ず
See also: す
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Japanese
| Stroke order | |||
|---|---|---|---|
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Pronunciation
- IPA(key): [zɯᵝ]
- IPA(key): [d͡zɯᵝ] (only in word-initial position, or in careful speech)
See also
Etymology 2
From Old Japanese. Generally considered to be a combination of negation suffix ぬ (nu) in its 連用形 (ren'yōkei, “continuative or stem form”) of に (ni) + honorific suffix す (su).[1][2][3]
/nisu/ → */nzu/ → /zu/
Appears both as zu and as the older nisu form in the Man'yōshū poetry anthology.
Conjugation
Classical conjugation of "ず" (irregular)
| Stem forms | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Irrealis (未然形) | ざら | zara | ||
| Continuative (連用形) | ず[1] ざり[2] | zu zari | ||
| Terminal (終止形) | ず | zu | ||
| Attributive (連体形) | ぬ ざる | nu zaru | ||
| Realis (已然形) | ね ざれ | ne zare | ||
| Imperative (命令形) | ざれ | zare | ||
| Key constructions | ||||
| Negative | - | |||
| Contrasting conjunction | ねど ざれど | nedo zaredo | ||
| Causal conjunction | ねば ざれば | neba zareba | ||
| Conditional conjunction | ずは ずば ざらば | zufa zuba zaraba | ||
| Past tense (firsthand knowledge) | ざりき | zariki | ||
| Past tense (secondhand knowledge) | ざりけり | zarikeri | ||
| Perfect tense (conscious action) | ざりつ | zaritu | ||
| Perfect tense (natural event) | [3] | - | ||
| Perfect-continuative tense | ざりたり | zaritari | ||
| Adverbial | ず | zu | ||
| [1]Without auxiliary verbs. [2]With auxiliary verbs. [3]*ざりぬ is unattested. | ||||
Usage notes
Much as the older negation suffix ぬ (nu) and the modern negation suffix ない (nai), ず (zu) must come after the 未然形 (mizenkei, “irrealis or incomplete form”) of a verb.
The suffix ず (zu) is more formal than the everyday negation suffix ない (nai).
Etymology 3
The reading for various kanji.
References
- 1988, 国語大辞典（新装版） (Kokugo Dai Jiten, Revised Edition) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan
- 2006, 大辞林 (Daijirin), Third Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
- 1995, 大辞泉 (Daijisen) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN
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