塹

See also: 堑

塹	U+5879, 塹 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-5879

← 塸
[U+5878]

CJK Unified Ideographs

塺 →
[U+587A]

Translingual

Han character

塹 (radical 32, 土+11, 14 strokes, cangjie input 十中土 (JLG), four-corner 5210₄, composition ⿱斬土)

moat, trench, pit, cavity

References

KangXi: page 237, character 3

Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 5394

Dae Jaweon: page 475, character 9

Hanyu Da Zidian: volume 1, page 478, character 8

Unihan data for U+5879

Chinese

trad.		塹
simp.		堑

Glyph origin

Characters in the same phonetic series (斬) (Zhengzhang, 2003)
	Old Chinese
慚	*zaːm
慙	*zaːm
鏨	zaːm, zaːmʔ, zaːms, zeːm, *zamʔ
槧	zaːmʔ, sʰam, sʰams, zamʔ
暫	*zaːms
蹔	*zaːms
斬	*ʔsreːmʔ
獑	zeːm, zaːm
嶃	zreːmʔ, zaːm
覱	*ʔsraːms
摲	*sʰraːms
漸	ʔsam, zamʔ
塹	*sʰams
壍	*sʰams
嬱	*sʰams
螹	zam, zamʔ
蔪	*zamʔ

Phono-semantic compound (形聲, OC *sʰams) : phonetic 斬 (OC *ʔsreːmʔ, “earth”) + semantic 土.

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Pinyin): qiàn (qian⁴)

(Zhuyin): ㄑㄧㄢˋ
Cantonese (Jyutping): cim³

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Pinyin: qiàn
  - Zhuyin: ㄑㄧㄢˋ
  - Wade–Giles: ch'ien⁴
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: chiann
  - IPA ^(key): /t͡ɕʰi̯ɛn⁵¹/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou)⁺
  - Jyutping: cim³
  - Yale: chim
  - Cantonese Pinyin: tsim³
  - Guangdong Romanization: qim³
  - IPA ^(key): /t͡sʰiːm³³/

Middle Chinese: /t͡sʰiᴇm^H/▼

Rime
Character	塹
Reading #	1/1
Initial (聲)	清 (14)
Final (韻)	鹽 (153)
Tone (調)	Departing (H)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	III
Fanqie	七豔切
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/t͡sʰiᴇm^H/
Pan Wuyun	/t͡sʰiɛm^H/
Shao Rongfen	/t͡sʰjæm^H/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/t͡sʰiam^H/
Li Rong	/t͡sʰiɛm^H/
Wang Li	/t͡sʰĭɛm^H/
Bernard Karlgren	/t͡sʰi̯ɛm^H/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	qiàn

Old Chinese▼
(Baxter–Sagart): /*[tsʰ]am-s/

(Zhengzhang): /*sʰams/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	塹
Reading #	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	qiàn
Middle Chinese	‹ tshjem^H ›
Old Chinese	/*[tsʰ]am-s/
English	moat; dig out
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. [t] as coda may in fact be -t or -p; Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	塹
Reading #	1/1
No.	16806
Phonetic component	斬
Rime group	談
Rime subdivision	1
Corresponding MC rime	壍
Old Chinese	/*sʰams/
Notes	同壍出説文

Definitions

塹

A deep pit or trench, especially a city moat
A natural barrier
A rift valley

Compounds

地塹／地堑
坑塹／坑堑
塹坑／堑坑
塹壕／堑壕 (qiànháo)
壕塹／壕堑

壘塹／垒堑
天塹／天堑 (tiānqiàn)
欲塹／欲堑
溝塹／沟堑
竹塹／竹堑 (Zhúqiàn)

長江天塹／长江天堑
高城深塹／高城深堑
高壁深塹／高壁深堑
高壘深塹／高垒深堑

References

"塹" at 《教育百科》, ROC Ministry of Education

Japanese

Kanji

塹

(uncommon “Hyōgai” kanji)

This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

Readings

Go-on: せん (sen)

Kan-on: せん (sen)

Kan’yō-on: ざん (zan)

Kun: ほり (hori)

Korean

Hanja

塹 • (cham) (hangeul 참, revised cham, McCune–Reischauer ch'am)

This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

Vietnamese

Han character

塹 (khiếm)

This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

References

Nom Foundation

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