鶴
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Translingual
Han character
鶴 (radical 196, 鳥+10, 21 strokes, cangjie input 十土竹日火 (JGHAF) or 人土竹日火 (OGHAF), four-corner 47227, composition ⿰隺鳥)
References
- KangXi: page 1496, character 20
- Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 47185
- Dae Jaweon: page 2026, character 10
- Hanyu Da Zidian: volume 7, page 4654, character 3
- Unihan data for U+9DB4
Chinese
| trad. | 鶴 | |
|---|---|---|
| simp. | 鹤 | |
| variant forms | 鸖 䳽 | |
Glyph origin
| Characters in the same phonetic series (寉) (Zhengzhang, 2003) | |
|---|---|
| Old Chinese | |
| 鶴 | *ɡloːwɢ |
| 髉 | *pqroːwɢ |
| 篧 | *skroːwɢ, *sɡroːwɢ |
| 榷 | *kroːwɢ |
| 搉 | *kroːwɢ, *kroːwɢ, *kʰroːwɢ |
| 傕 | *kroːwɢ |
| 確 | *kʰroːwɢ |
| 寉 | *ɡluːwɢ |
| 蒮 | *luwɢ |
Phono-semantic compound (形聲, OC *ɡloːwɢ) : phonetic 寉 (OC *ɡluːwɢ) + semantic 鳥.
Etymology
Possibly from Austroasiatic (Schuessler, 2007). Compare Proto-Mon-Khmer *kl(uə)k (“white”), whence Proto-Vietic *t-lɔːk (“white”) but Old Mon kloh (“crane”).
Pronunciation
Compounds
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Japanese
Readings
Etymology 1
| Kanji in this term |
|---|
| 鶴 |
| たず Grade: S |
| kun’yomi |
From Old Japanese.[1][2] By one analysis, this may be a compound of 田 (ta, “rice paddy”, a common place where cranes can be found) + つ (tsu, “crane? large bird?”). The tsu changes to dzu, modern zu as an instance of rendaku (連濁). This tsu is probably the tsu in tsuru (see below).
Alternative forms
- 田鶴
Noun
鶴 (hiragana たず, rōmaji tazu, historical hiragana たづ)
- (archaic, poetic) a crane: a large, long-legged and long-necked bird, member of the family or clade Gruidae
- c. 759, Man'yōshū (book 7, poem 1199); text here
- 藻苅舟 奥榜来良之 妹之嶋 形見之浦尓 鶴翔所見
- もかりふね おきこぎくらし いもがしま かたみのうらに たづかけるみゆ
- Mo kari fune / oki kogi kurashi / Imogashima / Katami no ura ni / tazu kakeru miyu
- Rowing the seaweed-gathering boat out to sea and back again, I saw the cranes soaring by Katami inlet on Imogashima
- 藻苅舟 奥榜来良之 妹之嶋 形見之浦尓 鶴翔所見
- c. 759, Man'yōshū (book 7, poem 1199); text here
Derived terms
Etymology 2
| Kanji in this term |
|---|
| 鶴 |
| つる Grade: S |
| kun’yomi |
Given a crane's long neck and how the bird hunts, possibly related to 蔓 (tsuru, “vine”); 弦 (tsuru, “bowstring; musical instrument string”); 釣る, 吊る (tsuru, “to hang down; to string up; to fish”). Given how cranes flock together, possibly related also to 連る (tsuru), older root form of modern verb 連れる (tsureru, “to accompany”). That said, 連る also appears to ultimately derive from 蔓 (tsuru, “vine”).
Vovin (2008) considers it possibly related to an ancestor of Korean 두루미 (durumi, “crane”), with a root-final -m vanishing later, leaving only a Kansai accent pattern behind.[3]
The reading tsuru is first seen used to mean a crane (the bird) from the late Heian period. Prior to that time, the only reading used for the bird was tazu. However, the kanji 鶴 was used in the Man'yōshū as a phonetic ateji for the verb ending -tsuru, suggesting that tsuru may have already existed as an everyday term meaning a crane.[1]
Noun
Usage notes
As with many words that name organisms, this word is often written in katakana when used in biology contexts.
Derived terms
- 鶴が城 (Tsuru ga Jō): the castle in Aizu Wakamatsu, Fukushima Prefecture
- 鶴三 (Tsuruzō): a male given name
Idioms
- 凍て鶴 (itezuru): “frozen crane” → a metaphor for something stock still and unmoving, from the way a crane will freeze when hunting
Synonyms
- (crane crest): 鶴紋 (tsuru mon)
- (white hair): 白髪 (shiraga)
Etymology 3
| Kanji in this term |
|---|
| 鶴 |
| つ Grade: S |
| kun’yomi |
Old Japanese. Only found in compounds. Uncertain derivation. May be a truncation of tsuru, or an ancient form of its own. Not used in modern Japanese.
Noun
Etymology 4
| Kanji in this term |
|---|
| 鶴 |
| かく Grade: S |
| on’yomi |
From Middle Chinese 鶴 (hak). Compare modern Mandarin 鶴 (hè). Only found in compounds.
Noun
Derived terms
- 鶴駕 (kakuga): the imperial prince's carriage; a mythical sage's vehicle
- 鶴膝 (kakushitsu): a wasting disease whereby the legs wither, resembling a cranes legs
- 鶴首 (kakushu): the act of waiting impatiently in anticipation of something, waiting with bated breath
- 鶴寿 (kakuju): longevity, long life
- 鶴氅 (kakushō): a type of robe with crane feathers woven right into the fabric
- 鶴髪 (kakuhatsu): pure white hair, similar to the pure white of a crane's wing
- 鶴髪童顔 (kakuhatsu dōgan): someone with white hair but a youthful face
- 鶴望 (kakubō): the act of waiting impatiently in anticipation of something, waiting with bated breath
- 鶴翼 (kakuyoku): a military formation with wings on the flanks, similar to the shape of a crane's outspread wings
- 鶴林 (Kakurin): a forest in India where Sakyamuni died
- 鶴林寺 (Kakurinji): a Buddhist temple in Hyōgo Prefecture
- 一鶴 (ikkaku): a single crane (rare, only found in idioms)
- 雲鶴 (unkaku): clouds and cranes; a common design pattern using clouds and cranes; a kind of Korean celadon bowl
- 雲中白鶴 (unchū hakkaku): white cranes flying in the clouds; a euphemism for a person of noble character
- 亀鶴 (kikaku): a turtle and a crane, symbols of longevity
- 群鶴 (gunkaku): a flock of cranes
- 玄鶴 (genkaku): a black crane; an old crane
- 西鶴 (Saikaku): a male given name
- 夜鶴 (yakaku): a crane in the night, particularly a crane's call
Further reading
References
- 1988, 国語大辞典（新装版） (Kokugo Dai Jiten, Revised Edition) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan
- 2006, 大辞林 (Daijirin), Third Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
- Bjarke Frellesvig and John Whitman, editors (2008), chapter 7, in Proto-Japanese: Issues and Prospects, Amsterdam; Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company, Proto-Japanese beyond the accent system, pages 140-156
- 1998, NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 (NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: NHK, →ISBN
Vietnamese
Han character
鶴 (hạc)
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