民主

Chinese

		the people; nationality; citizen	to own; to host; master to own; to host; master; lord; primary
simp. and trad. (民主)		民	主

Etymology

“democracy; democratic”: Purposed in the mid-1860s during the translation of the book Elements of International Law.

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Pinyin): mínzhǔ

(Zhuyin): ㄇㄧㄣˊ ㄓㄨˇ
Cantonese (Jyutping): man⁴ zyu²
Hakka (Sixian, PFS): mìn-chú
Min Dong (BUC): mìng-ciō
Min Nan
(Hokkien, POJ): bîn-chú

(Teochew, Peng'im): ming⁵ zu²
Wu (Wiktionary): min tsr (T3)

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Pinyin: mínzhǔ
  - Zhuyin: ㄇㄧㄣˊ ㄓㄨˇ
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: minjuu
  - IPA ^(key): /min³⁵ ʈ͡ʂu²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou)⁺
  - Jyutping: man⁴ zyu²
  - Yale: màhn jyú
  - Cantonese Pinyin: man⁴ dzy²
  - Guangdong Romanization: men⁴ ju²
  - IPA ^(key): /mɐn²¹ t͡ʃyː³⁵/
Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: mìn-chú
  - Hakka Romanization System: minˇ zu`
  - Hagfa Pinyim: min² zu³
  - IPA: /min¹¹ t͡su³¹/
Min Dong
- (Fuzhou)
  - Bàng-uâ-cê: mìng-ciō
  - IPA ^(key): /miŋ⁵³⁻³³ ^(t͡s-)ʒuo³³/
Min Nan
- (Hokkien)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: bîn-chú
  - Tâi-lô: bîn-tsú
  - Phofsit Daibuun: binzuo
  - IPA (Xiamen): /bin²⁴⁻²² t͡su⁵³/
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /bin²⁴⁻²² t͡su⁵⁵⁴/
  - IPA (Zhangzhou): /bin¹³⁻²² t͡su⁵³/
  - IPA (Taipei): /bin²⁴⁻¹¹ t͡su⁵³/
  - IPA (Kaohsiung): /bin²³⁻³³ t͡su⁴¹/
- (Teochew)
  - Peng'im: ming⁵ zu²
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: mîng tsú
  - IPA ^(key): /miŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ t͡su⁵²/
Wu
- (Shanghainese)
  - Wiktionary: min tsr (T3)
  - IPA ^(key): /mɪɲ²² t͡sz̩⁴⁴/

Middle Chinese: /miɪn t͡ɕɨo^X/▼

Rime
Character	民	主
Reading #	1/1	1/1
Initial (聲)	明 (4)	章 (23)
Final (韻)	眞 (43)	虞 (24)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)	Rising (X)
Openness (開合)	Open	Closed
Division (等)	III	III
Fanqie	彌鄰切	之庾切
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/miɪn/	/t͡ɕɨo^X/
Pan Wuyun	/min/	/t͡ɕio^X/
Shao Rongfen	/mjen/	/t͡ɕio^X/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/min/	/cuə̆^X/
Li Rong	/miĕn/	/t͡ɕio^X/
Wang Li	/mĭĕn/	/t͡ɕĭu^X/
Bernard Karlgren	/mi̯ĕn/	/t͡ɕi̯u^X/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	mín	zhǔ

Old Chinese▼
(Baxter–Sagart): /*mi[ŋ] toʔ/

(Zhengzhang): /*min tjoʔ/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	民	主
Reading #	1/1	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	mín	zhǔ
Middle Chinese	‹ mjin ›	‹ tsyu^X ›
Old Chinese	/*mi[ŋ]/	/*toʔ/
English	people	master; host
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. [t] as coda may in fact be -t or -p; Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	民	主
Reading #	1/1	1/1
No.	9130	17618
Phonetic component	民	主
Rime group	眞	侯
Rime subdivision	1	0
Corresponding MC rime	民	主
Old Chinese	/*min/	/*tjoʔ/

Noun

民主

democracy
- 君主者，權偏於上；民主者，權偏於下。 [MSC, trad.]
  君主者，权偏于上；民主者，权偏于下。 [MSC, simp.]
  From: 鄭觀應《盛世危言•議院》 (1893)
  Jūnzhǔ zhě, quán piān yú shàng; mínzhǔ zhě, quán piān yú xià. [Pinyin]
  (please add an English translation of this example)
- 美國終於產生了歷史上第一位黑人總統巴拉克·奧巴馬，這對於美國的民主政治具有劃時代的意義。 [MSC, trad.]
  美国终于产生了历史上第一位黑人总统巴拉克·奥巴马，这对于美国的民主政治具有划时代的意义。 [MSC, simp.]
  From: 2008: 周琪 (Zhou Qi), 【美国大选观察】奥巴马为什么大胜？ ([Observations on the American Elections] Why did Obama have a great victory?)
  Měiguó zhōngyú chǎnshēng le lìshǐ shàng dì yī wèi hēirén zǒngtǒng Bālākè Àobāmǎ, zhè duìyú měiguó de mínzhǔ zhèngzhì jùyǒu huàshídài de yìyì. [Pinyin]
  The historic election of the US’s first black president, Barack Obama, marked an epoch in the history of American democracy.
(Classical Chinese) monarch
(Classical Chinese) functionary; official

Synonyms

(democracy): (obsolete) 德謨克拉西／德谟克拉西 (démókèlāxī)

Adjective

民主

democratic
民主協商 / 民主协商 ― mínzhǔ xiéshāng ― democratic consultation

Derived terms

Derived terms from 民主

基層民主／基层民主 (jīcéng mínzhǔ)
民主主義／民主主义 (mínzhǔzhǔyì)
民主人士
民主國家／民主国家 (mínzhǔ guójiā)
民主改革
民主政治

民主社會主義／民主社会主义 (mínzhǔ shèhuìzhǔyì)
民主集中制
民主革命 (mínzhǔ gémìng)
民主黨／民主党 (mínzhǔdǎng)
民主黨派／民主党派 (Mínzhǔ Dǎngpài)
民盟 (Mín-Méng)

Descendants

→ Zhuang: minzcuj

Proper noun

民主

(～村) Minzhu (a village in Zhonglu, Lichuan, Enshi, Hubei, China)

Japanese

Kanji in this term
民	主
みん Grade: 4	しゅ Grade: 3
on’yomi

Etymology

From Sinitic 民主. Purposed in China in the mid-1860s, giving the word a new meaning, during the translation of the book Elements of International Law into Chinese.[1]

Pronunciation

On'yomi
IPA^(key): [miɴɕʲɯᵝ]

Noun

民主 (hiragana みんしゅ, rōmaji minshu)

democracy

Synonyms

民 (みん)主 (しゅ)主 (しゅ)義 (ぎ) (minshu shugi) (more commonly used)

Compounds

民 (みん)主 (しゅ)党 (とう) (minshutō): democratic party
民主的 (みんしゅてき) (minshuteki): democratic

References

Chen, Sheng Bao (1996-12-17), “中国語の中の日本語 (Chinese Borrowings from the Japanese Language), paper presented at the Japanese Language Research Forum held by the International Research Center for Japanese Studies”, in (Please provide the title of the work)‎ (in Japanese), International Research Center for Japanese Studies, retrieved 2012-06-15: “古代漢語のことばを利用して訳したものだが、本来の意味とは違うもの。...「民主」”

Korean

Hanja in this term
民	主

Noun

民主 • (minju) (hangeul 민주)

Hanja form^? of 민주 (“democracy”).

Vietnamese

Hán tự in this word
民	主

Noun

民主

Hán tự form of dân chủ (“democracy”).

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[1] Chen, Sheng Bao (1996-12-17), “中国語の中の日本語 (Chinese Borrowings from the Japanese Language), paper presented at the Japanese Language Research Forum held by the International Research Center for Japanese Studies”, in (Please provide the title of the work)‎ (in Japanese), International Research Center for Japanese Studies, retrieved 2012-06-15: “古代漢語のことばを利用して訳したものだが、本来の意味とは違うもの。...「民主」”