See also:
U+982D, 頭
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-982D

[U+982C]
CJK Unified Ideographs
[U+982E]

Translingual

Stroke order
Japanese
Simplified
Traditional

Han character

(radical 181, +7, 16 strokes, cangjie input 一廿一月金 (MTMBC), four-corner 11186, composition)

Derived characters

  • 𭀆, 𫷒, 𢸸, 𤃌, 𨯲, 𡾣, , 𨷩

References

  • KangXi: page 1404, character 20
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 43490
  • Dae Jaweon: page 1921, character 13
  • Hanyu Da Zidian: volume 7, page 4372, character 5
  • Unihan data for U+982D

Chinese

trad.
simp.

Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character
Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)
Small seal script
Characters in the same phonetic series () (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
*toː
*toː, *roː
*toː, *doːs
*toːs
*tʰoː
*doː
*doːs
*doːs, *dos
*doːs
*doːs
*doːs
*doːs
*doːs
*doːs
*doːs
*djoʔ
*djoʔ
*toːnʔ

Phono-semantic compound (形聲, OC *doː) : phonetic  (OC *doːs) + semantic  (head).

Etymology

Replaced earlier (MC ɕɨuX, “head”) due to homophony with (MC ɕɨuX, “hand”) (Sagart, 1999).

Several etymologies have been proposed:

  • From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *d-bu-s (head) or its allofam *du (head); compare Tibetan དབུ (dbu, head), Burmese ဦး (u:, head), Sichuan Yi (o, head), Proto-Loloish *ʔ-du² (head) (Benedict, 1972; Schuessler, 2007; STEDT; Starostin).
  • From Proto-Mon-Khmer *duul() (to carry on one's head), whence Khmer ទូល (tuul); this is phonologically plausible since final consonants are often lost after a long vowel in loanwords (Schuessler, 2007).
  • A variant of (OC *doːs, “a kind of vessel”), as skulls could have been used as drinking recipients; compare French tête (head) from Latin testa (pot; jug) and German Kopf (head) from Middle High German kopf (drinking vessel) (Maréchal, 1994; Sagart, 1999). However, Schuessler (2007) notes that (OC *doːs) seems like a tone C (去聲) derivation from (OC *doː), which may have originally meant “skull”.
  • Baxter and Sagart (2014) reconstructs the Old Chinese with a *m- suffix for human body parts, deriving it from (OC *toː, “helmet; hood”).

Pronunciation


Note: tau4-2 - “leader”.
Note: heu3* - “leader”.
Note:
  • thâu - vernacular;
  • thiô/thô͘ - literary;
  • thô - only used in 饅頭.

  • Dialectal data
Variety Location
Mandarin Beijing /tʰou³⁵/
Harbin /tʰou²⁴/
Tianjin /tʰou⁴⁵/
Jinan /tʰou⁴²/
Qingdao /tʰou⁴²/
Zhengzhou /tʰou⁴²/
Xi'an /tʰou²⁴/
Xining /tʰɯ²⁴/
Yinchuan /tʰəu⁵³/
Lanzhou /tʰou⁵³/
Ürümqi /tʰɤu⁵¹/
Wuhan /tʰəu²¹³/
Chengdu /tʰəu³¹/
Guiyang /tʰəu²¹/
Kunming /tʰəu³¹/
Nanjing /tʰəɯ²⁴/
Hefei /tʰɯ⁵⁵/
Jin Taiyuan /tʰəu¹¹/
Pingyao /təu¹³/
/tʰəu¹³/
Hohhot /tʰəu³¹/
Wu Shanghai /dɤ²³/
Suzhou /dɤ¹³/
Hangzhou /dei²¹³/
Wenzhou /dɤu³¹/
Hui Shexian /tʰiu⁴⁴/
Tunxi /tʰiu⁴⁴/
Xiang Changsha /təu¹³/
Xiangtan /dəɯ¹²/
Gan Nanchang /tʰɛu²⁴/
Hakka Meixian /tʰeu¹¹/
Taoyuan /tʰeu¹¹/
Cantonese Guangzhou /tʰɐu²¹/
Nanning /tʰɐu²¹/
Hong Kong /tʰɐu²¹/
Min Xiamen (Min Nan) /tʰɔ³⁵/
/tʰau³⁵/
Fuzhou (Min Dong) /tʰau⁵³/
Jian'ou (Min Bei) /tʰe³³/
Shantou (Min Nan) /tʰau⁵⁵/
Haikou (Min Nan) /hau³¹/

Rime
Character
Reading # 1/1
Initial () (7)
Final () (137)
Tone (調) Level (Ø)
Openness (開合) Open
Division () I
Fanqie
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang
/dəu/
Pan
Wuyun
/dəu/
Shao
Rongfen
/dəu/
Edwin
Pulleyblank
/dəw/
Li
Rong
/du/
Wang
Li
/dəu/
Bernard
Karlgren
/dʱə̯u/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex
tóu
BaxterSagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character
Reading # 1/1
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin)
tóu
Middle
Chinese
‹ duw ›
Old
Chinese
/*[m-t]ˁo/
English head

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character
Reading # 1/1
No. 2465
Phonetic
component
Rime
group
Rime
subdivision
0
Corresponding
MC rime
Old
Chinese
/*doː/

Definitions

  1. (anatomy) head (Classifier: m c)
    不再 / 不再   tóu bùzài tòng le.   My head doesn't hurt any more.
  2. hair; hairstyle
    /    tóu   to wash one's hair
  3. top; tip; end
  4. chief; boss; leader (person that leads or directs)
  5. remnant; end
  6. Classifier for livestock. ⇒ all nouns using this classifier
    /    Wǒ yǒu liǎng tóu zhū.   I have two pigs.
  7. first; leading
  8. Diminutive suffix.

Synonyms

  • (head):
Dialectal synonyms of (“head”) [map]
Variety Location Words
Classical Chinese , ,
Formal (Written Standard Chinese) , 頭部, 頭顱, 頭腦
Mandarin Beijing 腦袋, 腦袋瓜兒, 腦袋瓜子, 腦殼兒, 腦殼, 腦瓜兒, 腦瓜子
Taiwan , 腦袋
Tianjin 腦袋, 腦瓜子, 腦袋瓜子, 腦袋瓜兒
Harbin , 腦殼兒, 腦殼子, 腦子, 腦瓜兒, 腦瓜子, 腦袋, 腦袋瓜兒, 腦袋瓜子
Shenyang 腦袋
Hailar 腦袋
Ulan Hot 腦袋, 腦袋瓜兒
Tongliao 腦袋
Chifeng
Bayanhot , 腦袋
Jinan , 腦袋, 腦袋瓜子, 腦瓜子, 腦瓜兒
Muping , 腦袋瓜子 derogatory
Luoyang , 低腦
Wanrong 等腦
Xi'an 𦠿,
Xining
Xuzhou , 棗木 dated, humorous
Yinchuan
Lanzhou , 頭蛋骨, 得勒 derogatory
Ürümqi
Wuhan , 腦殼
Chengdu 腦殼
Guiyang 腦殼
Guilin , 腦殼
Liuzhou , 頭殼, 腦殼
Kunming , 腦殼
Yangzhou
Nanjing
Hefei
Cantonese Guangzhou , 頭殼
Hong Kong , 頭殼
Hong Kong (San Tin Weitou) 頭殼
Shunde
Zhongshan (Shiqi)
Doumen (Shangheng Tanka)
Taishan , 頭殼
Kaiping (Chikan)
Dongguan 腦殼,
Shaoguan , 頭殼
Yunfu , 頭殼
Yangjiang 頭殼
Xinyi , 頭殼
Lianjiang , 頭殼
Nanning
Wuzhou
Yulin
Hepu 頭殼
Kuala Lumpur
Gan Nanchang , 腦蓋
Lichuan ,
Pingxiang 腦殼
Hakka Meixian 頭那
Xingning 頭那
Huidong 頭那
Qujiang 頭那
Xiaosanjiang 頭那
Luchuan
Changting 頭那
Pingyu 頭那
Wuping 頭那
Liancheng 頭那
Ninghua 腦殼
Yudu , 腦蓋, 腦殼
Ruijin 腦蓋, 頭那殼
Shicheng 腦蓋, 腦殼
Shangyou 腦蓋
Miaoli (N. Sixian) 頭那
Liudui (S. Sixian) 頭那
Hsinchu (Hailu) 頭那
Dongshi (Dabu) 頭那
Hsinchu (Raoping) 頭那
Yunlin (Zhao'an) 頭那
Hong Kong 頭那
Sabah 頭那
Senai 頭那
Singkawang 頭那
Huizhou Jixi , 腦殼
Jin Taiyuan 得腦, , 乾骷髏 derogatory, 骷髏 derogatory
Xinzhou 得腦
Baochang
Jining 腦袋
Hohhot 腦袋
Baotou 腦袋
Dongsheng
Linhe 腦袋
Haibowan 腦袋
Min Bei Jian'ou
Min Dong Fuzhou , 頭腦, 頭首
Fuqing
Matsu , 頭首
Min Nan Xiamen , 頭殼
Quanzhou , 頭殼
Zhangzhou , 頭殼
Taipei , 頭殼
Kaohsiung , 頭殼
Tainan , 頭殼
Taichung 頭殼
Hsinchu 頭殼
Lukang , 頭殼
Sanxia , 頭殼
Yilan , 頭殼
Kinmen 頭殼
Magong 頭殼
Penang , 頭殼
Singapore 頭殼
Philippines (Manila) , 頭殼
Pingnan
Chaozhou 頭殼
Shantou 頭殼
Haifeng , 頭殼, 頭殼顱
Johor Bahru
Haikou 頭顱, 頭殼
Leizhou , 頭顱, 殼升
Puxian Min Putian
Pinghua Nanning , 頭殼
Guilin
Wu Shanghai , 頭骷顱, 骷顱頭 often derogatory, 骷郎頭 often derogatory
Suzhou , 骷郎頭, 六斤四兩
Hangzhou , 腦頭瓜
Wenzhou , 六斤四 secret
Chongming 頭爿
Danyang , 腦袋瓜, 頭骷郎
Jinhua , 葫粒頭 humorous
Ningbo 骷顱頭, 骷郎頭, , 骷顱頭甏 derogatory, 骷顱頭瓶 derogatory, 六斤四兩 humorous
Xiang Changsha 腦殼
Shuangfeng 腦殼
Loudi 腦殼
Quanzhou 腦殼
  • (chief):

Compounds


Japanese

Kanji

(grade 2 “Kyōiku” kanji)

Readings

Compounds

Etymology 1

Kanji in this term
あたま
Grade: 2
kun’yomi

From Old Japanese of unknown derivation. Theories include:

  • Compound of (a tama, literally heaven, sky + ball). This is problematic phonetically, as appears historically as ama or ame, not as just a
  • Compound of 当て (ate ma, literally putting something in contact + space, gap), referring to the head as a moxibustion point. This is also problematic phonetically, as the shift from ate to ata necessitates a change in meaning of the underlying verb. This is also problematic semantically, as the (ma) term refers more specifically to a gap or space.
  • Compound of (ate ma, literally noble + space), referring to the most important part of the body. However, the use of (ma) in this way is again problematic. Moreover, (ate, noble) appears in The Tale of the Bamboo Cutter dating to the 900s CE, while (atama) with a sense of fontanelle appears in the Wamyō Ruijushō dated 938 CE, leaving insufficient time for either the semantic or phonetic drift required.[1][2]

Historically, this term first appears with a sense of fontanelle, in reference to the soft place on the top of an infant's head where the bones of the skull have not yet fused. As such, a more likely derivation might be as a compound of 当た (ata, not quite touching, not quite in contact, possibly a fossilized 未然形 (mizenkei, incomplete form) of classical verb 当つ (atsu), root of modern 当たる (ataru, to touch, to come into contact)) + (ma, space, gap, opening).

Pronunciation

Noun

(hiragana あたま, rōmaji atama)

  1. head (body part)
     (あたま) (いた)い。
    Atama ga itai.
    My head hurts.
  2. (anatomy, archaic, possibly obsolete) the fontanelle part of the skull
Idioms

Etymology 2

Kanji in this term
かしら
Grade: 2
kun’yomi

From Old Japanese.[1] Found as a standalone noun in the Man'yōshū, completed some time after 759 CE, and as a counter in the Kojiki, dating to 712 CE.

Alternative forms

  • (head of a doll):

Pronunciation

  • Kun’yomi
  • The pitch accent for the counter depends on the preceding noun.

Counter

(hiragana かしら, rōmaji -kashira)

  1. a head, as when counting people, or cattle or other livestock

Noun

(hiragana かしら, rōmaji kashira)

  1. the head as a whole
  2. boss, leader
  3. top part of a Chinese character
  4. the head of a doll
Derived terms

Etymology 3

Kanji in this term
かぶり
Grade: 2
kun’yomi

Cognate with and shift in meaning from かぶり (kaburi, covering; hat, crown), spelled in kanji as 被り or .

Pronunciation

Noun

(hiragana かぶり, rōmaji kaburi)

  1. head
Idioms

Etymology 4

Kanji in this term
かぶ
Grade: 2
Irregular

Cognate with  (かぶ) (kabu, stump; root), from a general sense of lump.[1]

Pronunciation

  • (Irregular reading)
    • IPA(key): [ka̠bɯ̟ᵝ]

Noun

(hiragana かぶ, rōmaji kabu)

  1. (obsolete) head
Derived terms

Etymology 5

Kanji in this term
つぶり
Grade: 2
Irregular

Cognate with (tsubu, round thing, such as a grain), 禿ぶ (tsubu, to go bald, from the idea of one's head becoming round), 円ら (tsubura, round, adjective), 潰れる (tsubureru, to become rounded, as from wear and tear, or from crushing).[1]

Some sources[2] derive this as a shift from 円ら (tsubura, round, adjective). However, the phonology and semantics for this do not fit (changing /a/ to /i/, and repurposing the adjectivizing suffix to instead form a noun). The modern verb tsubureru had the form tsuburu in older stages of the language. The tsuburi reading for may more likely represent a nominalization derived from this older verb, following normal patterns for creating nouns from verbs.

Pronunciation

  • (Irregular reading)
    • IPA(key): [t͡sɨᵝbɯ̟ᵝɾʲi]

Noun

(hiragana つぶり, rōmaji tsuburi)

  1. head

Etymology 6

Kanji in this term
つむり
Grade: 2
Irregular

From tsuburi above. Bilabial plosive /b/ becomes bilabial nasal /m/.

Pronunciation

  • (Irregular reading)

Noun

(hiragana つむり, rōmaji tsumuri)

  1. head
  2. hair of the head

Etymology 7

Kanji in this term
つむ
Grade: 2
Irregular

Shortened from tsumuri above.[1]

Pronunciation

  • (Irregular reading)
    • IPA(key): [t͡sɨᵝmɯ̟ᵝ]

Noun

(hiragana つむ, rōmaji tsumu)

  1. head
Derived terms

Etymology 8

Kanji in this term
こうべ
Grade: 2
kun’yomi

/kamipe//kampe//kaube//kɔːbe//koːbe/

Compound of either (kami, upper) or (kami, hair) (likely cognates) with the suffix (pe, location, direction).[1][2][4]

Alternatively, may be an alteration from (kabu, “head”, see above) + (ue, up).[1]

Pronunciation

Alternative forms

Noun

(hiragana こうべ, rōmaji kōbe, historical hiragana かうべ)

  1. head
Derived terms

Etymology 9

Kanji in this term
どたま
Grade: 2
Irregular

Contraction of (do-, super-, often used ironically as a derogatory prefix) + (atama, head).

Pronunciation

  • (Irregular reading)

Noun

(hiragana どたま, rōmaji dotama)

  1. (derogatory) head
Usage notes

Often spelled in hiragana, as どたま.

Etymology 10

Kanji in this term

Grade: 2
on’yomi

/du//d͡zu//zu/

From Middle Chinese (MC dəu). The goon reading, so likely an earlier borrowing.

Pronunciation

Noun

(hiragana , rōmaji zu, historical hiragana )

  1. head
Usage notes

This reading is more often found in compounds, such as 頭痛 (zutsū, a headache).

Idioms

Etymology 11

Kanji in this term
とう
Grade: 2
on’yomi

From Middle Chinese (MC dəu). The kan'on reading, so likely a later borrowing. The shift from initial /d/ to voiceless /t/ is due to influence or reborrowing from a later stage of the Chinese language. Compare modern Mandarin reading tóu, Cantonese tau4, Min Nan tao5.

Pronunciation

Counter

(hiragana とう, rōmaji -tō)

  1. counter for certain relatively large animals, or for livestock animals; "head"
     ()わせて (せん) (さん) (びゃ) () (とう) (あま)りが (しゅっ) ()され、 (ぜん) (こく) (かく) () (りゅう) (つう)した。
    Awasete sensanbyaku amari ga shukka sare, zenkoku kakuchi ni ryūtsū shita.
    Altogether over 1300 head of cattle have been distributed throughout the country.
     (さん) (とう) (ホッ) (キョク) (グマ)
    santō no Hokkyokuguma
    three polar bears
     (いっ) (とう) (ヒツジ)
    ittō no hitsuji
    one sheep
See also
Japanese number-counter combinations for  (とう) ()
1 2 3 4 5
 (いっ) (とう) (ittō)  () (とう) (nitō)  (さん) (とう) (santō)  (よん) (とう) (yontō)  () (とう) (gotō)
6 7 8 9 10
 (ろく) (とう) (rokutō)  (なな) (とう) (nanatō)
 (しち) (とう) (shichitō)
 (はっ) (とう) (hattō)
 (はち) (とう) (hachitō)
 (きゅう) (とう) (kyūtō)  (じゅっ) (とう) (juttō)
 (じっ) (とう) (jittō)
100 1,000 10,000 How many?
 (ひゃく) (とう) (hyakutō)  (せん) (とう) (sentō)  (いち) (まん) (とう) (ichimantō)  (なん) (とう) (nantō)

Noun

(hiragana とう, rōmaji )

  1. head
Derived terms

References

  1. 1988, 国語大辞典(新装版) (Kokugo Dai Jiten, Revised Edition) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan
  2. 2006, 大辞林 (Daijirin), Third Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
  3. 1998, NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 (NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: NHK, →ISBN
  4. 1995, 大辞泉 (Daijisen) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN

Further reading


Korean

Hanja

(du) (hangeul )

  1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

Northern Amami-Oshima

Etymology

Cognate with mainland Japanese (tsuburi), dialectal (tsuburo), itself probably a compound of (tsubu, round thing, such as a grain) + (ro, suffix indicating a state or condition).

Kanji

(hiragana つぃぶる, romaji tsiburu)

Noun

(hiragana つぃぶる, romaji tsiburu)

  1. head

Oki-No-Erabu

Etymology

Cognate with mainland Japanese (tsuburi), dialectal (tsuburo), itself probably a compound of (tsubu, round thing, such as a grain) + (ro, suffix indicating a state or condition).

Kanji

(hiragana ちぶる, romaji chiburu)

Noun

(hiragana ちぶる, romaji chiburu)

  1. head
  2. an intelligent person

Okinawan

Kanji

(hiragana ちぶる, romaji chiburu)

Etymology

Cognate with mainland Japanese (tsuburi), dialectal (tsuburo), itself probably a compound of (tsubu, round thing, such as a grain) + (ro, suffix indicating a state or condition).

Noun

(hiragana ちぶる, romaji chiburu)

  1. head
  2. an intelligent person

Compounds


Southern Amami-Oshima

Etymology

Cognate with mainland Japanese (tsuburi), dialectal (tsuburo), itself probably a compound of (tsubu, round thing, such as a grain) + (ro, suffix indicating a state or condition).

Kanji

(hiragana つぃぶる, romaji tsiburu)

Noun

(hiragana つぃぶる, romaji tsiburu)

  1. head

Vietnamese

Han character

(đầu)

  1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

Yaeyama

Etymology

Cognate with mainland Japanese (tsuburi), dialectal (tsuburo), itself probably a compound of (tsubu, round thing, such as a grain) + (ro, suffix indicating a state or condition).

Kanji

(hiragana つぶり, romaji tsuburi, hiragana つぃぶる, romaji tsiburu, hiragana つぃぶるぃ, romaji tsiburi)

Noun

(hiragana つぶり, romaji tsuburi, hiragana つぃぶる, romaji tsiburu, hiragana つぃぶるぃ, romaji tsiburi)

  1. head

Yoron

Etymology

Cognate with mainland Japanese (tsuburi), dialectal (tsuburo), itself probably a compound of (tsubu, round thing, such as a grain) + (ro, suffix indicating a state or condition).

Kanji

(hiragana ちぶる, romaji chiburu)

Noun

(hiragana ちぶる, romaji chiburu)

  1. head
  2. an intelligent person
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