Miocene ages
Oligocene ages
Eocene ages
Paleocene ages

The basic unit of measurement is the first/last boundary statement. This shows that the first appearance event of one taxon is known to predate the last appearance event of another. If two taxa are found in the same fossil quarry or at the same stratigraphic horizon, then their age-range zones overlap.

Background

South America was an island continent for much of the Cenozoic, or the "Age of Mammals". As a result, its mammals evolved in their own unique directions, as Australia and Madagascar still have today.

Paleogeographic timeline

A simplified paleogeographic timeline of South America:[2]

  • 66 Ma – South America was connected to both North America and Antarctica. Soon after this point, it lost its connection to North America.
  • 66–50 Ma – Tiupampan to Casamayoran - South America was connected to Antarctica which, in turn, was connected to Australia. The Antarctica–Australia connection was lost around the end of this interval or perhaps as much as 15 million years later.
  • 50–34 Ma – Casamayoran to Tinguirirican - South America was connected to Antarctica, which was not yet covered by ice.
  • 34 Ma – Tinguirirican - South America and Antarctica became detached and glaciations started to form in Antarctica.
  • 34–9 Ma – Tinguirirican to Chasicoan - South America had no land connections to any other continent.
  • 9–3 Ma – Huayquerian to Chapadmalalan - islands formed between South and North America. A complete Isthmus of Panama most likely formed near the end of this interval, leading to the Great American Biotic Interchange (GABI).
  • 3 Ma to present – Uquian to Holocene - the land connection between South and North America is established and migration between the formerly separated continents occurs. The main migrational route is from north to south, rather than the opposite way. This led to much higher extinction levels of groups in South America than in North America.
  • Pleistocene – the glacials and interglacials of the Pleistocene caused drastic eustatic sea level changes, widening and narrowing the land bridge at the 'bottleneck' of Panama. As a side-effect, the vegetation changed during this period of strong climatic changes.
  • Late Pleistocene – the earliest humans arrived in South America and settled in various parts of the continent. Evidence for cohabitation with the latest Pleistocene megafauna has been found at multiple locations, such as Monte Verde in coastal Chile and Tibitó on the Altiplano Cundiboyacense in Colombia.
Albian
Since about 110 million years ago, South America and Africa are detached
Antarctica, Australia and South America were attached as one large isolated paleocontinent for about 15 million years
The Drake Passage, separating South America from Antarctica, was formed since the latest Eocene (~35 Ma)
The paleogeographical history of South America, with the separation from Africa and Antarctica

Definitions

Epoch SALMA Top age (Ma) Base age (Ma) Etymology Country Location
Holocene
0
0.011
Late PleistoceneLujanian
0.011
0.8
Luján Formation ArgentinaBuenos Aires Province
Mid PleistoceneEnsenadan
0.8
1.2
La Ensenada Formation ArgentinaBuenos Aires Province
Early PleistoceneUquian
1.2
3.0
Uquía Formation ArgentinaJujuy Province
Late PlioceneChapadmalalan
3.0
4.0
Chapadmalal Formation ArgentinaBuenos Aires Province
Early PlioceneMontehermosan
4.0
6.8
Monte Hermoso Formation ArgentinaBuenos Aires Province
Late Miocene
Huayquerian
6.8
9.0
Huayquerías Formation ArgentinaMendoza Province
Chasicoan
9.0
10.0
Arroyo Chasicó Formation ArgentinaBuenos Aires Province
Mayoan
10.0
11.8
Río Mayo Formation ArgentinaChubut Province
Mid MioceneLaventan
11.8
13.8
La Venta fauna ColombiaHuila Department
Colloncuran
13.8
15.5
Collón Curá Formation ArgentinaNeuquén Province
Early MioceneFriasian
15.5
16.3
Río Frías Formation ChileAysén Region
Santacrucian
16.3
17.5
Santa Cruz Formation ArgentinaSanta Cruz Province
Colhuehuapian
17.5
21.0
Colhué Huapí Member ArgentinaChubut Province
Deseadan
21.0
29.0
Deseado Formation ArgentinaSanta Cruz Province
Late Oligocene
Early OligoceneTinguirirican
29.0
36.0
Tinguiririca fauna ChileO'Higgins Region
Late Eocene
Late EoceneDivisaderan
36.0
42.0
Divisadero Largo Formation ArgentinaMendoza Province
Middle EoceneMustersan
42.0
48.0
Lake Musters ArgentinaChubut Province
Early EoceneCasamayoran
48.0
54.0
Casamayor Formation ArgentinaSanta Cruz Province
Itaboraian
54.0
54.0
Itaboraí Formation BrazilRio de Janeiro State
Riochican
54.0
57.0
Río Chico Group ArgentinaChubut Province
Late Paleocene
Mid PaleocenePeligran
59.0
62.5
Punta Peligro ArgentinaChubut Province
Early PaleoceneTiupampan
62.5
64.5
Tiupampa BoliviaCochabamba Department

Cenozoic fossiliferous stratigraphic units in South America

The following formations have provided vertebrate, insect or plant fossils, formations with other invertebrates are excluded:

SALMA Formations Country Location Notes
LujanianLuján Formation ArgentinaSalado Basin
Chaco Formation ArgentinaChaco Basin
Chíu-Chíu Formation ChileCalama Basin
Dolores Formation UruguayNorte Basin
El Palmar Formation ArgentinaParaná Basin
Fortin Tres Pozos Formation ArgentinaChaco Basin
Los Hoyos beds ColombiaUpper Magdalena Valley
La Huaca Formation PeruSechura Basin
La Invernada Formation ArgentinaChaco Basin
Ñuapua Formation BoliviaChuquisaca Department
Pampa La Brea Formation PeruTalara Basin
Rotinet Formation ColombiaSinú-San Jacinto Basin
Sabana Formation ColombiaAltiplano Cundiboyacense
Saladillo Formation ArgentinaPampean Region
Salto Ander Egg Formation ArgentinaParaná Basin
San Sebastián Formation PeruEastern Peruvian Andes
Santa Clara Formation ArgentinaBuenos Aires Province
Santa Vitória Formation BrazilPelotas Basin
Soatá Formation ColombiaAltiplano Cundiboyacense
Sopas Formation UruguayNorte Basin
Tarija Formation BoliviaTarija Basin
Tezanos Pinto Formation ArgentinaParaná Basin
Touro Passo Formation BrazilParaná Basin
Ulloma Formation BoliviaAltiplano Basin
EnsenadanLa Ensenada Formation ArgentinaSalado Basin
Belgrano Formation ArgentinaBuenos Aires Province
Chíu-Chíu Formation ChileCalama Basin
Graxaim Formation BrazilPelotas Basin
Mesa Formation VenezuelaEastern Venezuela Basin
Miramar Formation ArgentinaClaromecó Basin
Sabana Formation ColombiaAltiplano Cundiboyacense
Tarija Formation BoliviaTarija Basin
Ulloma Formation BoliviaAltiplano Basin
Umala Formation BoliviaAltiplano Basin
Uquía Formation ArgentinaEastern Argentinian Andes
Vorohué Formation ArgentinaClaromecó Basin
Yupoí Formation ArgentinaParaná Basin
UquianUquía Formation ArgentinaEastern Argentinian Andes
Bahía Inglesa Formation ChileCaldera Basin
Charana Formation BoliviaAltiplano Basin
Chíu-Chíu Formation ChileCalama Basin
Hernandarías Formation ArgentinaParaná Basin
La Paz Formation BoliviaAltiplano Basin
Sacaba Formation BoliviaAltiplano Basin
San Andrés Formation ArgentinaClaromecó Basin
San Gregorio Formation VenezuelaFalcón Basin
Umala Formation BoliviaAltiplano Basin
Vorohué Formation ArgentinaClaromecó Basin
Ware Formation ColombiaCocinetas Basin
ChapadmalalanChapadmalal Formation ArgentinaClaromecó Basin
Puerto Alvear Formation ArgentinaParaná Basin
Andalhuala Formation ArgentinaSanta María-Hualfín Basin
Bahía Inglesa Formation ChileCaldera Basin
Brochero Formation ArgentinaSierras de Córdoba
Chíu-Chíu Formation ChileCalama Basin
Coquimbo Formation ChileTongoy Bay
Horcón Formation ChileValparaíso Basin
La Paz Formation BoliviaAltiplano Basin
La Portada Formation ChileTiburón Basin
Pisco Formation PeruPisco Basin
Río Quinto Formation ArgentinaPampa de Las Salinas Basin
San Gregorio Formation VenezuelaFalcón Basin
San José Formation Argentina
 Uruguay
Salado Basin
Santa Lucía Basin
Toro Negro Formation ArgentinaSierra de Los Colorados
Umala Formation BoliviaAltiplano Basin
Ware Formation ColombiaCocinetas Basin
MontehermosanMonte Hermoso Formation ArgentinaClaromecó Basin
Aconquija Formation ArgentinaSierra del Aconquija
Andalhuala Formation ArgentinaSanta María-Hualfín Basin
Bahía Inglesa Formation ChileCaldera Basin
Caleta Herradura Formation ChileTiburón Basin
Casira Formation BoliviaPotosí mountain range
Codore Formation VenezuelaFalcón Basin
Coquimbo Formation ChileTongoy Bay
Corral Quemado Formation ArgentinaSanta María-Hualfín Basin
Ipururo Formation PeruUcayali Basin
La Paz Formation BoliviaAltiplano Basin
Letrero Formation EcuadorNabón Basin
Navidad Formation ChileChilean Coast Range
Onzole Formation EcuadorBorbón Basin
Palo Pintado Formation ArgentinaSalta Basin
Paraguaná Formation VenezuelaFalcón Basin
Pisco Formation PeruPisco Basin
Puerta del Diablo Formation ArgentinaValdés Basin
Raigón Formation UruguayNorte Basin
Remedios Formation BoliviaAltiplano Basin
Río Negro Formation ArgentinaColorado Basin
Río Quinto Formation ArgentinaPampa de Las Salinas Basin
San José Formation Argentina
 Uruguay
Salado Basin
Santa Lucía Basin
Solimões Formation BrazilSolimões Basin
Umala Formation BoliviaAltiplano Basin
HuayquerianHuayquerías Formation ArgentinaCuyo Basin
Andalhuala Formation ArgentinaSanta María-Hualfín Basin
Bahía Inglesa Formation - Cerro Ballena ChileCaldera Basin
Camacho Formation UruguayNorte & Santa Lucía Basins
Cerro Azul Formation ArgentinaColorado Basin
Chiquimil Formation ArgentinaSanta María-Hualfín Basin
Coquimbo Formation ChileTongoy Bay
Las Flores Formation ArgentinaSierra del Tontal
Entrerriana Formation ArgentinaChaco Basin
Epecuén Formation ArgentinaClaromecó Basin
Içá Formation BrazilMadre de Deus Basin
Iñapari Formation PeruMadre de Dios Basin
India Muerta Formation ArgentinaSierras Pampeanas
Ituzaingó Formation ArgentinaParaná Basin
Kiyu Formation UruguaySanta Lucía Basin
Madre de Dios Formation PeruMadre de Dios Basin
Maimará Formation ArgentinaEastern Argentinian Andes
Mauri Formation BoliviaAltiplano Basin
Miramar Formation PeruSechura Basin
El Morterito Formation ArgentinaCajón Valley
Muyu Huasi Formation BoliviaMuyu Huasi Basin
Navidad Formation ChileChilean Coast Range
Palo Pintado Formation ArgentinaSalta Basin
Paraná Formation ArgentinaChaco Basin
Pebas Formation Brazil
 Colombia
 Ecuador
 Peru
Amazon Basin
Piquete Formation ArgentinaSalta Basin
Pisco Formation PeruPisco Basin
Quehua Formation BoliviaAltiplano Basin
Raigón Formation UruguayNorte Basin
Rosa Pata Formation BoliviaAltiplano Basin
Saldungaray Formation ArgentinaBuenos Aires Province
Salicas Formation ArgentinaSierra de Velasco
Solimões Formation BrazilSolimões Basin
Urumaco Formation VenezuelaFalcón Basin
ChasicoanArroyo Chasicó Formation ArgentinaColorado Basin
Bahía Inglesa Formation ChileCaldera Basin
Caujarao Formation VenezuelaFalcón Basin
Cerro Azul Formation ArgentinaColorado Basin
Coquimbo Formation ChileTongoy Bay
Loma de Las Tapias Formation ArgentinaTulum Valley
Madre de Dios Formation PeruMadre de Dios Basin
Mauri Formation BoliviaAltiplano Basin
Navidad Formation ChileChilean Coast Range
Palo Pintado Formation ArgentinaAngastaco Basin
Paraná Formation ArgentinaChaco Basin
Pebas Formation Brazil
 Colombia
 Ecuador
 Peru
Amazon Basin
Pisco Formation PeruPisco Basin
Puerto Madryn Formation ArgentinaValdés Basin
Urumaco Formation - Urumaco fauna VenezuelaFalcón Basin
MayoanRío Mayo Formation ArgentinaGolfo San Jorge Basin
Coquimbo Formation ChileTongoy Bay
Gran Bajo del Gualicho Formation ArgentinaColorado Basin
Huaylas Formation ChileParinacota Province
Mauri Formation BoliviaAltiplano Basin
Navidad Formation ChileChilean Coast Range
Paraná Formation ArgentinaChaco Basin
Pebas Formation Brazil
 Colombia
 Ecuador
 Peru
Amazon Basin
Pisco Formation PeruPisco Basin
Puerto Madryn Formation ArgentinaValdés Basin
Urumaco Formation VenezuelaFalcón Basin
Yecua Formation BoliviaParaná Basin
LaventanHonda Group - La Venta fauna ColombiaUpper Magdalena Valley
Honda Group - Quebrada Honda fauna BoliviaQuebrada Honda Basin
Aisol Formation ArgentinaSan Rafael Block
Bahía Inglesa Formation ChileCaldera Basin
Capadare Formation VenezuelaFalcón Basin
Choquecota Formation BoliviaAltiplano Basin
Cura-Mallín Group ChileCura-Mallín Basin
Gran Bajo del Gualicho Formation ArgentinaColorado Basin
Ipururo Formation PeruUcayali Basin
Mariño Formation ArgentinaCuyo Basin
Mauri Formation BoliviaAltiplano Basin
Paraná Formation ArgentinaChaco Basin
Pebas Formation Brazil
 Colombia
 Ecuador
 Peru
Amazon Basin
Pisco Formation PeruPisco Basin
Santa Inés Formation VenezuelaEastern Venezuela Basin
Sincelejo Formation ColombiaSinú-San Jacinto Basin
Socorro Formation VenezuelaFalcón Basin
Urumaco Formation VenezuelaFalcón Basin
ColloncuranCollón Curá Formation ArgentinaCañadón Asfalto Basin
Neuquén Basin
Castilletes Formation ColombiaCocinetas Basin
Cerdas beds BoliviaAltiplano Basin
Cura-Mallín Group ChileCura-Mallín Basin
Gran Bajo del Gualicho Formation ArgentinaColorado Basin
Mariño Formation ArgentinaCuyo Basin
Mauri Formation BoliviaAltiplano Basin
Nazareno Formation BoliviaTupiza Basin
Pebas Formation Brazil
 Colombia
 Ecuador
 Peru
Amazon Basin
Pisco Formation PeruPisco Basin
FriasianRío Frías Formation ChileAysén Basin
Castilletes Formation ColombiaCocinetas Basin
Chilcatay Formation PeruPisco Basin
Cura-Mallín Group ChileCura-Mallín Basin
Gran Bajo del Gualicho Formation ArgentinaColorado Basin
Parángula Formation VenezuelaBarinas-Apure Basin
Pebas Formation Brazil
 Colombia
 Ecuador
 Peru
Amazon Basin
Río Foyel Formation ArgentinaPatagonian Andes
Río Yuca Formation VenezuelaBarinas-Apure Basin
SantacrucianSanta Cruz Formation ArgentinaAustral Basin
Aisol Formation ArgentinaSan Rafael Block
Cantaure Formation VenezuelaFalcón Basin
Castillo Formation VenezuelaFalcón Basin
Cerro Boleadoras Formation ArgentinaAustral Basin
Chaguaramas Formation VenezuelaEastern Venezuela Basin
Chilcatay Formation PeruPisco Basin
Chucal Formation - Chucal fauna ChileAltiplano Basin
Cura-Mallín Group ChileCura-Mallín Basin
Gran Bajo del Gualicho Formation ArgentinaColorado Basin
Jimol Formation ColombiaCocinetas Basin
Mariño Formation ArgentinaCuyo Basin
Pinturas Formation ArgentinaAustral Basin
Río Yuca Formation VenezuelaBarinas-Apure Basin
ColhuehuapianColhué Huapí Member ArgentinaGolfo San Jorge Basin
Abanico Formation ChileAbanico Basin
Biblián Formation EcuadorCuenca Basin
Castillo Formation VenezuelaFalcón Basin
Cerro Bandera Formation ArgentinaNeuquén Basin
Chichinales Formation ArgentinaNeuquén Basin
Chilcatay Formation PeruPisco Basin
Cura-Mallín Group ChileCura-Mallín Basin
Gaiman Formation ArgentinaValdés Basin
Gran Bajo del Gualicho Formation ArgentinaColorado Basin
Monte León Formation ArgentinaAustral Basin
Montera Formation PeruSechura Basin
Pirabas Formation BrazilAmazon Basin
Río Jeinemeni Formation ArgentinaAustral Basin
Sarmiento Formation ArgentinaGolfo San Jorge Basin
Uitpa Formation ColombiaCocinetas Basin
DeseadanDeseado Formation ArgentinaDeseado Massif
Abanico Formation ChileAbanico Basin
Agua de la Piedra Formation ArgentinaPrecordillera
Barzalosa Formation ColombiaUpper Magdalena Valley
Chambira Formation PeruUcayali Basin
Chilcatay Formation PeruPisco Basin
Dos Bocas Formation EcuadorProgreso Basin
Fray Bentos Formation Argentina
 Uruguay
Paraná Basin
Gaiman Formation ArgentinaValdés Basin
Mariño Formation ArgentinaCuyo Basin
Monte León Formation ArgentinaAustral Basin
Moquegua Formation PeruMoquegua Basin
Mugrosa Formation ColombiaMiddle Magdalena Valley
Petaca Formation BoliviaSubandean Belt
"Puca Group" - Lacayani fauna BoliviaSubandean Belt
Río Baguales Formation ChileAysén Basin
Salla Formation BoliviaSalla-Luribay Basin
Sarmiento Formation ArgentinaGolfo San Jorge Basin
Tremembé Formation/São Paulo Formation BrazilTaubaté Basin
TinguiriricanAbanico Formation - Tinguiririca fauna ChileAbanico Basin
Chota Formation PeruBagua Basin
Entre-Corrégos Formation BrazilAiuruoca Basin
Gualanday Group ColombiaCentral Colombian Ranges
Laguna Brava Formation ArgentinaPrecordillera
Loreto Formation ChileMagallanes Basin
El Milagro Formation PeruBagua Basin
Otuma Formation PeruPisco Basin
Sarmiento Formation ArgentinaGolfo San Jorge Basin
Seca Formation EcuadorProgreso Basin
Soncco Formation PeruEastern Peruvian Andes
DivisaderanDivisadero Largo Formation ArgentinaCuyo Basin
Abanico Formation ChileAbanico Basin
Andesitas Huancache Formation ArgentinaGolfo San Jorge Basin
Chota Formation PeruBagua Basin
Leticia Formation ArgentinaAustral Basin
Loreto Formation ChileMagallanes Basin
Paracas Formation PeruPisco Basin
Pozo Formation PeruUcayali Basin
Sarmiento Formation ArgentinaGolfo San Jorge Basin
Soncco Formation PeruEastern Peruvian Andes
Yumaque Formation PeruPisco Basin
MustersanSarmiento Formation ArgentinaGolfo San Jorge Basin
Abanico Formation ChileAbanico Basin
Andesitas Huancache Formation ArgentinaGolfo San Jorge Basin
Chota Formation PeruBagua Basin
Geste Formation ArgentinaPuna Plateau
Laguna del Hunco Formation ArgentinaCañadón Asfalto Basin
Paracas Formation PeruPisco Basin
Pozo Formation PeruUcayali Basin
Soncco Formation PeruEastern Peruvian Andes
Vaca Mahuida Formation ArgentinaNeuquén Basin
Ventana Formation ArgentinaNeuquén Basin
Yahuarango Formation - Santa Rosa fauna PeruUcayali Basin
CasamayoranCasamayor Formation ArgentinaGolfo San Jorge Basin
Abanico Formation ChileAbanico Basin
Bogotá Formation ColombiaAltiplano Cundiboyacense
Cayara Formation BoliviaCochabamba Department
Chota Formation PeruBagua Basin
Fonseca Formation BrazilFonseca Basin
Guabirotuba Formation BrazilCuritiba Basin
Huitrera Formation ArgentinaNeuquén Basin
Laguna del Hunco Formation ArgentinaCañadón Asfalto Basin
Los Cuervos Formation ColombiaCesar-Ranchería Basin
Lumbrera Formation ArgentinaSalta Basin
Maíz Gordo Formation ArgentinaSalta Basin
Quebrada de los Colorados Formation ArgentinaSalta Basin
Sarmiento Formation ArgentinaGolfo San Jorge Basin
RiochicanRío Chico Group ArgentinaGolfo San Jorge Basin
Bogotá Formation ColombiaAltiplano Cundiboyacense
Bororó Formation ArgentinaGolfo San Jorge Basin
Chota Formation PeruBagua Basin
Koluel Kaike Formation ArgentinaGolfo San Jorge Basin
Maíz Gordo Formation ArgentinaSalta Basin
Mogollón Formation PeruTalara & Tumbes Basins
Muñani Formation PeruAltiplano Basin
Peñas Coloradas Formation ArgentinaGolfo San Jorge Basin
Río Loro Formation ArgentinaSierras Pampeanas
Salamanca Formation ArgentinaGolfo San Jorge Basin
ItaboraianItaboraí Formation BrazilItaboraí Basin
Bogotá Formation ColombiaAltiplano Cundiboyacense
Cerrejón Formation ColombiaCesar-Ranchería Basin
Chota Formation PeruBagua Basin
Koluel Kaike Formation ArgentinaGolfo San Jorge Basin
Las Flores Formation ArgentinaGolfo San Jorge Basin
Maíz Gordo Formation ArgentinaSalta Basin
Mealla Formation ArgentinaSalta Basin
Mogollón Formation PeruTalara & Tumbes Basins
Muñani Formation PeruAltiplano Basin
Peñas Coloradas Formation ArgentinaGolfo San Jorge Basin
Río Loro Formation ArgentinaSierras Pampeanas
PeligranPeñas Coloradas Formation ArgentinaGolfo San Jorge Basin
Bogotá Formation ColombiaAltiplano Cundiboyacense
Cerrejón Formation ColombiaCesar-Ranchería Basin
Chota Formation PeruBagua Basin
Guaduas Formation ColombiaAltiplano Cundiboyacense
Salamanca Formation ArgentinaGolfo San Jorge Basin
Santa Lucía Formation BoliviaPotosí Basin
TiupampanSanta Lucía Formation BoliviaPotosí Basin
Chota Formation PeruBagua Basin
Guaduas Formation ColombiaAltiplano Cundiboyacense
Lefipán Formation ArgentinaCañadón Asfalto Basin
Maria Farinha Formation BrazilParaíba Basin
Salamanca Formation ArgentinaGolfo San Jorge Basin

Fossil content

SALMA Group Fossils Formation Notes
LujanianMammalsCalomys callosus, Chaetophractus villosus, Ctenomys lujanensis, C. magellanicus, Dilobodon lujanensis, Doedicurus clavicaudatus, Dolichotis patagonum, Dusicyon avus, Eligmodontia typus, Equus (Amerhippus) cf. curvidens, Equus caballus, Eulamaops paralellus, Eutatus seguini, Galea musteloides, Glossotherium myloides, G. robustum, Glyptodon clavipes, G. perforatus, G. reticulatus, G. rudimentarius, Hemiauchenia paradoxa, Hippidion devillei, H. principale, Holochilus brasiliensis, Lagostomus maximus, Lama glama, L. gracilis, L. guanicoe, Lestodelphys halli, Lestodon armatus, L. gaudryi, L. trigonidens, Lontra longicaudis, Lycalopex gymnocercus, Lyncodon patagonicus, Macrauchenia patachonica, Megatherium americanum, Microcavia australis, M. robusta, Morenelaphus azpeitianus, M. lujanensis, Myocastor coypus, M. priscus, Neochoerus aesopi, Neochoerus sulcidens, Neuryurus rudis, Notiomastodon platensis, Pampatherium typum, Panochthus tuberculatus, Panthera onca, Panthera platensis, Pediolagus salinicola, Pseudalopex gymnocercus, Reithrodon auritus, R. cf. physodes, Scelidotherium leptocephalum, Smilodon populator, Stegomastodon superbus, Tayassu tajacu, Tolypeutes tricinctus matacus, Toxodon bilobidens, T. platensis, Arctotherium sp., Neosclerocalyptus sp.Luján
Holmesina rondoniensisRio Madeira
BirdsCathartes fossilis, Lagopterus minutus, Nannopterum brasilianum, Sarcorhamphus fossilisLuján
InsectsCyclocephala signaticollis, Diloboderus abderus, Epipedonota cristallisata, Nyctelia picipes, Scotobius pilulariusLuján
EnsenadanMammalsEpieurycerus truncus, Tonnicinctus mirusEnsenada
Balaenoptera musculus, Eubalaena australis, Megaptera novaeangliae, Ziphiidae indet.Graxaim
Homotherium venezuelensis, Smilodon gracilis, Tapirus sp.Mesa
Eutatus sp., Mesotherium sp., Neosclerocalyptus sp., Palaeolama sp.Miramar
Equus (Amerhippus) andium, Equus (Amerhippus) insulatus, Andinomys cf. edea, Arctodus tarijensis, A. wingei, Arctotherium tarijense, A. wingei, Calomys cf. lancha, Canis dirus, Canis proplatensis, Chaetophractus tarijensis, C. villosus, Charitoceros tarijensis, Chlamydotherium cf. sellowi, Chrysocyon brachyurus, Coendou magnus, Conepatus suffocans, Ctenomys brachyrhinus, C. subassentiens, Cuvieronius hyodon, C. tropicus, Dasypus cf. villosus, Dicotyles cf. major, Euphractus sexcinctus, Euryzygomatomys hoffstetteri, Felis platensis, Felis yaguaroundi, Glossotherium robustum, G. tarijensis, Glyptodon clavipes, G. reticulatus, Hemiauchenia cf. paradoxa, Hippidion bonaerensis, H. devillei, H. principale, Hoplophorus echazui, Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris, Kunsia fronto, Lama castelnaudi, L. glama, L. intermedia, L. mesolithica, L. cf. oweni, L. provicugna, Lestodon armatus, Lutreolina crassicaudata, Macrauchenia patagonica, Megatherium americanum, M. tarijensis, Myocastor coypus, M. perditus, Nectomys cf. squamipes, Neochoerus tarijensis, Neothoracophorus cf. elevatus, Nothropus tarijensis, Oxymycterus cf. paranensis, Palaeolama crequii, P. weddeli, Pampatherium cf. humboldtii, Panochthus cf. tuberculatus, Panthera onca, Phyllotis cf. darwini, Platygonus tarijensis, Propraopus sulcatus, Protocyon tarijensis, Pseudalopex gymnocercus, Puma concolor, Reigomys primigenus, Scelidodon tarijensis, Scelidotherium patrium, Smilodon populator, Tapirus tarijensis, Tapirus terrestris terrestris, Theriodictis tarijensis, Toxodon cf. platensis, Haplomastodon sp., Hippocamelus sp., Hydrochoerus sp., Nasua sp., Notiomastodon sp.Tarija
Hippidion devillei, Pardinamys humahuaquensis, Pseudomacrauchenia yepesi, Glyptodon sp., ?Neuryurus sp., cf. Palaeolama sp., Scelidotherium sp., Cervidae indet.Uquía
Glyptodon muniziVorohué
Hippidion principale, Holmesina paulacoutoi, Lestodon armatus, Macrauchenia patagonica, Megatherium americanum, Neolicaphrium recens, Notiomastodon platensis, Pampatherium typum, Panthera onca, Smilodon populator, Tayassu pecari, Toxodon platensis, Arctotherium sp., Dolichotis sp., Euphractus sp., Galea sp., Glyptodon sp., Lama sp., Mazama sp., Myocastor sp., Neosclerocalyptus sp., Panochthus sp., Propraopus sp., Scelidodon sp., Stegomastodon sp., Theriodictis sp., Tolypeutes sp.Yupoí
BirdsNeochen debilisBelgrano
Anas bahamensis, Anas cheuen, Callonetta talarae, Pleistoanser bravardi, Zonotrichia robustaMiramar
Vultur gryphusTarija
Reptiles &
amphibians
Leiosaurus marelliiLa Ensenada
Caiman venezuelensis, Crocodylia indet.Mesa
Bufo cf. marinus, Ceratophrys sp.Tarija
FishesPogonias cromisGraxaim
UquianMammalsChaetophractus cf. villosus, Ctenomys chapadmalensis, Hippidion devillei, Hydrochoeropsis dasseni, Lestodon ?castellanosi, Megatherium ?uquiensis, Paraglyptodon uquiensis, Platygonus uquiensis, Pyramiodontherium ?carlesi, Windhausenia delacroixi, Xiphuroides uquiensis, Erethizon sp., ?Panochthus sp., Urotherium sp., Doedicurinae indet., Euphractinae indet., Gomphotheriidae indet., Sclerocalyptinae indet.Uquía
Macrauchenia cf. ullomensis, Glossotherium sp., Plaxhaplous sp., Cervidae indet.Charana
Megatherium medinaeChíu-Chíu
Aenigmys diamantensis, Eumysops sp.Hernandarías
Thalassocnus yaucensisPisco
Panochthus intermediusSacaba
Eumysops marplatensis, Neuryurus sp.San Andrés
Palaeolama weddelli, Doedicurus sp.San José
Macrauchenia patagonica, Scelidodon cf. tarijensis, Cervidae indet.Umala
Eumysops cavoides, E. marplatensis, Galictis sorgentini, Leopardus vorohuensis, Platygonus chapalmalensis, Protocyon scagliaruen, Smilodon riggii, Canis sp., Catagonus sp., Didelphis sp., Dolichotis sp., Dusicyon sp., Hippidion sp., Lagostomus sp., Lama sp., Megatherium sp., Mesotherium sp., Microcavia sp., Microtragulus sp., Paedotherium sp., Palaeolama sp., Pithanotomys sp., Tremacyllus sp., Toxodon sp., Windhausenia sp.Vorohué
BirdsPhalacrocorax aff. bougainvilliiPisco
Aratinga vorohuensisVorohué
ReptilesUquiasaurus heptanodontaUquía
ChapadmalalanMammalsDidelphis brachyodonta, Didelphis reigi, Lutreolina cf. crassicaudata, Paraglyptodon chapalmalensis, Platygonus marplatensis, Thylophorops chapalmalensis, Marmosa indet.Chapadmalal
Paedotherium typicum, Paramyocastor diligens, Eumysops sp.Puerto Alvear
Abrothrix magnus, Chukimys favaloroiBrochero
Caviodon multiplicatus, Doellotatus chapadmalensis, Dolicavia minuscula, Eucelophorus cf. chapalmalensis, Macrochorobates chapadmalensis, Macroeuphractus retusus, Paedotherium bonaerense, P. typicum, Pascualia aff. laeviplicata, Tremacyllus impressus, Actenomys sp., Lagostomus (Lagostomopsis) sp., Pithanotomys sp.Río
Quinto
aff. Holmesina floridianus, Marisela gregoriana, Pliodasypus vergelianus, Boreostemma sp., Cardiatherium sp., cf. Caviodon sp., Cyonasua sp., Neoepiblema sp., Megatheriidae indet., Toxodontidae indet.San
Gregorio
Artigasia magna, Plesiomegatherium hansmeyeri, Pliomegatherium sp.San José
Chorobates villosissimus, cf. Doellotatus inornatus, Lomaphorops corallinus, Neuryurus cf. giganteus, Pyramiodontherium scillatoyanei, Xyophorus aff. bandesioi, Eoauchenia sp., Paleuphractus sp., cf. Plesiomegatherium sp., Propediolagus sp., cf. Proscelidodon sp., Protabrocoma sp., cf. Urotherium sp.Toro
Negro
Ctenomys chapadmalensis, Doellotatus chapadmalensis, Paraglyptodon uquiensis, Microcavia sp., Plaina sp., Scelidotheridium sp.Uquía
Hydrochoeropsis wayuu, Pliomegatherium lelongi, Chapalmalania sp., ?Hyperleptus sp., Nothrotherium sp., Camelidae indet., Caviidae indet., Erethizontidae indet., Glyptodontidae indet., Lestodontini indet., Megalonychidae indet., Mylodontidae indet., Pampatheriidae indet., Proterotheriidae indet., Scelidotheriinae indet., Tardigrada indet., Toxodontidae indet.Ware
BirdsLlallawavis scagliaiPlaya
Los Lobos
Allo
Reptiles &
amphibians
Rhinella lobaChapadmalal[284]
Anura indet., Squamata indet., Serpentes indet.Brochero
Crocodylus falconensisSan
Gregorio
Crocodylus sp., Alligatoridae indet., Crocodylidae indet., Podocnemididae indet.Ware
FishesCarcharhinidae indet., Characidae indet., Cichlidae indet., Cynodontidae indet., Doradidae indet., Myliobatidae indet., Pimelodidae indet., Pristidae indet., Sciaenidae indet., Serrasalmidae indet., Sphyrnidae indet.Ware
MontehermosanMammalsActenomys latidens, A. priscus, Argyrolagus palmeri, Caviodon australis, Doellotatus inornatus, Eleutherocercus antiquus, Eoauchenia primitiva, Eucelophorus cabrerai, Eumysops formosus, E. laeviplicatus, Holozaedyus laevisculptus, Hyperdidelphys inexpectata, Kraglievichimys formosus, Lagostomus euplasius, L. incises, Macrochorobates chapadmalensis, Marmosa contrerasi, Myrmecophaga caroloameghinoi, Necromys bonapartei, Notocynus hermosicus, Paedotherium bonaerense, P. typicum, Parahyaenodon argentinus, Paramyocastor diligens, Phugatherium cataclisticum, Phtoramys homogenidens, Pithanotomys columnaris, P. macer, Plaina cf. intermedia, Plohophorus figuratus, Promacrauchenia antiqua, P. kraglievichi, Proscelidodon patrius, Pseudoplataeomys formosus, Pseudotypotherium bravardi, Thylatheridium pascuali, Toxodon chapalmalensis, Tremacyllus impressus, Trigodon gaudryi, Caviodon sp., Chorobates sp., Lestodon sp., Lutreolina sp., Macroeuphractus sp., Neocavia sp., Neophanomys sp., Orthomyctera sp., Palaeocavia sp., Paleuphractus sp., Phugatherium sp., Prodolichotis sp., Pseudotypotherium sp., Sparassocynus sp., Caviidae indet., Cricetidae indet., Dasypodidae indet., Glyptodontidae indet., Macraucheniidae indet., Proterotheriidae indet., Rodentia indet., Sigmodontinae sp., Toxodontidae indet.Monte
Hermoso
Xotodon caravelaAconquija
Brachytherium laternarium, Cardiomys ameghinorum, Cavia cabrerai, Caviodon andalhualensis, Chapalmalania alteafrontis, Chorobates scalabrini, Cyonasua brevirostris, Eosclerocalyptus planus, Hemihegetotherium robustum, Microtragulus catamarcensis, Neophanomys biplicatus, Neotamandua conspicua, Orthomyctera andina, Palaeomyrmidon incomptus, Paradidelphys pattersonii, Paraeuphractus prominens, Phlyctaenopyga ameghinoi, Pithanotomys columnaris, Prodolichotis prisca, Promacrauchenia antiqua, Pyramiodontherium bergi, Scelidotherium pendolai, Sphenotherus zavaletianus, Stromaphorus compressidens, Tetrastylus intermedius, Tremacyllus latifrons, Typotheriopsis internum, Palaeocavia sp., Thylacosmilus sp., Toxodontherium sp., Xotodon sp.Andalhuala
Hemisyntrachelus sp.Bahía
Inglesa
Balaenopteridae indet., Odontoceti indet., Otariidae indet.Caleta
Herradura
Plesiotypotherium casirense, Simomylodon uccasamamensisCasira
Bolivartherium codorensis, Boreostemma pliocena, Falcontoxodon aguilerai, cf. Ischyrorhynchus vanbenedeni, Mirandabradys zabasi, Proeremotherium eljebe, Alitoxodon sp., Plesiomegatherium sp.Codore
Delphinus domeykoi, Megaptera hubachi, Pliopontos sp., ?Squalodon sp., Balaenidae indet.Coquimbo
Borhyaenidium riggsiCorral
Quemado
Posnanskytherium desaguaderoi, Macroeuphractus aff. moreni, Neosclerocalyptus sp., cf. Plohophorops sp., cf. Promacrauchenia sp.La Paz
Anadasypus aequatorianus, Caviomorpha indet., Litopterna indet., Toxodontia indet.Letrero
Cetacea indet.Paraguaná
Posnanskytherium sp., Promacrauchenia sp., Mylodontidae indet.Remedios
Plohophorus aff. figuratusRío
Negro
Oxyodontherium zeballosiRío
Quinto
Catonyx tarijensisSan José
Aymaratherium jeani, Megatherium altiplanicum, Microtragulus bolivianus, Phugatherium saavedrai, Posnanskytherium desaguaderoi, Praectenomys rhombidens, P. vagus, Sparassocynus heterotopicus, Macroeuphractus sp., cf. Plaina sp., cf. Promacrauchenia sp., ?Caenolestidae indet., Mylodontinae indet.Umala
BirdsChunga incerta, Dryornis pampeanus, Eudromia cf. elegans, Foetopterus ambiguus, Mesembriornis milneedwardsi, Palaeociconia australis, Protorhea azarae, Tinamisornis intermedius, T. parvulus, Dendrocygninae indet.Monte
Hermoso
Opisthodactylus kirchneriAndalhuala
Pygoscelis grandis, Spheniscus anglicusBahía
Inglesa
Spheniscus chilensis, Milvago sp., Phalacrocorax sp.Caleta
Herradura
cf. Palaeospheniscus sp., Spheniscus sp., Diomedeidae indet., Spheniscidae indet.Coquimbo
Reptiles &
amphibians
Ceratophrys ameghinorum, Chelonoidis cf. australis, Lepidobatrachus australis, L. laevis, Testudo formosa, Leptodactylus sp., Tupinambis sp., Bufonidae indet., Colubridae indet.Monte
Hermoso
Caiman sp., Gavialoidea indet.Ipururo
FishesCharacidae indet., Percichthyidae indet., Trichomycteridae indet.Monte
Hermoso
Carcharodon carcharias, Prionace glaucaBahía
Inglesa
Carcharodon carcharias, Carcharias sp., Carcharhinus sp., Chondrichthyes indet., Myliobatidae indet.Caleta
Herradura
Carcharodon carchariasCoquimbo
Megalodon, Brotula cf. ordwayi, Carcharhinus egertoni, Carcharhinus priscus, Chilara taylori, Eucinostomus cf. currani, Galeocerdo aduncus, Hemipristis serra, Isistius triangulus, Larimus cf. pacificus, Lepophidium microlepis, Merluccius cf. angustimanus, Negaprion eurybathrodon, Odontaspis acutissima, Orthopristis cf. cantharinus, Otophidium indefatigabile, Paraconger californiensis, Porichthys analis, P. margaritatus, P. cf. notatus, Rhizoprionodon taxandriae, Anchoa sp., Apogon sp., Citharichthys sp., Diaphus sp., Haemulon sp., Lampadena sp., Cynoglossidae indet., Gerreidae indet., Gobiidae indet., Opistognathidae indet., Pleuronectidae indet., ?Serranidae indet.Onzole
MegalodonParaguaná
Megalodon, Carcharodon hastalis, Hexanchus griseus, Pristiophorus sp.Puerta del
Diablo

See also

Notes and references

Notes

  1. Former name of Ituzaingó Formation
  2. Former name of Cerro Azul Formation
  3. In later research considered part of the Camacho Formation[96]

References

  1. Flynn & Swisher, 1995
  2. Darin A. Croft - South American Fossil Mammals
  3. Blasi et al., 2010, p.88
  4. Fucks et al., 2011, p.110
  5. Quebrada Agua Blanca at Fossilworks.org
  6. Mapa Geológico del Paraguay, 1986, p.42
  7. Filí, 2001, p.28
  8. López Mendoza et al, 2010, p.22
  9. Alvarenga et al., 2010, p.230
  10. Martínez & Ubilla, 2009, p.211
  11. Vezzosi, 2015, p.89
  12. Zurita et al., 2009, p.279
  13. Soibelzon et al., 2010, p.315
  14. Vezzosi, 2015, p.30
  15. Villarroel et al., 1989, p.120
  16. Córdova Aguilar, 2009, p.74
  17. Combina & Sánchez, 2003, p.126
  18. Marshall & Sempere, 1991, p.643
  19. Pardiñas & Galliari, 1998, p.18
  20. Córdova Aguilar, 2009, p.75
  21. Páramo & Escobar, 2010, p.52
  22. Montoya & Reyes, 2005, p.72
  23. Brambilla & Ibarra
  24. Vezzosi, 2015, p.143
  25. Córdova Aguilar, 2009, p.76
  26. Isla et al., 2015, p.245
  27. Oliveira et al., 2005, p.216
  28. Villarroel et al., 2001, p.90
  29. Martínez & Ubilla, 2009, p.212
  30. Marshall & Sempere, 1991, p.642
  31. Vezzosi, 2015, p.41
  32. Kerber et al., 2014, p.250
  33. Marshall & Sempere, 1991, p.639
  34. Tonni et al., 1999, p.277
  35. Picasso & Degrange, 2009, p.429
  36. Agnolin, 2006
  37. Buchmann et al., 2009, p.9
  38. Granadino, 2012, p.18
  39. Isla et al., 2015, p.236
  40. Marshall & Sempere, 1991, p.640
  41. Reguero & Candela, 2008, p.291
  42. Orgeira, 1988, p.26
  43. Franco et al., 2013, p.41
  44. Erra et al., 2016, p.65
  45. Le Roux et al., 2016, p.46
  46. Segovia, 2014, p.142
  47. Renner & Velasco, 2000, p.26
  48. Castro et al., 2014, p.5
  49. Moreno et al., 2015, p.7
  50. Olivares et al., 2012, p.200
  51. Elissamburu et al., 2011, p.228
  52. Vezzosi, 2015, p.257
  53. Muruaga, 2001, p.30
  54. Zamorano, 2013, p.284
  55. Le Roux et al., 2006, p.49
  56. Carillo Briceño et al., 2013, p.194
  57. Chávez, 2008
  58. Brand et al., 2011
  59. Solíz Mundaca, 2018, p.14
  60. Cerdeño et al., 2008, p.225
  61. Rinderknecht & Noriega, 2002, p.185
  62. Ciccioli, 2017, p.72
  63. Agnolin et al., 2014, p.20
  64. Albino et al., 2009, p.79
  65. Bogan & Agnolin, 2009, p.193
  66. Nasif et al., p.101
  67. Gutiérrez & Mon, 2004
  68. Di Celma & Cantalamessa, 2007
  69. Cerdeño et al., 2012
  70. Quijano Ballesteros, 2005, p.19
  71. Bonini, 2014, p.58
  72. Antoine et al., 2016, p.56
  73. Castro Medina, 2010, p.58
  74. Romero Carrasco, 2017, p.8
  75. Finger et al., 2007, p.13
  76. Ramírez Parrales, 2013, p.52
  77. Reguero et al., 2015, p.60
  78. Mendi & Rodríguez, 2005, p.19
  79. Cione et al., 2005, p.57
  80. Tófalo & Morrás, 2009, p.683
  81. Pérez, 2012, p.11
  82. Cozzuol, 2006, p.190
  83. Forasiepi et al., 2011, p.136
  84. Garrido et al., 2017, p.54
  85. Verde, 2002, p.21
  86. Goin et al., 2000, p.101
  87. Verzi et al., 2008, p.146
  88. Morton & Herbst, s.a., p.1
  89. Cerdeño et al., 2019, p.12
  90. Czaplewski & Campbell, 2017
  91. Frailey, 1986, p.4
  92. García López & Barbot, 2015, p.315
  93. Franco et al., 2013, p.44
  94. Vezzosi, 2015, p.27
  95. Kiyu Formation at Fossilworks.org
  96. Verde, 2002, p.20
  97. Romero et al., 1998, p.60
  98. Pujos et al., 2012, p.2
  99. Marshall & Sempere, 1991, p.636
  100. Córdova Aguilar, 2009, p.26
  101. Morton & Herbst, 2007, p.154
  102. Marshall & Sempere, 1991, p.637
  103. Martín Pérez, 2013, p.51
  104. Brea et al., 2013, p.28
  105. Wesselingh et al., 2006, p.304
  106. González & Abascal, 2012, p.129
  107. Baldellón et al., 1994, p.241
  108. Marshall & Sempere, 1991
  109. Brandoni et al., 2012, p.10
  110. Linares, 2004, p.16
  111. Deschamps et al., 2009, p.296
  112. Acosta Hospitaleche et al., 2007, p.301
  113. Escosteguy et al., 2003
  114. Reichler, 2010, p.181
  115. García et al., 1999, p.251
  116. Hernández et al., 2002, p.5
  117. Villarroel et al., 1996, p.54
  118. Marshall & Sempere, 1991, p.635
  119. Forasiepi et al., 2011, p.149
  120. Penín & Villarroel, 2005, p.138
  121. Utgé et al., 2009
  122. Cerdeño & Guiomar, 2007, p.201
  123. Simpson, 1947, p.2
  124. Villarroel & Clavijo, 2005, p.348
  125. Linares, 2004, p.5
  126. Escosteguy & Franchi, 2010, p.422
  127. Dalla Salda & Franzese, 1987, p.7
  128. Croft et al., 2016, p.2
  129. Marshall, 1990
  130. Marshall & Salinas, 1990
  131. De la Cruz, 2008, p.53
  132. Solíz Mundaca, 2018, p.13
  133. Paolillo & Linares, 2007, p.2
  134. Acosta Hospitaleche et al., 2018, p.442
  135. Acosta Hospitaleche et al., 2013, p.491
  136. Rincón et al., 2016, p.19
  137. Vizcaíno et al., 2012
  138. Pérez Panera, 2010, p.52
  139. Mendi & Rodríguez, 2005, p.20
  140. Johnson, 2009, p.60
  141. Dal Molín & Colombo, 2003, p.140
  142. Horovitz & Sánchez Villagra, 2012, p.145
  143. Croft et al., 2007, p.781
  144. Kramarz, 2001, p.10
  145. Dozo et al., 2014, p.241
  146. Godoy et al., 2012
  147. Muñoz et al., 2006
  148. Veintimilla González, 2015, p.47
  149. Kramarz et al., 2005
  150. Kramarz et al., 2005, p.288
  151. Acosta Hospitaleche, 2007, p.419
  152. Náñez et al., 2009
  153. Córdova Aguilar, 2009, p.24
  154. De Araújo et al., 2010, p.207
  155. Acosta & Tambussi, 2005, p.128
  156. Agnolin, 2006, p.27
  157. Combina & Nullo, 2011, p.201
  158. Acosta et al., 2002, p.49
  159. Castro Medina, 2010, p.55
  160. Lorenzo et al., 2018, p.41
  161. Bond et al., 1998, p.42
  162. Tófalo & Morrás, 2009, p.680
  163. Alván et al., 2017, p.56
  164. Gómez et al., 2008, p.48
  165. Billet et al., 2008, p.153
  166. Le Roux et al., 2010, p.332
  167. Conoce Nuestra Biodiversidad - Salla
  168. Reguero & Cerdeño, 2005, p.674
  169. Do Couto Ribeiro, 2010, p.88
  170. Chacaltana et al., 2015, p.2
  171. Castro Medina, 2010, p.53
  172. Gonçalves Pereira, 2015, p.124
  173. Billet et al., 2010
  174. Vizan et al., 2013
  175. Otero et al., 2012
  176. Castro Medina, 2010, p.56
  177. Solíz Mundaca, 2018, p.12
  178. Lorenzo et al., 2018, p.34
  179. Carlotto, 2016, p.522
  180. Cerdeño & Guiomar, M2007, p.200
  181. Tejedor et al., 2009, p.6
  182. Clarke et al., 2003
  183. Clarke et al., 2007, p.11545
  184. Castro Medina, 2010, p.54
  185. Solíz Mundaca, 2018, p.11
  186. Ciancio et al., 2016, p.577
  187. López & Bond, 1995, p.92
  188. Wilf et al., 2005, p.634
  189. Shelania at Fossilworks.org
  190. Wilf et al., 2005
  191. Campbell et al., 2014, p.13
  192. Raigemborn et al., 2010, p.252
  193. Bayona et al., 2012, p.103
  194. Marshall & Sempere, 1991, p.633
  195. Mendes et al., 2015, p.28
  196. Sedor et al., 2017, p.39
  197. Escosteguy & Franchi, 2010, p.420
  198. Hernández, 2003, p.47
  199. Cadena & Schweitzer, 2014, p.461
  200. Del Papa, 2006, p.314
  201. Narváez, 2009, p.24
  202. Del Papa et al., 2013, p.59
  203. Payrola Bosio et al., 2010, p.312
  204. Raigemborn et al., 2010, p.240
  205. Scarfati et al., 2009, p.36
  206. Raigemborn et al., 2010, p.251
  207. Quispe Alcalá, 2010, p.21
  208. Gelfo & Goin, 2011
  209. Clyde et al., 2014, p.303
  210. Pol & Powell, 2011, S9
  211. Oliveira & Goin, 2011
  212. Jaramillo et al., 2007, p.168
  213. Raigemborn et al., 2010, p.249
  214. Sánchez & Marquillas, 2010, p.389
  215. Montoya & Reyes, 2005, p.54
  216. Sempere et al., 1997, p.709
  217. Goin et al., 2006
  218. Carvalho et al., 2016, p.493
  219. Arroyo Tapalque at Fossilworks.org
  220. Paso Otero-Pardo at Fossilworks.org
  221. Paso Otero-Verde at Fossilworks.org
  222. Luján at Fossilworks.org
  223. Laguna Las Encadenadas at Fossilworks.org
  224. Quequén Salado - Indio Rico at Fossilworks.org
  225. Vezzosi, 2015, pp.636-637
  226. Vezzosi, 2015, p.899
  227. Góis et al., 2012
  228. Salado River, General Belgrano at Fossilworks.org
  229. La Chumbiada at Fossilworks.org
  230. Góis et al., 2015
  231. La Plata (Ensenada) at Fossilworks.org
  232. Graxaim at Fossilworks.org
  233. El Breal de Orocual at Fossilworks.org
  234. El Breal de Orocual2 at Fossilworks.org
  235. 900 m SW of Punta Hermengo at Fossilworks.org
  236. Machado et al., 2014
  237. Tarija at Fossilworks.org
  238. Tarija-1 at Fossilworks.org
  239. Ortiz et al., 2013
  240. Esquina Blanca - Upper Unit at Fossilworks.org
  241. Baliza Chica at Fossilworks.org
  242. Vezzosi, 2015, pp.631-632
  243. Arroyo Toropi-Level 3 at Fossilworks.org
  244. Agnolin, 2006, p.93
  245. Agnolin, 2006, p.83
  246. Agnolin, 2006, p.84
  247. Agnolin, 2006, p.86
  248. Agnolin, 2006, p.88
  249. Estación Anchorena at Fossilworks.org
  250. Esquina Blanca - Middle Unit at Fossilworks.org
  251. Charana at Fossilworks.org
  252. Jalquincha 1 at Fossilworks.org
  253. Left bank of La Ensenada Creek at Fossilworks.org
  254. East Yauca at Fossilworks.org
  255. 20 km west of Cochabamba at Fossilworks.org
  256. Olivares & Verzi, 2015
  257. Punta San Andrés at Fossilworks.org
  258. Arroyo Tarariras at Fossilworks.org
  259. Ayo Ayo tuff at Fossilworks.org
  260. Arroyo Loberia at Fossilworks.org
  261. 15 km N Mar del Plata at Fossilworks.org
  262. Yauca at Fossilworks.org
  263. Tonni & Noriega, 1996
  264. Daza et al., 2012
  265. Mar del Plata at Fossilworks.org
  266. Bajada las Palomas at Fossilworks.org
  267. First point north of Barranca de los Lobos, level III-IV at Fossilworks.org
  268. Punta Martinez de Hoz, level III at Fossilworks.org
  269. First bajada north of Canada Chapar at Fossilworks.org
  270. Diamente Department at Fossilworks.org
  271. Barbière et al., 2016
  272. Los Sauces River at Fossilworks.org
  273. Cantera Díaz Nogarol at Fossilworks.org
  274. Castro et al., 2014
  275. Vergel Member at Fossilworks.org
  276. Playa Kiyu at Fossilworks.org
  277. Sierra de Los Colorados at Fossilworks.org
  278. Toro Negro at Fossilworks.org
  279. Esquina Blanca - Lower Unit at Fossilworks.org
  280. Moreno et al., 2015, p.35
  281. Amson et al., 2016, pp.3–15
  282. Pérez et al., 2017
  283. Degrange et al., 2015
  284. Pérez Ben et al., 2019
  285. Norte Casa Chiguaje at Fossilworks.org
  286. Police Station 470062 at Fossilworks.org
  287. Barbière et al., 2018
  288. Monte Hermoso at Fossilworks.org
  289. Farola Monte Hermoso FI Facies at Fossilworks.org
  290. Farola Monte Hermoso FM Facies at Fossilworks.org
  291. Farola Monte Hermoso St Facies at Fossilworks.org
  292. Farola Monte Hermoso Fcf Facies at Fossilworks.org
  293. Farola Monte Hermoso at Fossilworks.org
  294. Barrancas de Monte Hermoso at Fossilworks.org
  295. Farola Monte Hermoso Fsc Facies at Fossilworks.org
  296. Armella et al., 2018
  297. Candela & Bonini, 2017
  298. Santa Maria Valley Andalhuala Fm at Fossilworks.org
  299. Bahia Inglesa Unit 3 at Fossilworks.org
  300. Cuenca del Tiburón at Fossilworks.org
  301. Casira Formation at Fossilworks.org
  302. Carrillo et al., 2018
  303. Casa el Jebe at Fossilworks.org
  304. La Meseta at Fossilworks.org
  305. Road to Tio Gregorio Locality at Fossilworks.org
  306. Urumaco, Biozona 4 Loc 85-FC at Fossilworks.org
  307. Mirandabradys Urumaco 03 at Fossilworks.org
  308. 1.5 km Northwest of Cerro Chiguaje at Fossilworks.org
  309. Coquimbo at Fossilworks.org
  310. Bahia de Guayacan at Fossilworks.org
  311. Bahia Herradura at Fossilworks.org
  312. Corral Quemado at Fossilworks.org
  313. La Paz, La Paz, Bolivia at Fossilworks.org
  314. RHM Locality 4 at Fossilworks.org
  315. El Yacural at Fossilworks.org
  316. Remedios at Fossilworks.org
  317. Punta Bermeja at Fossilworks.org
  318. Arroyo La Petra at Fossilworks.org
  319. Puerto Arazatí at Fossilworks.org
  320. Pujos et al., 2016
  321. Umala, La Paz, Bolivia at Fossilworks.org
  322. Ayo Ayo at Fossilworks.org
  323. Benson, 2015
  324. Los Dedos, Pliocene at Fossilworks.org
  325. La Cantera at Fossilworks.org
  326. Chanaral de Aceituno at Fossilworks.org
  327. Nicoli, 2015
  328. Farola Monte Hermoso Neocavia at Fossilworks.org
  329. CTA-42 at Fossilworks.org
  330. CTA-59 at Fossilworks.org
  331. Tongoy area Unit 11 at Fossilworks.org
  332. Súa Member at Fossilworks.org
  333. Punta la Gorda at Fossilworks.org
  334. Punta la Colorada at Fossilworks.org
  335. Puerta del Diablo at Fossilworks.org

SALMA

  • Flynn, J., and C.C. Swisher. 1995. Cenozoic South American Land Mammal Ages: correlation to global geochronology. Geochronology Time Scales and Global Stratigraphic Correlation, SEPM Special Publication 54. 317–333. .
Paleogene

Pebas Wetlands

Argentina

Paleogene
Pleistocene
Austral Basin
Santa María-Hualfín Basin
Santa Fe Province
Aconquija Formation
Agua de la Piedra Formation
Aisol Formation
Andalhuala Formation
Andesitas Huancache Formation
Arroyo Chasicó Formation
Belgrano Formation
Bororó Formation
Brochero Formation
Casamayor Formation
Cerro Azul Formation
Cerro Bandera Formation
Chapadmalal Formation
Chichinales Formation
Chiquimil Formation
Collón Curá Formation
Deseado Formation
Divisadero Largo Formation
La Ensenada Formation
Las Flores Formation, Sierra del Tontal
Las Flores Formation, Golfo San Jorge Basin
Fortín Tres Pozos Formation
Gaiman Formation
Geste Formation
Gran Bajo del Gualicho Formation
Hernandarias Formation
Huayquerías Formation
Huitrera Formation
India Muerta Formation
La Invernada Formation
Ituzaingó Formation
Koluel Kaike Formation
Laguna Brava Formation
  • Vizán, H.; S. Geuna; R. Melchor; E.S. Bellosi; S.L. Lagorio; C. Vásquez; M.S. Japas; G. Ré, and M. Do Campo. 2013. Geological setting and paleomagnetism of the Eocene red beds of Laguna Brava Formation (Quebrada Santo Domingo, northwestern Argentina). Tectonophysics 583. 105–123. .
Laguna del Hunco Formation
Lefipán Formation
Leticia Formation
Loma de Las Tapias Formation
Luján Formation
Lumbrera Formation
Maimará Formation
Maíz Gordo Formation
Mariño Formation
Mealla Formation
Miramar & San Andrés Formations
Monte Hermoso Formation
Monte León Formation
El Morterito Formation
Palo Pintado Formation
Paraná Formation
Peñas Coloradas Formation
Pinturas Formation
Piquete Formation
Playa de Los Lobos Allo Formation
Puerta del Diablo Formation
Puerto Madryn Formation
Quebrada de Los Colorados Formation
Río Chico Group
Río Foyel Formation
  • Acosta Hospitaleche, Carolina; Miguel Griffin; Marcos Asensio; Alberto Luis Cione, and Claudia Tambussi. 2013. Middle Cenozoic penguin remains from the Patagonian Cordillera. Andean Geology 40. 490–503. Accessed 2017-10-26.
  • Encinas, Alfonso; Andrés Folguera; Florencia Bechis; Kenneth L. Finger; Patricio Zambrano; Felipe Pérez; Pablo Benarbé; Francisca Tapia, and Ricardo Riffo and Luis Buatois, Darío Orts, Sven N. Nielsen, Victor V. Valencia, José Cituño, Verónica Oliveros, Lizet de Girolamo Del Mauro and Víctor Alberto Ramos. 2018. The Late Oligocene–Early Miocene Marine Transgression of Patagonia in The Evolution of the Chilean-Argentinean Andes, 443–474. Springer. Accessed 2018-09-11. ISBN 978-3-319-67774-3
Río Loro Formation
Río Mayo Formation
  • Escosteguy, Leonardo; Carlos Dal Molín; Mario Franchi; Silvena Guena; Omar Lapido, and Adolfo Genini. 2003. Hoja Geológica 4772-II Lago Buenos Aires, 1–80. Instituto de Geología y Recursos Minerales, Servicio Geológico Minero Argentino. Accessed 2018-09-10.
Río Negro Formation
Río Quinto Formation
Saladillo Formation
Salamanca Formation
Saldungaray Formation
Salicas Formation
Santa Cruz Formation
Sarmiento Formation & Colhué Huapí Member
Toro Negro Formation
Uquía Formation
Vaca Mahuida Formation
Ventana Formation
Vorohué Formation
Yupoí Formation

Bolivia

Casira Formation
Cerdas beds
Honda Group
Lacayani fauna
Ñuapua Formation
Quehua Formation
Salla Formation
Santa Lucía Formation
Tarija Formation
Umala Formation
Yecua & Petaca Formations

Brazil

Entre-Corrégos Formation
Fonseca Formation
Graxaim Formation
Guabirotuba Formation
Içá Formation
Itaboraí Formation
Maria Farinha Formation
Pirabas Formation
Rio Madeira Formation
Santa Vitória Formation
Solimões Formation
Touro Passo Formation
Tremembé Formation

Chile

Abanico Formation
Bahía Inglesa Formation
Caleta Herradura Formation
  • Di Celma, Claudio, and Gino Cantalamessa. 2007. Sedimentology and high-frequency sequence stratigraphy of a forearc extensional basin: The Miocene Caleta Herradura Formation, Mejillones Peninsula, northern Chile. Sedimentary Geology 198. 29–52. .
Chíu-Chíu Formation
Chucal Formation
Coquimbo Formation
Cura-Mallín Group
Horcón Formation
Huaylas Formation
Loreto Formation
Navidad Formation
La Portada Formation
Río Baguales Formation
Río Frías Formation

Colombia

Altiplano Cundiboyacense
Cesar-Ranchería Basin
Cocinetas Basin
Barzalosa Formation
  • Acosta, Jorge E.; Rafael Guatame; Juan Carlos Caicedo A., and Jorge Ignacio Cárdenas. 2002. Mapa Geológico de Colombia - Plancha 245 - Girardot - 1:100,000 - Memoria Explicativa, 1–92. INGEOMINAS.
Gualanday Group
Honda Group
Los Hoyos beds
Mugrosa Formation
  • Gómez, Luis Alfonso; Alejandro Patiño; Giancarlo Renzoni; Alejandro Beltrán; Claudia Quintero, and Martín Manrique. 2008. Geología de la Plancha 119 Barrancabermeja - 1:100,000, 1–105. INGEOMINAS.
Rotinet Formation
Sincelejo Formation

Ecuador

Biblián Formation
Dos Bocas Formation
Letrero Formation
Onzole Formation
Seca Formation

Paraguay

Chaco Formation

Peru

Peruvian Amazon
Sechura Basin
Chambira Formation
Chilcatay Formation
Chota Formation
Iñapari Formation
Madre de Dios Formation
Mogollón Formation
Moquegua Formation
Muñani Formation
Paracas Formation
Pisco Formation
Pozo Formation
Soncco Formation
Yahuarango Formation
Yumaque Formation

Uruguay

Pleistocene
  • Martínez, Sergio A., and M. Ubilla. 2009. El Cuaternario en Uruguay, 195–228. Universidad de la República de Uruguay. Accessed 2019-02-12.
Camacho Formation
Dolores Formation
Fray Bentos Formation
Raigón Formation
San José Formation
Sopas Formation

Venezuela

Chaguaramas Formation
  • Horovitz, Inés, and Marcelo R. Sánchez Villagra. 2012. El Registro Fósil del Cenozoico, 133–156. Venezuela Paleontológica: Evolución de la diversidad en el pasado. Accessed 2017-10-21.
Parángula Formation
Falcón Basin
Cantaure & Paraguaná Formations
Capadare Formation
Castillo Formation
Mesa Formation
Río Yuca Formation
San Gregorio Formation
Santa Inés Formation
Urumaco, Socorro & Codore Formations

Further reading

This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.