商

商 U+5546, 商
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-5546
← 啅
[U+5545] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 啇 →
[U+5547]

Translingual
Stroke order

Han character

商 (radical 30, 口+8, 11 strokes, cangjie input 卜金月口 (YCBR), four-corner 00227, composition ⿱⿱亠丷冏)

References
  • KangXi: page 194, character 32
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 3803
  • Dae Jaweon: page 415, character 9
  • Hanyu Da Zidian: volume 1, page 288, character 6
  • Unihan data for U+5546

Chinese
trad. 商
simp. # 商

Glyph origin
Historical forms of the character 商
Shang Western Zhou Warring States Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Oracle bone script Bronze inscriptions Chu Slip and silk script Small seal script Transcribed ancient scripts
Characters in the same phonetic series (商) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
商 *hljaŋ
蔏 *hljaŋ
螪 *hljaŋ

Etymology

Traditionally it is considered that 商人 (shāngrén) is so named because this term originally refers to people from Shang dynasty, who tend to do business.

Schuessler, 2007 lists two possible origins:

  1. 賒 (OC *hljaː) + ŋ, which may be related to Thai แลก (lɛ̂ɛk);
  2. from Tibeto-Burman *lay or *b-ley

Pronunciation
Rime
Character 商
Reading # 1/1
Initial (聲) 書 (26)
Final (韻) 陽 (105)
Tone (調) Level (Ø)
Openness (開合) Open
Division (等) III
Fanqie 式羊切
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang		 /ɕɨɐŋ/
Pan
Wuyun		 /ɕiɐŋ/
Shao
Rongfen		 /ɕiɑŋ/
Edwin
Pulleyblank		 /ɕɨaŋ/
Li
Rong		 /ɕiaŋ/
Wang
Li		 /ɕĭaŋ/
Bernard
Karlgren		 /ɕi̯aŋ/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex		 shāng
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 商 商 商
Reading # 1/3 2/3 3/3
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin)		 shāng shāng shāng
Middle
Chinese		 ‹ syang › ‹ syang › ‹ syang ›
Old
Chinese		 /*s-taŋ/ /*s-taŋ/ /*s-taŋ/
English musical note (place name) estimate; business; trader

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 商
Reading # 1/1
No. 11097
Phonetic
component		 商
Rime
group		 陽
Rime
subdivision		 0
Corresponding
MC rime		 商
Old
Chinese		 /*hljaŋ/

Definitions

商

  1. trade; commerce; business
  2. businessman; dealer
  3. (mathematics) quotient
    6除2的商是3  ―  6 chú 2 de shāng shì 3  ―  the quotient of 6 divided by 2 is 3
  4. (music) the second note in the Chinese pentatonic scale
  5. (～朝) Shang Dynasty
  6. to discuss; to consult

Coordinate terms

See also
Dynasties (朝代) in Chinese history
NameTime periodDivisions
Xia
夏 (～朝, ～代)		 2070 – 1600 BCE
Shang
商 (～朝, ～代)
殷 (～朝, ～代)		 1600 – 1046 BCE
Zhou
周 (～朝, ～代)		 1046 – 256 BCEWestern Zhou
西周
Eastern Zhou
東周／东周		Spring and Autumn period
春秋
Warring States period
戰國／战国
Qin
秦 (～朝, ～代)		 221 – 206 BCE
Han
漢／汉 (～朝, ～代)		 206 BCE – 220 CEWestern Han
西漢／西汉
Xin
新 (～朝)
Eastern Han
東漢／东汉
Three Kingdoms
三國／三国		 220 – 280 CEWei
魏
Shu
蜀
Wu
吳／吴
Jin
晉／晋 (～朝, ～代)		 265 – 420 CEWestern Jin
西晉／西晋
Eastern Jin
東晉／东晋
Southern and Northern dynasties
南北朝		 420 – 589 CENorthern dynasties
北朝		Northern Wei
北魏
Western Wei
西魏
Eastern Wei
東魏／东魏
Northern Zhou
北周
Northern Qi
北齊／北齐
Southern dynasties
南朝		Liu Song
劉宋／刘宋
Southern Qi
南齊／南齐
Liang
梁 (～朝, ～代)
Chen
陳／陈 (～朝, ～代)
Sui
隋 (～朝, ～代)		 581 – 618 CE
Tang
唐 (～朝, ～代)		 618 – 907 CE
Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms
五代十國／五代十国		 907 – 960 CE
Liao
遼／辽 (～朝, ～代)		 907 – 1125 CE
Song
宋 (～朝, ～代)		 960 – 1279 CENorthern Song
北宋
Southern Song
南宋
Western Xia
西夏		 1038 – 1227 CE
Jin
金 (～朝, ～代)		 1115 – 1234 CE
Western Liao
西遼／西辽		 1124 – 1218 CE
Yuan
元 (～朝, ～代)		 1271 – 1368 CE
Ming
明 (～朝, ～代)		 1368 – 1644 CE
Qing
清 (～朝, ～代)		 1636 – 1912 CE

Compounds
Derived terms from 商

Japanese

Kanji
商

(grade 3 “Kyōiku” kanji)

Readings

Compounds
Compounds
Kanji in this term
商
しょう
Grade: 3
on’yomi

Etymology

From Middle Chinese 商 (syang, “commerce”).

Pronunciation

Noun

商 (hiragana しょう, rōmaji shō, historical hiragana しやう)

  1. dealing, dealer, merchant
  2. (arithmetic) quotient

See also

References
  1. 2006, 大辞林 (Daijirin), Third Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN

Korean

Hanja

商 • (sang) (hangeul 상)

  1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

Vietnamese

Han character

商 (thương)

  1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.
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