Receptor de serotonina
Los receptores de serotonina también conocidos como receptores de 5-hidroxitriptamina o receptores 5-HT son un tipo de receptor acoplado a proteínas G (en inglés GPCRs) y receptor ionotrópico (del inglés LGICs) ubicados en el sistema nervioso central y periférico.[1][2] Estos median la neurotransmisión tanto excitatoria como inhibitoria. Los receptores de serotonina (5HT), son activados por el neurotransmisor serotonina, el cual actúa como su ligando natural.
Receptor de serotonina | ||
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Identificadores | ||
Los receptores de serotonina modulan la liberación de muchos neurotransmisores entre ellos el glutamato, GABA, dopamina, epinefrina / norepinefrina y acetilcolina, así como muchas hormonas, entre ellas oxitocina, prolactina, vasopresina, cortisol, corticotropina y sustancia P. Los receptores de serotonina modulan distintos procesos biológicos y neurológicos, como la agresión, la ansiedad, el apetito, la cognición, el aprendizaje, la memoria, el estado de ánimo, la náusea, el sueño y la termoregulación. Los receptores de serotonina son el objetivo de una variedad de fármacos y también de drogas no legales, que incluye muchos agentes antidepresivos, antipsicóticos, anorexígenos, antieméticos, procinéticos, antimigrañosos, alucinógenos, empatógenos y entactógenos.[3]
Clasificación
Con la excepción del receptor 5-HT3, un canal iónico regulado por ligandos de la familia de receptores cys-loop, los demás receptores de serotonina son GPCRs que activan un segundo mensajero intracelular que produce una respuesta inhibitoria o excitatoria.
Familias
Familia | Tipo | Mecanismo | Potencial |
5-HT1 | Gi/Go-acoplado a proteínas. | Decrece los niveles celulares de cAMP. | Inhibitorio |
5-HT2 | Gq/G11-acoplado a proteínas. | Incrementa los niveles celulares de IP3 y DAG. | Excitatorio |
5-HT3 | Receptor ionotrópico de Na+ y K+ canal iónico. | despolarización membrana plasmática. | Excitatorio |
5-HT4 | Gs-acoplado a proteínas. | Incrementa los niveles intracelulares de cAMP. | Excitatorio |
5-HT5 | Gi/Go-acoplado a proteínas.[4] | Disminuye los niveles celulares de cAMP. | Inhibitorio |
5-HT6 | Gs-acoplado a proteínas. | Incrementa los niveles celulares de cAMP. | Excitatorio |
5-HT7 | Gs-acoplado a proteínas. | Incrementa los niveles celulares de cAMP. | Excitatorio |
Subtipos
Dentro de estos tipos de receptores de serotonina se ha caracterizado un número específico de subtipos:[5][6][7]
Relación de receptores de serotonina | |||||
Receptor | Gen(es) | Distribución | Función | Agonistas | Antagonistas |
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5-HT1A |
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5-HT1B |
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5-HT1D |
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5-HT1E |
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5-HT1F |
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5-HT2A |
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5-HT2B |
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5-HT2C |
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5-HT3 |
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5-HT4 |
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5-HT5A |
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5-HT6 |
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5-HT7 |
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Nótese que no existe el receptor 5-HT1C, después que el receptor fue clonado y luego caracterizado se encontró que tenía más en común con la familia de receptores 5-HT2 y fue designado como receptor 5-HT2C. Nótese también que no existe el receptor 5-HT5B receptor, este existe solamente en ratones y ratas, pero no en primates incluyendo los humanos.
Agonistas muy poco selectivos de los subtipos de receptor 5-HT incluye la ergotamina (un antimigrañoso), el cual activa los receptores 5-HT1A, 5-HT1D, 5-HT1B, D2 y el receptor de norepinefrina.[31] LSD (un psicodélico) es un agonista de los receptores 5-HT1A, 5-HT2A, 5-HT2C, 5-HT5A, 5-HT5, 5-HT6.[31]
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Enlaces externos
- MeSH: Serotonin+Receptors (en inglés)
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