下
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Translingual
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Han character
下 (radical 1, 一+2, 3 strokes, cangjie input 一卜 (MY), four-corner 10230, composition ⿱一卜)
References
- KangXi: page 76, character 10
- Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 14
- Dae Jaweon: page 147, character 1
- Hanyu Da Zidian: volume 1, page 7, character 1
- Unihan data for U+4E0B
Chinese
| simp. and trad. |
下 | |
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| variant forms | 丅 𠄟 | |
Glyph origin
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References: Mostly from Richard Sears' Chinese Etymology site (authorisation),
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| Characters in the same phonetic series (下) (Zhengzhang, 2003) | |
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| Old Chinese | |
| 丅 | *ɡraːʔ |
| 下 | *ɡraːʔ, *ɡraːs |
| 芐 | *ɡraːs, *ɡaːʔ |
下 in its shell and bone form is an ideogram (指事) that shows the concept of down by showing one line below another (contrast 上). The shell and bone form evolved into 下, the character used today.
Etymology
From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *(k/g)la-k/y/t (“to fall”) (STEDT);
- insides Sinitic, cognate to 落 (OC *ɡ·raːɡ) "to fall, to drop", 露 (OC *ɡ·raːɡs) "dew", 陊 (OC *l'aːlʔ, *l'alʔ) "to collapse" and 阤 (OC *l'alʔ, *hljalʔ) "hillside, slope";
- outsides Sinitic, cognate to Mizo tla ~ tlâk (“to fall”), thla ~ thlâk (“to drop”), Burmese [script needed] (kya, “to fall”) and [script needed] (khya, “to drop”).
Schuessler (2007) instead proposed an Austroasiatic origin by comparing 下 (OC graːʔ) "to descend, down, below" to Khmer [script needed] (gra'ka, “be low, debased”); additionally, he suggested that Sino-Tibetan influence had possibly caused the weakening of foreign final *-k to OC final *-ʔ.
Pronunciation
Definitions
下
- lower part, low position; down
- Antonyms: 上 (shàng)
- under
- 樹下 / 树下 ― shùxià ― under the tree
- low
- inferior, poor
- next
- to go down; to get out of
- 走下 ― zǒuxià ― to walk down
- 下床 ― xiàchuáng ― to get out of bed
- to go to
- to fall down; to rain or snow
- to give; to issue
- to put in
- to begin, to start
- to finish, to complete
- to give birth (as an animal)
- to lay (egg)
- (colloquial) Short for 下載 (“to download”).
- (colloquial) Short for 下線 (“to log out”).
- with, under
- Used after a verb to express height.
- Used after a verb to express space.
- Used after a verb to express the separation of an object.
- Used after a verb to express the end of an action.
- Classifier for the number of actions.
Compounds
Derived terms from 下
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Further reading
- “Entry #175”, in 臺灣閩南語常用詞辭典 [Dictionary of Frequently-Used Taiwan Minnan] (in Chinese and Min Nan), Ministry of Education, R.O.C., 2011.
Japanese
Readings
Compounds
Derived terms
- 下の句 (shimo no ku)
- 下関 (Shimonoseki)
Etymology 4
| Kanji in this term |
|---|
| 下 |
| げ Grade: 1 |
| goon |
From Middle Chinese 下 (MC ɦˠaX, ɦˠaH).
The 呉音 (goon, literally “Wu sound”) reading, so likely the initial borrowing from Middle Chinese.
Pronunciation
Etymology 5
| Kanji in this term |
|---|
| 下 |
| か Grade: 1 |
| kan’on |
From Middle Chinese 下 (MC ɦˠaX, ɦˠaH).
The 漢音 (kan'on, literally “Han sound”) reading, so likely a later borrowing from Middle Chinese.
References
- 2006, 大辞林 (Daijirin), Third Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
- 1998, NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 (NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: NHK, →ISBN
- 2006, 大辞林 (Daijirin), Third Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
- 1995, 大辞泉 (Daijisen) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN
Korean
Hanja
Okinawan
Etymology
Attested in the 沖縄語典 (Okinawa Goten, “Okinawan Dictionary”) as しちや.[1]
References
- 1896: 沖縄語典 (Okinawa Goten, “Okinawan Dictionary”). In Japanese. http://kindai.ndl.go.jp/info:ndljp/pid/992016/46
Old Japanese
Noun
下 (sita) (kana した)
- the below
- looking down
- 711–712, Kojiki (poem 57)
- ...佐斯夫袁佐斯夫能紀斯賀斯多迩淤斐陀弖流波毘呂由都麻都婆岐...
- ...sasibu wo sasibu no2 ki2 si ga sita ni opi2dateru pabi1ro2 yu tu ma-tubaki1...
- (please add an English translation of this usage example)
- 711–712, Kojiki (poem 57)
- a place
- 711–712, Kojiki (poem 5)
- ..多久夫須麻佐夜具賀斯多爾阿和由岐能和加夜流牟泥遠多久豆怒能斯路岐多陀牟岐...
- ...takubusuma sayagu ga sita ni wakayaru mune wo takuduno1 no2 siro1ki1 tadamuki...
- (please add an English translation of this usage example)
- 711–712, Kojiki (poem 5)
- Antonym: 上 (upe2)
- looking down
Derived terms
- 下問ひ, 下訪ひ (sitado1pi1)
- 下泣き (sitanaki1)
- 天の下 (ame2no2sita)
Descendants
- Japanese: 下 (shita)
Vietnamese
Han character
下: Hán Việt readings: hạ[1][2][3]
下: Nôm readings: hạ[1][2][3]
- Hán tự form of hạ (“to lower; to bring down; to take down”).
References
- Nguyễn (2014).
- Nguyễn et al. (2009).
- Trần (2004).
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