統治

See also: 统治

Chinese

		to gather; to unite; to unify to gather; to unite; to unify; whole	to rule; to govern; to manage to rule; to govern; to manage; to control; to harness (a river); cure; treatment; to heal
trad. (統治)		統	治
simp. (统治)		统	治

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Pinyin): tǒngzhì

(Zhuyin): ㄊㄨㄥˇ ㄓˋ
Cantonese (Jyutping): tung² zi⁶
Hakka (Sixian, PFS): thúng-chhṳ
Min Nan (POJ): thóng-tī / thóng-tǐ

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)
  - Pinyin: tǒngzhì
  - Zhuyin: ㄊㄨㄥˇ ㄓˋ
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: toongjyh
  - IPA ^(key): /tʰʊŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹¹ ʈ͡ʂʐ̩⁵¹/
  - Homophones:
    [Show/Hide]
    ^edit
    ^edit
    統制／统制
    統治／统治
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou)⁺
  - Jyutping: tung² zi⁶
  - Yale: túng jih
  - Cantonese Pinyin: tung² dzi⁶
  - Guangdong Romanization: tung² ji⁶
  - IPA ^(key): /tʰʊŋ³⁵ t͡siː²²/
Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: thúng-chhṳ
  - Hakka Romanization System: tung` cii
  - Hagfa Pinyim: tung³ ci⁴
  - IPA: /tʰuŋ³¹ t͡sʰɨ⁵⁵/
Min Nan
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: thóng-tī
  - Tâi-lô: thóng-tī
  - Phofsit Daibuun: tofngdi
  - IPA (Kaohsiung): /tʰɔŋ⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ ti³³/
  - IPA (Taipei): /tʰɔŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ ti³³/
  - IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /tʰɔŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ ti²²/
- (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: thóng-tǐ
  - Tâi-lô: thóng-tǐ
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /tʰɔŋ⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ ti²²/

Middle Chinese: /tʰuoŋ^H ɖɨ|ɖˠiɪ^H|ɖɨ^H/▼

Rime
Character	統	治	治	治
Reading #	1/1	1/3	2/3	3/3
Initial (聲)	透 (6)	澄 (11)	澄 (11)	澄 (11)
Final (韻)	冬 (5)	之 (19)	脂 (17)	之 (19)
Tone (調)	Departing (H)	Level (Ø)	Departing (H)	Departing (H)
Openness (開合)	Open	Open	Open	Open
Division (等)	I	III	Chongniu III	III
Fanqie	他綜切	直之切	直利切	直吏切
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/tʰuoŋ^H/	/ɖɨ/	/ɖˠiɪ^H/	/ɖɨ^H/
Pan Wuyun	/tʰuoŋ^H/	/ɖɨ/	/ɖᵚi^H/	/ɖɨ^H/
Shao Rongfen	/tʰoŋ^H/	/ȡie/	/ȡiɪ^H/	/ȡie^H/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/tʰawŋ^H/	/ɖɨ/	/ɖji^H/	/ɖɨ^H/
Li Rong	/tʰoŋ^H/	/ȡiə/	/ȡji^H/	/ȡiə^H/
Wang Li	/tʰuoŋ^H/	/ȡĭə/	/ȡi^H/	/ȡĭə^H/
Bernard Karlgren	/tʰuoŋ^H/	/ȡʱi/	/ȡʱi^H/	/ȡʱi^H/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	tòng	chí	zhì	zhì

Old Chinese▼
(Zhengzhang): /*tʰuːŋs l'ɯ|l'ɯs|l'is/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	治	治
Reading #	1/2	2/2
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	chí	zhì
Middle Chinese	‹ dri ›	‹ dri^H ›
Old Chinese	/*C.lrə/	/*lrə-s/
English	regulate, arrange	regulate, arrange
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. [t] as coda may in fact be -t or -p; Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	統	治	治	治
Reading #	1/1	1/3	2/3	3/3
No.	1490	12288	12289	12302
Phonetic component	充	台	台	台
Rime group	終	之	之	脂
Rime subdivision	0	0	0	2
Corresponding MC rime	統	治	值	緻
Old Chinese	/*tʰuːŋs/	/*l'ɯ/	/*l'ɯs/	/*l'is/

Verb

統治

to govern; to rule; to control; to dominate; to preside over
統治集團 / 统治集团 ― tǒngzhì jítuán ― ruling circle

魔鬼在統治著我們的世界 [MSC, trad.]
魔鬼在统治著我们的世界 [MSC, simp.]
móguǐ zài tǒngzhì zhe wǒmen de shìjiè [Pinyin]
How The Specter of Communism Is Ruling Our World

Noun

統治

rule; domination
階級統治 / 阶级统治 ― jiējí tǒngzhì ― class rule

Derived terms

統治者／统治者 (tǒngzhìzhě)

統治階級／统治阶级 (tǒngzhì jiējí)

Descendants

Sino-Xenic (統治):

→ Japanese: 統 (とう)治 (ち) (tōchi)
→ Korean: 통치 (統治, tongchi)
→ Vietnamese: thống trị (統治)

Japanese

Kanji in this term
統	治
とう Grade: 5	ち Grade: 4
on’yomi

Pronunciation

On’yomi
- (Tokyo) とーち [tóꜜòchì] (Atamadaka – [1])[1]
- IPA^(key): [to̞ːt͡ɕi]

Noun

統治 (hiragana とうち, rōmaji tōchi)

rule, governance

Verb

統治する (transitive, hiragana とうちする, rōmaji tōchi suru)

to rule, to govern

Conjugation

Conjugation of "統治する" (See Appendix:Japanese verbs.)

Stem forms
Imperfective (未然形)	統治し	とうちし	tōchi shi
Continuative (連用形)	統治し	とうちし	tōchi shi
Terminal (終止形)	統治する	とうちする	tōchi suru
Attributive (連体形)	統治する	とうちする	tōchi suru
Hypothetical (仮定形)	統治すれ	とうちすれ	tōchi sure
Imperative (命令形)	統治せよ¹ 統治しろ²	とうちせよ¹ とうちしろ²	tōchi seyo¹ tōchi shiro²
Key constructions
Passive	統治される	とうちされる	tōchi sareru
Causative	統治させる統治さす	とうちさせるとうちさす	tōchi saseru tōchi sasu
Potential	統治できる	とうちできる	tōchi dekiru
Volitional	統治しよう	とうちしよう	tōchi shiyō
Negative	統治しない	とうちしない	tōchi shinai
Negative continuative	統治せず	とうちせず	tōchi sezu
Formal	統治します	とうちします	tōchi shimasu
Perfective	統治した	とうちした	tōchi shita
Conjunctive	統治して	とうちして	tōchi shite
Hypothetical conditional	統治すれば	とうちすれば	tōchi sureba
¹ Written imperative ² Spoken imperative

References

1998, NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 (NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: NHK, →ISBN

Korean

Hanja in this term
統	治

Noun

統治 • (tongchi) (hangeul 통치)

Hanja form^? of 통치 (“rule”).

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