Urban rail transit in India

Urban rail transit in India plays an important role in intracity transportation in the major cities which are highly populated. It consists of rapid transit, suburban rail, monorail and tram systems. According to a report published in 2021, a total of 2.63 billion people travelled annually in metro systems across India's fifteen major cities, placing the country as one of the busiest urban rapid transit hubs in the world in terms of ridership. The combined length of 871 kilometres (541 miles) of metro systems in India makes it the fourth longest in operation in the world.[1]

Map of cities in India with Urban Transit Systems such as rapid transit, suburban rail, monorail, bus rapid transit and tram.
The Magenta Line of the Delhi Metro.
Tirumalai MRTS station in Chennai. The suburban rail is the largest urban transit mode in India by ridership.

The Ministry of Urban Development's Urban Transport wing is the nodal division for coordination, appraisal and approval of Urban Transport matters including Metro Rail Projects at the central level. All the interventions in the urban transport by the Ministry of Urban Development are carried out as per the provisions of National Urban Transport Policy, 2006.[2]

Terminology

Indian cities have various types of urban transit systems operational, under construction and planned. These systems are being implemented based on the population of a city, financial feasibility and demand.

Urban transit type Capacity Speed Frequency of stations / stops Right of way Rail based Cost to build and operate
Metro High Moderate High Yes Yes High
Suburban Railway High Moderate Medium No † Yes Moderate
Medium-capacity metro Medium Moderate High Yes Yes High
Light rail Medium Moderate High Partial ‡ Yes Moderate
Monorail Medium Moderate High Yes Yes High
Regional transit system High High Low Yes Yes High
Tram Low Slow High No Yes Low
Bus Rapid Transit Low Moderate High Yes No Low
Metro Neo Low Moderate High Yes No Moderate
Water Metro Low Slow Medium Yes No Low

† Note: Suburban rail in India utilises the broad gauge network of Indian Railways and mostly shares the network and infrastructure with the rest of Indian Railway services.
‡ Note: Light Rail systems are mostly fenced and can be built with complete right of way if preferred so.

  • Rapid transit : The rapid transit or popularly known as metro in India, is an urban high-capacity rail system, commonly operated in metropolitan cities. These systems are segregated from Indian Railways and have their right-of-way.
  • Suburban Railway : Suburban rail or popularly known as local train system in India, is an urban rail transit system where the suburbs are connected to the city's centre. These systems are linked to and operated by Indian Railways. Example: Mumbai Suburban Railway
  • Medium-capacity rail : It is a rapid transit (metro) system which has a capacity higher than light rail but lower than rapid transit system to serve a medium demand. It is built considering the future rise in demand, so that it can be converted into a regular metro. Example: Rapid Metro Gurgaon
  • Light rail : Light rail which is also known as Metro Lite is used in cities that have low demand. It is a combination of rapid transit and tram systems. It has a higher capacity and speed compared to tram services and has dedicated tracks that are mostly fenced. Example: Srinagar Metro
  • Monorail : This system has trains running on a single rail/beam. It has found its application in medium capacity transport, but due to low efficiency and high costs, it has been sidelined in India. Example: Mumbai Monorail
  • Regional transit system : This system is operated either between two similarly sized cities, which are close to each other or between an urban city and smaller cities lying nearby. Example: Delhi–Meerut RRTS
  • Tram : These systems are one of the oldest modes of urban transport in India. They are low capacity, slow-moving trains which run on tracks that are embedded in the urban streets. Example: Kolkata Tram

Non-rail based urban transit

History

Early history
See caption
Life-size model of a horse-drawn tram at the City Centre arcade, Salt Lake, Kolkata

The first-ever mode of the urban rail transit system in India was commuter rail (or suburban rail), built in Mumbai on 16 April 1853. The first passenger train was flagged off from Bori Bunder (present-day Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus in Mumbai) from where it travelled to Thane, covering a distance of 34 km in an hour and fifteen minutes. This made it the Asia's first suburban railway.[3] At the turn of the 20th century, tram systems began to sprawl across the four major cities of India, viz. Delhi, Kolkata, Chennai and Mumbai, and helped local population to meet their intracity transportation needs. Horse-drawn tram was first introduced in Kolkata in 1873 and the electric trams began to operate in Chennai in 1895, later the cities of Mumbai, Kanpur, and Delhi saw trams being introduced. These services were discontinued in all Indian cities between 1933 and 1964, except for Kolkata where they operate on streets to the present day as heritage.[4]

Metro
Old Kolkata Metro BHEL 1000 metro rake.

In September 1919, during a session of the Imperial Legislative Council at Shimla, a committee was set up by W. E. Crum that recommended a metro line for Kolkata.[5] The next proposal for a metro system was mooted by government of West Bengal in 1949-50 and a survey was conducted by French experts. However, the proposal could not be brought into the effect and India had to wait for its first metro service. It was twenty three years later when the foundation stone was laid in Kolkata in 1972 to commence the construction of the ambitious metro system. On 24 October 1984, India saw its first metro system operational in Kolkata. After several struggles and bureaucratic hurdles, a stretch of 3.4 km was opened with five stations on the line.[6]

The first concept of an urban rapid transit system in Delhi came out during 1969,[7] when a traffic and travel characteristics study was conducted. The bus systems which catered the public transportation in the city soon began to run out of capacity and the traffic was on the rise, this soon became a growing concern. The concepts for an urban transit system were considered as the need for the country's capital.[7] After planning, a proposal was made in 1984, which revealed plans for constructing three underground corridors and augmentation of the existing suburban rail system. The construction began on 1 October 1998 and the first line was operational on 24 December 2002.[6][8] With 348.12 kilometres (216.31 mi), the Delhi Metro went on to be the longest and by far the busiest metro system in India, which also served as a role model to other Indian cities.[9]

Monorails and their replacement

While the political capital of India was expanding on its success by constructing new metro lines, suburban railways remained as the dominant mode of transport in the financial capital, Mumbai. According to Mumbai Metropolitan Region Development Authority (MMRDA) the city bus services operating in narrow and crowded areas of the city were slow-moving and caused traffic congestion hence a rapid transit system was necessary. Since the city already had planned metro services and since the suburban railways also connected major parts of the city, a feeder system to these services was proposed in the form of Monorail.[10] After the construction was completed, On 1 February 2014, Mumbai Monorail became the first of its kind in India.[11][12]

In the early 2010s, many cities had conceived the plan to build monorails as the major urban transportation solution to their cities. However, Mumbai's monorail soon began to reveal the underlying problems of a monorail system.[13] The issues such as low ridership, inefficient track maintenance (accessibility of the tracks during maintenance as well as the time taken to repair the tracks), train slowing down at the switches and for the fact that the monorail tracks had to be entirely elevated with a dedicated depot and set of rolling stocks, raised the concerns on feasibility, cost of construction and operation of the new lines significantly. Hence, almost all of the monorail systems around the world are seen in amusement parks or similar theme parks instead as a solution to the urban public transportation.[14] A traditional light rail system soon emerged as the efficient mode but with cheaper cost and greater capacity than what monorail offered. As a result, many Indian cities replaced their monorail projects with either a regular metro or a light rail system.[15]

Rapid transit
Millennium city centre metro station in Gurugram connects Delhi Metro's yellow line with Gururgram's metro.
Double decker viaduct in Nagpur, with Metro on top tier and highway on lower tier.
Mumbai Metro in Andheri
Aluminium metro coach manufactured by Titagarh Wagons for Pune Metro.

There are currently 16 operational rapid transit (Officially and popularly known as 'Metro') systems in fifteen cities across India, with Delhi Metro being the largest.[16] As of March 2023, India has 859 kilometres (534 miles) of operational metro lines and 16 systems.[17] India's metro network is the fourth longest in the world, behind China, USA and South Korea. A further 568.15 km of lines are under construction.

Apart from the Kolkata Metro (which has its own zone under Indian Railways),[18] these rapid transit metro lines are not operated by Indian Railways, but a separate set of local authorities. In addition to their metro systems, the cities of Chennai and Hyderabad have mass transit systems operated by the Indian Railways, known as the Chennai MRTS and the Hyderabad MMTS, respectively. The first rapid transit system in India is the Kolkata Metro, which started operations in 1984. The Delhi Metro has the largest network in the entire country.[19]

Implementation

In 2006, the National Urban Transport Policy had proposed the construction of a metro rail system in every city with a population of at least 20 lakh (2 million) people.[20][21]

From 2002 to 2014, the Indian metro infrastructure expanded by 248 km.[1]

Later on 11 August 2014, Union Government had announced that it would provide financial assistance for the implementation of a metro rail system to all Indian cities having a population of more than 1 million.[22][23] In May 2015, the Union Government approved the Union Urban Development Ministry's proposal to implement metro rail systems in 50 cities, with the majority of the planned projects were to be implemented through special purpose vehicles, which will be established as 50:50 joint ventures between the Union and respective State Government. The Union Government would invest an estimated ₹5 lakh crore (US$63 billion).[24][25]

In a new draft policy unveiled in March 2017, the Central Government stated that it wanted state governments to consider metro rail as the "last option" and implement it only after considering all other possible mass rapid transit systems. The decision was taken due to the high cost of constructing metro rail systems.[26] In August 2017, the Union Government announced that it would not provide financial assistance to the new metro rail project unless some sort of private partnership is involved.[27][28][29]

List of systems
As of 09 October 2023
  • OP + U/C = Operational & Under-construction combined
  • OP + U/C+ Planned = Operational, Under-construction & Planned Combined
System Locale State/ Union Territory Lines Stations Length Operator(s) Opened Annual Ridership (in millions)
Operational Under Construction Planned OP+U/C+Planned
Delhi Metro
10[30] 256[lower-alpha 1] 350.42 km (217.74 mi)[lower-alpha 2] 65.20 km (40.51 mi) 65.03 km (40.41 mi) 480.65 km (298.66 mi) Delhi Metro Rail Corporation (DMRC) 24 December 2002[31] 1790[32]
Namma Metro
2 66[33] 73.81 km (45.86 mi) 101.73 km (63.21 mi) 146.2 km (90.8 mi) 321.74 km (199.92 mi) Bengaluru Metro Rail Corporation Limited (BMRCL) 20 October 2011[34] 174.22 (2020)[35]
Hyderabad Metro
Telangana 3 57 67.21 km (41.76 mi) 345.5 km (214.7 mi) 415 km (258 mi)[36] Hyderabad Metro Rail Ltd. (HMRL) 29 November 2017[37] 178 (2023)[1]
Chennai Metro Chennai Tamil Nadu 2 40[38] 54.65 km (33.96 mi)[39] 118.9 km (73.9 mi) 154 km (96 mi) 327.55 km (203.53 mi) Chennai Metro Rail Limited (CMRL) 29 June 2015[40] 73
Kolkata Metro
West Bengal 3 40 46.96 km (29.18 mi) 47.72 km (29.65 mi) 144.46 km (89.76 mi) 340.03 km (211.28 mi)
24 October 1984[41] 256[1]
Mumbai Metro Mumbai Maharashtra 3 43 46.5 km (28.9 mi)[42] 146.08 km (90.77 mi) 151.75 km (94.29 mi) 344.33 km (213.96 mi) Reliance Infrastructure
Maha Mumbai Metro Operation Corporation Ltd (MMMOCL)		 8 June 2014[42] 126[43]
Ahmedabad Metro
Gujarat 2 31 38.63 km (24.00 mi) 21.42 km (13.31 mi) 7.41 km (4.60 mi) 66.69 km (41.44 mi) Gujarat Metro Rail Corporation (GMRC) 4 March 2019[44][45] 16[1]
Nagpur Metro Nagpur Maharashtra 2 35 38.22 km (23.75 mi) 43 km (27 mi)[46] 48.30 km (30.01 mi) 86.52 km (53.76 mi) Maharashtra Metro Rail Corporation Limited (MMRC) 8 March 2019[47] 50.4[1]
Noida Metro
Uttar Pradesh 1 21 29.70 km (18.45 mi) - 84.95 km (52.79 mi) 114.65 km (71.24 mi) Delhi Metro Rail Corporation (DMRC) 25 January 2019[48] 5[1]
Kochi Metro Kochi Kerala 1 24 27.4 km (17.0 mi) 1.16 km (0.72 mi)[49] 11.2 km (7.0 mi)[50] 59.16 km (36.76 mi) Kochi Metro Rail Limited (KMRL) 17 June 2017[51] 17[1]
Pune Metro
Maharashtra 2 20 23.9 km (14.9 mi) 52.95 km (32.90 mi) 129 km (80 mi) 205.85 km (127.91 mi) Maharashtra Metro Rail Corporation Limited (MMRC) 6 March 2022[52] –
Lucknow Metro Lucknow Uttar Pradesh 1 21 22.878 km (14.216 mi) - 85.00 km (52.82 mi) 107.878 km (67.032 mi) Uttar Pradesh Metro Rail Corporation (UPMRC) 5 September 2017[53] 22[1]
Rapid Metro Gurgaon Gurugram Haryana 1 11 12.85 km (7.98 mi)[54] - 198.99 km (123.65 mi) 211.09 km (131.17 mi) Delhi Metro Rail Corporation (DMRC) 14 November 2013[55] 18[1]
Jaipur Metro Jaipur Rajasthan 1[56] 11[56] 11.98 km (7.44 mi) 2.85 km (1.77 mi)[57] 26.36 km (16.38 mi) 38.34 km (23.82 mi) Jaipur Metro Rail Corporation Limited (JMRC) 3 June 2015[56] 22[58]
Kanpur Metro Kanpur Uttar Pradesh 1 9 8.98 km (5.58 mi) 15.05 km (9.35 mi) 8.6 km (5.3 mi) 32.37 km (20.11 mi) Uttar Pradesh Metro Rail Corporation (UPMRC) 28 December 2021 –
Total 15 11 37 655 855.028 km (531.290 mi) 593.56 km (368.82 mi) 1,273.769 km (791.483 mi) 2,709.595 km (1,683.664 mi) 15 2.708 billion

Systems in Development
As of 1 April 2023

  Under construction
  Approved
  Proposed

System Locale State / Union Territory Lines Stations Length (Under Construction) Length (Planned) Construction began Planned Opening
Bhoj Metro Bhopal Madhya Pradesh 2 28 27.87 km (17.32 mi)

77 km (48 mi)

 2018 2023[59]
Indore Metro Indore Madhya Pradesh 5 89 33.53 km (20.83 mi)

248 km (154 mi)

 2018 2023[60]
Meerut Metro Meerut Uttar Pradesh 2 24 20 km (12 mi) 35 km (22 mi) 2019 2025[61]
Agra Metro Agra Uttar Pradesh 2 27 29.65 km (18.42 mi) 2020 2024
Patna Metro Patna Bihar 2 26 30.91 km (19.21 mi) 2020 2024
Surat Metro Surat Gujarat 2 38 40.35 km (25.07 mi) 2021 2024[62]
Navi Mumbai Metro Navi Mumbai Maharashtra 1 20 11.10 km (6.90 mi) 83 km (52 mi) 2011 TBD
Bhubaneswar Metro Cuttack, Bhubaneswar, Puri Odisha 1 20 26 km (16 mi) 2024[63] 2028
Chandigarh Metro Chandigarh Capital Region
5 TBD 64 km (39.7 mi) TBD TBD[64]
Thane Metro Thane Maharashtra 1 22 30 km (19 mi) TBD TBD[65]
Vijayawada Metro Vijayawada Andhra Pradesh 2 51 75 km (47 mi) TBD TBD[66]
Visakhapatnam Metro Visakhapatnam Andhra Pradesh 3 54

76.90 km (47.78 mi)

 TBD TBD[67]
Guwahati Metro Guwahati Assam 4 54 61 km (38 mi) TBD TBD[68]
Aurangabad Metro Aurangabad Maharashtra 2 TBD 25 km (16 mi) TBD TBD[69][70]
Total 59 816+ 185.71 km (115.39 mi) 1,163.955 km (723.248 mi)

Abandoned Systems

  Scrapped

System Locale State / Union Territory Length Notes
Western Railway Elevated Corridor Mumbai Maharashtra 63.27 km (39.31 mi) Rejected due to infeasibility.[71]
Ludhiana Metro Ludhiana Punjab 28.30 km (17.58 mi) Rejected and replaced by bus rapid transit system.[72]

List of lines
As of 19 January 2023

India has a total of 34 lines of metro under operation.

Urban rapid rail transit lines
Line System Length Stations Rolling stock Commencement Latest extension
Blue Line Kolkata 31.36 km (19.49 mi) 26 ICF, CRRC Dalian 24 October 1984 22 February 2021
Green Line 9.1 km (5.7 mi) 8 BEML Limited 13 February 2020 11 July 2022
Purple Line 6.5 km (4.0 mi) 6 ICF 30 December 2022 -
Red Line Delhi 34.69 km (21.56 mi) 29 Mitsubishi, Hyundai Rotem and BEML Limited 25 December 2002 8 March 2019
Yellow Line 49.31 km (30.64 mi) 37 Mitsubishi, Hyundai Rotem, BEML Limited and Bombardier Movia 20 December 2004 10 November 2015
Blue Line (Main) 56.61 km (35.18 mi) 50 31 December 2005 9 March 2019
Blue Line (Branch) 8.74 km (5.43 mi) 8 10 May 2009 14 July 2011
Green Line (Main) 28.79 km (17.89 mi) 24 Mitsubishi, Hyundai Rotem and BEML Limited 3 April 2010 24 June 2018
Violet Line 46.63 km (28.97 mi) 34 3 October 2010 19 November 2018
Airport Express 22.70 km (14.11 mi) 6 CAF 23 February 2011
Pink Line 58.43 km (36.31 mi) 38 Hyundai Rotem and BEML Limited 14 March 2018 6 August 2021
Magenta Line 37.46 km (23.28 mi) 25 Hyundai Rotem 25 December 2017 28 May 2018
Grey Line 5.19 km (3.22 mi) 4 4 October 2019 18 September 2021
Purple Line Bengaluru 43.49 km (27.02 mi) 37 BEML Limited 20 October 2011 09 October 2023
Green Line 30.37 km (18.87 mi) 29 1 March 2014 15 January 2021
Line 1 Gurgaon 11.70 km (7.27 mi) 11 Siemens 14 November 2013 31 March 2017
Blue Line 1 Mumbai 10.81 km (6.72 mi) 12 CRRC Nanjing Puzhen 8 June 2014 –
Yellow Line 2 18.58 km (11.55 mi) 17 BEML 2 April 2022 19 January 2023
Red Line 7 16.50 km (10.25 mi) 14 2 April 2022 19 January 2023
Pink Line Jaipur 11.97 km (7.44 mi) 11 BEML Limited 3 June 2015 23 September 2020
Blue Line Chennai 32.65 km (20.29 mi) 25 Alstom 21 September 2016 13 March 2022
Green Line 22.00 km (13.67 mi) 17 29 June 2015 25 May 2018
Line 1 Kochi 32.10 km (19.95 mi) 22 Alstom Metropolis 17 June 2017 7 September 2020
Red Line Lucknow 22.87 km (14.21 mi) 21 Alstom 5 September 2017 8 March 2019
Red Line Hyderabad 29 km (18 mi) 27 Hyundai Rotem 29 November 2017 24 September 2018
Blue Line 27 km (17 mi) 23 29 November 2017 29 November 2019
Green Line 11 km (6.8 mi) 10 7 February 2020 –
Aqua Line Noida 29.7 km (18.5 mi) 21 CRRC 25 January 2019 –
Blue Line Ahmedabad 19.38 km (12.04 mi) 16 Hyundai Rotem 4 March 2019 1 October 2022
Red Line 18.52 km (11.51 mi) 16 1 October 2022
Orange Line Nagpur 15.60 km (9.69 mi) 13 CRRC 8 March 2019 21 August 2021
Aqua Line 11.0 km (6.8 mi) 11 28 January 2020 6 April 2021
Orange Line Kanpur 8.98 km (5.58 mi) 9 Alstom 28 December 2021 –
Purple Line Pune 7 km (4.3 mi) 5 Titagarh Firema 6 March 2022 –
Aqua Line 5 km (3.1 mi) 5 6 March 2022 –

Note : Only operational lines are listed.

Suburban rail
An EMU of the Mumbai Suburban Railway, the oldest Suburban Railway Network in India built in 1853
An elevated stretch of the Chennai MRTS.

Suburban rail plays a major role in the public transport system of many major Indian cities. These services are operated by Indian Railways. Suburban rail is a rail service between a central business district and the suburbs, a conurbation or other locations that draw large numbers of people daily. The trains are called suburban trains. These trains are also referred to as "local trains" or "locals". The suburban rail systems in Hyderabad, Pune, Lucknow–Kanpur and Bengaluru do not have dedicated suburban tracks but share tracks with long-distance trains. The suburban rail system of Mumbai, Kolkata and Chennai have both dedicated tracks and tracks shared with long-distance trains.

The first suburban rail system in India is Mumbai Suburban Railway which started operations in 1853. The Kolkata Suburban Railway has the largest network in the entire country. The Chennai Suburban Railway started its operations in 1931.

Suburban trains that handle commuter traffic are all electric multiple units (EMUs). They usually have nine or twelve coaches, sometimes even fifteen to handle rush hour traffic. One unit of an EMU train consists of one power car and two general coaches. Thus a nine coach EMU is made up of three units having one power car at each end and one at the middle. The rakes in the suburban rails run on 25 kV AC.[73] Ridership on India's suburban railways has risen from 1.2 million in 1970–71 to 4.4 million in 2012–13. The suburban railways of Mumbai, Kolkata and Chennai occupy no more than 7.1% of the Indian Railways 20819.3-km network, but account for 53.2% of all railway passengers.[74] In some cities of India, the opening of rapid transit systems has led to a decline in the use of the suburban rail system.[75]

As of 5 September 2021
System Locale State / Union Territory Lines Stations Length Opened Annual Ridership (in Billions)
Kolkata Suburban Railway
West Bengal 24 458 1,501 km (933 mi) 15 August 1854[76] 2.7
Chennai Suburban Railway
Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh 8 300+ 1,200 km (750 mi) 1931[77] 2.5
Mumbai Suburban Railway
Maharashtra 7 150 450.90 km (280.18 mi) 16 April 1853[3] 3.6
Hyderabad Multi-Modal Transport System

Telangana 5 44 90 km (56 mi) 9 August 2003[78] 0.8
Delhi Suburban Railway National Capital Region Delhi, Uttar Pradesh, Haryana 1 46 85 km (53 mi) 1 October 1975[79] –
Pune Suburban Railway
Maharashtra 2 17 63 km (39 mi) 11 March 1978[80] 0.3
Chennai Mass Rapid Transit System Chennai Tamil Nadu 2 18 19.34 km (12.02 mi) 1 November 1995[81] 0.1
Total 7 8 47 1017 3,319.84 km (2,062.85 mi) 5.5

Systems in Development
As of 5 September 2021

  Under construction
  Proposed

System Locale State / Union Territory Lines Stations Length Planned Opening
Bengaluru Suburban Railway Bengaluru Karnataka 4 57 148.17 km (92.07 mi) 2026[82][83]
Ahmedabad Suburban Railway Ahmedabad Gujarat 2 41 52.96 km (32.91 mi) TBD[84]
Nagpur broad-gauge Metro Nagpur Maharashtra 4[85] TBD 268.63 km (166.92 mi) TBD[86][87]
Coimbatore Suburban Railway Coimbatore Tamil Nadu 5 TBD TBD TBD[88]

Regional rail
Main article: RapidX

Regional Rapid Transit systems in India are passenger rail services that operate beyond the limits of urban areas, and either connect similarly sized cities, or metropolitan cities and surrounding towns/cities, outside at the outer rim of a suburban belt at higher speeds. The following list excludes passenger train services provided by Indian Railways.

Systems in Development
As of 22 October 2022

  Under construction
  Approved
  Proposed

System State / Union Territory Stations Length Project Approved Planned Opening
Delhi–Meerut RAPIDX Delhi and Uttar Pradesh 22 82 km (51 mi) 2019 Feb[89][90] 2023[91]
Delhi–Alwar RAPIDX Delhi, Haryana and Rajasthan 22 164 km (102 mi) 2025[92]
Delhi–Panipat RAPIDX Delhi and Haryana 15 103 km (64 mi) 2028[93]
Delhi–Rohtak RAPIDX Delhi and Haryana TBD 70 km (43 mi) 2032
Delhi–Palwal RAPIDX Delhi and Haryana TBD 60 km (37 mi) 2032
Delhi-Baraut RAPIDX Delhi and Uttar Pradesh TBD 54 km (34 mi) 2032
Ghaziabad–Khurja RRTS Uttar Pradesh TBD 83 km (52 mi) 2032
Ghaziabad–Hapur RRTS Uttar Pradesh TBD 57 km (35 mi) 2032
Delhi–Jewar RAPIDX Delhi and Uttar Pradesh TBD 67 km (42 mi) TBD
Hyderabad–Warangal RRTS Telangana TBD TBD TBD[94]
Hyderabad–Vijayawada RRTS Telangana and Andhra Pradesh TBD TBD TBD[94]
Vijaywada–Amaravati–Guntur–Tenali semi-high speed circular railway Andhra Pradesh TBD TBD TBD[95]

Monorail
The Mumbai Monorail The only operational Monorail system in India.

The Mumbai Monorail, which opened on 2 February 2014, is the first operational monorail system used for rapid transit in independent India.[96] Many other Indian cities had planned monorail projects, as a feeder system to the metro, but after the Mumbai monorail failed with multiple issues, other cities are reconsidering the plan and may go ahead with much efficient and proven modes of transport such as the Light rail transit system.[15][13]

System Locale State / Union Territory Lines Stations Length Opened Annual Ridership (in millions)
Mumbai Monorail Mumbai Maharashtra 1 17 19.53 km (12.14 mi) 2 February 2014[11] 1.2

Systems in Development

  Approved

  Proposed

System Locale State / Union Territory Lines Stations Length Notes
Ahmedabad-Dholera SIR Monorail
Gujarat 1 7 40.3 km (25.0 mi) Approved in January 2021. Set to open three or four years after commencement of construction.[97][98]
Warangal Monorail Warangal Telangana 1 TBD 15 km (9.3 mi) Proposed.[99]
Aizawl Monorail Aizawl Mizoram 1 TBD 5 km (3.1 mi) On paper since 2012.[100]
Tiruchirappalli Monorail Tiruchirapalli Tamil Nadu 3 27 TBD Metro or Metrolite is under consideration.[101][102]
Madurai Monorail Madurai Tamil Nadu 1 TBD TBD Metro or Metrolite is under consideration.[101][103]

Abandoned Systems

  Defunct
  Replaced with other modes

System Locale State / Union Territory Length Notes
Skybus Metro Madgaon Goa 1.60 km (0.99 mi) Defunct and Scrapped after the operation. Deemed unsafe by KRC.[104]
Chennai Monorail Chennai Tamil Nadu 57 km (35 mi) Replaced with Metro.[105]
Coimbatore Monorail Coimbatore Tamil Nadu 44 km (27 mi) Replaced with Metro Project.
Kolkata Monorail Kolkata West Bengal 177 km (110 mi) New Town route was converted into a Ropeway & Light Rail/Tram project.[106]
Kanpur Monorail Kanpur Uttar Pradesh 63 km (39 mi) Scrapped in favour of Metro system[107]

Light rail
Main article: Metrolite
For Metro Neo, see List of bus rapid transit systems in India § Trolleybus.

Light rail transit (LRT) or popularly known as Metrolite in India, is a form of urban rail transit characterized by a combination of rapid transit and tram systems. It usually operates at a higher capacity than trams, and often on an exclusive right-of-way similar to rapid transit. Several tier-2 cities in India have opted it since it is a cheap and efficient mode of urban transit which serves for a lower demand. This list excludes Trolleybus or 'Metro Neo' systems which do not use rails.


  Approved
  Proposed

System Locale State / Union Territory Lines Stations Length Type Planned opening
Jammu Metro Jammu Jammu and Kashmir 2 40 43.50 km (27.03 mi) 25 kV AC railway electrification 2024[108]
Srinagar Metro Srinagar Jammu and Kashmir 2 24 25 km (16 mi) 25 kV AC railway electrification 2024[109]
Thiruvananthapuram Light Metro Thiruvananthapuram Kerala 1 19 21.82 km (13.56 mi) 25 kV AC railway electrification TBD[110]
Kozhikode Light Metro Kozhikode Kerala 1 14 13.30 km (8.26 mi) 25 kV AC railway electrification TBD[111]
Coimbatore Metro Logo of Chennai Metro Coimbatore Tamil Nadu 5[112] TBD

147 km (91 mi)[112]

 25 kV AC railway electrification TBD[112]
Chennai Light Rail Logo of Chennai Metro Chennai Tamil Nadu 1 TBD 15.50 km (9.63 mi) 25 kV AC railway electrification TBD
Gorakhpur Metro Gorakhpur Uttar Pradesh 2 27 27.41 km (17.03 mi) 25 kV AC railway electrification 2024[113][114]
Raipur Metro Raipur Chhattisgarh TBD TBD TBD 25 kV AC railway electrification TBD[115]
Delhi Metrolite Logo of the Delhi Metro Delhi Delhi 2 37 40.88 km (25.40 mi) 25 kV AC railway electrification[116] 2026[117]
Vadodara Metro Vadodara Gujarat TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD [118]
Rajkot Metro Rajkot Gujarat TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD[119]
Jamnagar Metro Jamnagar Gujarat TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD[119]
Bhavnagar Metro Bhavnagar Gujarat TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD[119]
Madurai Metro Logo of Chennai Metro Madurai Tamil Nadu 3[120] 41

91 km (57 mi)[120]

 25 kV AC railway electrification 2027[120]
Bareilly Metro Bareilly Uttar Pradesh 1 10 20 km (12 mi) TBD TBD[121]
Varanasi Metro Varanasi Uttar Pradesh 2 26 29.23 km (18.16 mi) TBD TBD[122]
Prayagraj Metro Prayagraj Uttar Pradesh 2 39 42 km (26 mi) TBD TBD[123]
Jhansi Metro Jhansi Uttar Pradesh 2 17 18 km (11 mi) TBD TBD[124]
Mathura Metrolite Mathura Uttar Pradesh TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD[125]
Ayodhya Metrolite Ayodhya Uttar Pradesh TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD[125]

Tram
Main article: Trams in India
The Kolkata Tram built in 1873, the only tram in India still operational. Used also as a heritage ride beside being urban transit

In addition to trains, trams were introduced in many cities in the late 19th century, though almost all of these were phased out. The Kolkata Tram is currently the only tram system in the country. Due to construction of Kolkata Metro Green line from Salt Lake to Howrah, just 14.44 kilometres (8.97 mi) of Tramline is operational in Kolkata. The Calcutta Tram Users Association has been set up in early 2000s to save, protect & running of Kolkata Tram. This organization is working 24x7 for betterment of Kolkata Tram service.

System City State / Union Territory Lines Stops Length Opened
Kolkata Tram Kolkata West Bengal 3 N/A 36.63 km (22.76 mi) 1873[126]

Systems in development

  Proposed

System City State / Union Territory Lines Stops Length Planned opening
Vishakapatnam Tram Vishakapatnam Andhra Pradesh TBD TBD TBD TBD[95]
Mamallapuram Tram Mamallapuram Tamil Nadu TBD TBD TBD TBD[127]

Abandoned Systems

  Defunct

System City State / Union Territory Lines Stops Length Opened Discontinued
Mumbai Tram Mumbai Maharashtra 1873 1964
Nashik Tram Nashik Maharashtra 1 10 km (6.2 mi) 1889 1931
Chennai Tram Chennai Tamil Nadu 1895 1953
Patna Tram Patna Bihar 1903
Kanpur Tram Kanpur Uttar Pradesh 6.04 km (3.75 mi) 1907 16 May 1933
Kochi Tram Kochi Kerala 1907 1963
Delhi Tram Delhi Delhi 1908 1963
Bhavnagar Tram Bhavnagar Gujarat 1926 1960s

Standardisation

Track gauge

Unlike Broad gauge which form majority of the railway tracks in the sub-continent, metro rail lines in India are composed of mainly standard gauge. Projects like the Kolkata Metro and Delhi Metro used broad gauge for their earliest lines, but to procure modern foreign rakes and to adopt international standard, India went ahead with standard gauge for all the following lines.[128]

NCMC
Main article: National Common Mobility Card
Front view of the NCMC Card.

The National Common Mobility Card (NCMC) is a card issued by government of India which enables citizens to pay multiple kinds of transport charges like Metro, bus etc., across the country.[129]

To ensure a seamless travel across urban rail and various other transportation systems the Ministry of Housing & Urban Affairs (MoHUA) came out with the National Common Mobility Card (NCMC) Program.[129]

The Union Ministry of Urban Affairs have been working on it since 2006, when it was envisaged as part of the National Urban Transport Policy (NUTP). This will help in higher digital payments penetration, savings on closed loop card lifecycle management cost and reduced operating cost.

Manufacturing

There are multiple metro manufacturers in India, Under the Union Government's Make in India program, about 75% of the rolling stock procured for use on Indian metro systems are required to be manufactured in India.[130]

Company Customer Total coaches
India BEML[131][132] Delhi Metro 1,444
Mumbai Metro 576
Namma Metro 300
Kolkata Metro 102
Jaipur Metro 40
BEML Total 5 2,462
Germany CanadaBombardier[133][134][135] Delhi Metro 816
Agra Metro 87
Kanpur Metro 114
Meerut Metro 30
Bombardier Total 4 1,047
France Alstom[136] Chennai Metro 286
Kochi Metro 75
Lucknow Metro 80
Mumbai Metro 248
Delhi Metro 312
Indore Metro 75
Bhopal Metro 81
Pune Metro 66
Alstom Total 8 1,223
South Korea Hyundai Rotem Delhi Metro 478
Ahmedabad Metro 96
Namma Metro 150
Hyderabad Metro 171
Hyundai Rotem Total 4 895
India ICF Kolkata Metro 456
ICF Total 1 456
India Titagarh Rail Systems[137][138] Namma Metro 216
Pune Metro 102
Surat Metro 72
Titagarh Total 3 390
China CRRC Namma Metro 216
Rapid Metro Gurgaon 36
Kolkata Metro 84
Mumbai Metro 48
Nagpur Metro 69
Noida Metro 76
Navi Mumbai Metro 24
CRRC Total 7 553
7 20 7086

Summary

Delhi NCR
System Information Currently operational Currently under construction Map Website

Delhi Metro		 Locale Delhi

 1   2   3   4   5   6   7   8   9   Airport Express 

Phase 4
 7  Western extension (Maujpur)
 8  Western extension (RK Ashram)
New Lines
 10 

 DMRCL
Began operation 24 December 2002 (24 December 2002)
Lines in operation 9
No. of stations 255
Network length 348.12 km (216 mi)
Ridership 1.79 billion (2019)

Delhi Suburban Railway		 Locale Delhi

 Ring Line 

 Delhi EMU
Began operation 1975 (1975)
Lines in operation 1
No. of stations 21
Network length 35 km (22 mi)
Ridership 44,400 (2019)

Delhi Regional Rapid Transit		 Locale National Capital Region

 Delhi–Meerut 

 NCRTC
Began operation 2023 (2023)
Lines in operation 0 (1 UC)
No. of stations 51
Network length 349 km (217 mi)
Ridership NA

Noida Metro		 Locale Noida

 Aqua Line 

 NMRC
Began operation 29 December 2019 (29 December 2019)
Lines in operation 1
No. of stations 21
Network length 29.7 km (18 mi)
Ridership 0.58 million(2022)

Rapid Metro Gurgaon		 Locale Gurgaon

 1 

 Kol Metro
Began operation 14 November 2013 (14 November 2013)
Lines in operation 1
No. of stations 11
Network length 12.85 km (8 mi)
Ridership 0.19 million(2018)

Rajasthan
System Information Currently operational Currently under construction Map Website

Jaipur Metro		 Locale Jaipur

 1 

 JMRC
Began operation 3 June 2015 (3 June 2015)
Lines in operation 1
No. of stations 21
Network length 11.97 km (7 mi)
Ridership 7.5 million

Uttar Pradesh
System Information Currently operational Currently under construction Map Website

Lucknow Metro		 Locale Lucknow

 1 

 UPMRC
Began operation 5 September 2017 (5 September 2017)
Lines in operation 1
No. of stations 21
Network length 22.878 km (14 mi)
Ridership 22 million

Lucknow–Kanpur Suburban Railway		 Locale Uttar Pradesh

 Lucknow–Kanpur   Kanpur–Lucknow 

 —
Began operation 1867 (1867)
Lines in operation 1
No. of stations 16
Network length

37 km (23 mi)

Ridership

Barabanki–Lucknow Suburban Railway		 Locale Uttar Pradesh

 Barabanki–Lucknow   Lucknow–Barabanki 

 —
Began operation 30 June 2013 (30 June 2013)
Lines in operation 1
No. of stations 10
Network length

72 km (45 mi)

Ridership

Kanpur Metro		 Locale Kanpur

 1 

 Expansion

 1  Eastern extension (Naubasta)

 UPMRC
Began operation 28 December 2021 (28 December 2021)
Lines in operation 1
No. of stations 9
Network length 8.98 km (6 mi)
Ridership -

Gujarat
System Information Currently operational Currently under construction Map Website

Ahmedabad Metro		 Locale Ahmedabad

 1   2 

Expansion
 1  Eastern extension (Thaltej Gam)
 2  Northern extension (Mahatma Mandir)

 GMRC
Began operation 4 March 2019 (4 March 2019)
Lines in operation 2
No. of stations 29
Network length 38.63 km (24 mi)
Ridership

Maharashtra
System Information Currently operational Currently under construction Map Website






Mumbai Metro		 Locale Mumbai Metropolitan Region

 1   2   7 

Expansion
 7  Southern extension (CSMIA)
 2  Southern extension (Mankhurd)
New Lines
 3   4   5   6   9 

 MMRDA
Began operation 8 June 2014 (8 June 2014)
Lines in operation 3
No. of stations 43
Network length 46.4 km (29 mi)
Ridership 0.54 million (2019)

Mumbai Suburban Railway		 Locale Mumbai Metropolitan Region

 Central   Harbour   Nerul–Uran   Trans-Harbour   Vasai Road–Roha   Western 

 Central Railway
Western Railway
Began operation 16 April 1853 (16 April 1853)
Lines in operation 7
No. of stations 150
Network length 427.5 km (266 mi)
Ridership 2.92 billion (2019)

Mumbai Monorail		 Locale Mumbai

 1 

 — MMRDA
Began operation 2 February 2014 (2 February 2014)
Lines in operation 1
No. of stations 27
Network length 19.54 km (12 mi)
Ridership

Pune Metro		 Locale Pune Metropolitan Region

 1   2 

Expansion
 1  Southern extension (Swargate)
 2  Eastern extension (Ramwadi)
New Line
 3 

 — PMR
Began operation 6 March 2022 (6 March 2022)
Lines in operation 1
No. of stations 27
Network length

19.54 km (12 mi)

Ridership

Pune Suburban Railway		 Locale Pune Metropolitan Region

 Pune–Lonavala   Pune–Daund–Baramati 

 —
Began operation 11 March 1978 (11 March 1978)
Lines in operation 2
No. of stations 37
Network length

63 km (39 mi)

Ridership

Nagpur Metro		 Locale Nagpur

 1   2 

 metrorailnagpur
Began operation 8 March 2019 (8 March 2019)
Lines in operation 2
No. of stations 36
Network length

40 km (25 mi)

Ridership 0.73 (million)

West Bengal
System Information Currently operational Currently under construction Map Website




Kolkata Metro		 Locale Kolkata metropolitan area

 1   2   3 

Expansion
 2  Western extension (Howrah Maidan)
 3  Northern extension (Esplanade)
New Lines
 4   6 

 KMRC
Began operation 24 October 1984 (24 October 1984)
Lines in operation 3
No. of stations 40
Network length 46.96 km (29 mi)
Ridership 1.11 billion

Kolkata Suburban Railway		 Locale Kolkata metropolitan area

 Chord link   Circular   Eastern   South Eastern   Sealdah South 

 South Eastern Railway
Eastern Railway
Began operation 15 August 1854 (15 August 1854)
Lines in operation 5
No. of stations 458
Network length

1,501 km (933 mi)

Ridership 2.1 billion (2019)
Heritage streetcar
Trams in Kolkata		 Locale Kolkata

 Tollygunge – Ballygunge   Gariahat – Esplanade   Shyambazar – Esplanade   Shyambazar – Howrah   Rajabazar – Howrah  15 Routes non operational due to ongoing  2  construction

—
Began operation 24 February 1873 (24 February 1873)
Lines in operation 5
No. of stations  ?
Network length

33.63 km (21 mi)

Ridership 10 million

Karnataka
System Information Currently operational Currently under construction Map Website


Namma Metro		 Locale Bengaluru

 1   2 

Expansion
 2  Western extension (Madavara)
New Lines
 3   4   5 

 BMRC
Began operation 20 October 2011 (20 October 2011)
Lines in operation 2
No. of stations 64
Network length 73.81 km (46 mi)
Ridership 1 billion (2020)

Kerala
System Information Currently operational Currently under construction Map Website

Kochi Metro		 Locale Kochi

 1 

 KMRC
Began operation 17 June 2017 (17 June 2017)
Lines in operation 1
No. of stations 24
Network length 27.4 km (17 mi)
Ridership 20 million

Tamil Nadu
System Information Currently operational Currently under construction Map Website

Chennai Metro		 Locale Chennai

 1   2 

Expansion
 1  Southern extension (Kilambakkam)
New Lines
 3   4   5 

 Chennaimetrorail
Began operation 29 June 2015 (29 June 2015)
Lines in operation 2
No. of stations 42
Network length 54.65 km (34 mi)
Ridership 0.8 billion

Chennai MRTS		 Locale Chennai

 Chennai Beach- Thirumayilai   Thirumayilai- Velachery 

New Lines
 Velachery-St. Thomas Mount 

 CMDA
Began operation 1 November 1995 (1 November 1995)
Lines in operation 2
No. of stations 18
Network length

19.34 km (12 mi)

Ridership 164.25 million

Chennai Suburban Railway		 Locale Chennai

 North Line   West Line   South Line   West North Line   South West Line   West South Line   Chennai MRTS   Circular Line 

 SR
Began operation 1931 (1931)
Lines in operation 8
No. of stations 300+
Network length

1,200 km (746 mi)

Ridership 912.57 million

Telangana
System Information Currently operational Currently under construction Map Website

Hyderabad Metro		 Locale Hyderabad

 1   2   3 

 HMRL
Began operation 29 November 2017 (29 November 2017)
Lines in operation 3
No. of stations 57
Network length 67.21 km (42 mi)
Ridership 178 million

Hyderabad MMTS		 Locale Hyderabad

 HF Line   HL Line   FL Line   SF Line   SB Line 

 —
Began operation 9 August 2003 (9 August 2003)
Lines in operation 5
No. of stations 44
Network length 90 km (56 mi)
Ridership 0.8 billion

See also

Notes
  1. Transfer stations are counted more than once. There are 24 transfer stations. If transfer stations are counted only once, the result will be 230 stations. Ashok Park Main station, where the two diverging branches of Green Line share tracks/platforms, is anyway counted as a single station. Stations of Noida Metro and Gurgaon Metro are not counted. If stations of Noida Metro and Gurgaon Metro are counted, the result will be 287 stations.[9]
  2. The total length of Delhi Metro is 350.42 kilometres (217.74 mi). The operations & maintenance of Gurgaon Metro and Noida Metro is currently undertaken by DMRC, so the total length operated by DMRC is 392.44 kilometres (243.85 mi).[9]

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