た
See also: だ and Appendix:Variations of "da"
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Japanese
Etymology 1
Derived in the Heian period from writing the man'yōgana kanji 太 in the cursive sōsho style.
Syllable
た (romaji ta)
Derived terms
- だ (da)
See also
Etymology 2
From たる (taru), the 連体形 (rentaikei, “adnominal form”) of the classical auxiliary たり (tari).
Alternative forms
- だ (da) (when following -b, -g, -m, and -n base verbs)
Suffix
た (rōmaji -ta)
(jodōshi)
- Indicates a past or completed action.
- 昨日出張から帰ってきた
- kinō shutchō kara kaette kita
- I returned from my business trip yesterday.
- 原稿をやっと書いたよ
- genkō o yatto kaita yo
- I have finally finished my manuscript.
- 掃除が終わったら、ごみを出しに行きなさい
- sōji ga owattara, gomi o dashi ni iki nasai
- Once you have finished cleaning, go dispose of the trash.
- 昨日出張から帰ってきた
- Indicates the realization of a situation that has not realized.
- 話が出た時点で考えよう
- hanashi ga deta jiten de kangaeyō
- Let's talk about it later when that question actually comes up.
- 今度会ったとき話すよ
- kondo atta toki hanasu yo
- I will tell you when we meet next time.
- 話が出た時点で考えよう
- (modifying a noun) Indicates the resulting state of an action.
- Synonyms: てある (-te aru), ている (-te iru)
- 割れたガラス窓から風が吹き込む
- wareta garasu mado kara kaze ga fukikomu
- The wind keeps blowing in through the broken glass window.
- (at the end of a sentence)
- Indicates speaker's declaration, confirmation, or sudden realization.
- あれ、君はそこにいたの
- are, kimi wa soko ni ita no
- Oh, there are you.
- 坊やは今年いくつだった
- bōya wa kotoshi ikutsu datta
- How old are you, boy?
- もうやめた
- mō yameta
- I have had enough. (lit. I have decided to give up this.)
- よし、その品買った
- yoshi, sono shina katta
- Well, I decided to buy this.
- あれ、君はそこにいたの
- Makes a light command.
- さあ、どんどん歩いた、歩いた
- sā, dondon aruita, aruita
- Go. Go. Don't stop.
- さあ、どんどん歩いた、歩いた
- Indicates speaker's declaration, confirmation, or sudden realization.
Conjugation
Conjugation of "た" (See Appendix:Japanese verbs.)
Stem forms | |||
---|---|---|---|
Imperfective (未然形) | たろ | taro | |
Continuative (連用形) | - | - | |
Terminal (終止形) | た | ta | |
Attributive (連体形) | た | ta | |
Hypothetical (仮定形) | たら | tara | |
Imperative (命令形) | - | - | |
Key constructions | |||
Passive | - | - | |
Causative | - | - | |
Potential | - | - | |
Volitional | たろう | tarou | |
Negative | - | - | |
Negative continuative | - | - | |
Formal | - | - | |
Perfective | - | - | |
Conjunctive | - | - | |
Hypothetical conditional | たら たらば |
tara taraba |
Usage notes
- This suffix follows the 音便 (onbin, “euphonic changes”) forms of certain verb classes, some of which cause the suffix た (-ta) to be voiced as だ (-da).
音便 patterns
- Verbs
- godan ending in -k: kaku → kaita, * iku (行く) → itta
- godan ending in -g: oyogu → oyoida
- godan ending in -s: hanasu → hanashita
- godan ending in -t: matsu → matta
- godan ending in -n: shinu → shinda
- godan ending in -b: asobu → asonda
- godan ending in -m: yasumu → yasunda
- godan ending in -r: kaeru → kaetta
- godan ending in -w: iu → itta, * tou (問う) → tōta, kou (請う) → kōta
- ichidan: miru → mita
- ichidan: deru → deta
- k-irregular: kuru → kita
- s-irregular: suru → shita, ronzuru → ronjita
- i-adjectives: takai → takakatta, * ii (良い) → yokatta
- na-adjectives: shizukada → shizukadatta
- Auxiliaries
- copula: da → datta
- polite copula: desu → deshita
- polite verb suffix: masu → mashita
- In traditional Japanese grammar, this is a 助動詞 (jodōshi, “auxiliary verb”) with the defective paradigm たろ (taro), --, た (ta), た (ta), たら (tara), --. The 未然形 (mizenkei, “irrealis or incomplete form”) たろ (taro) is used to derive the past conjectural suffix たろう (-tarō), which is now old-fashioned and taken over by だろう (darō) following the past form. The 仮定形 (kateikei, “hypothetical stem”) たら (-tara-) used to further take the conditional particle ば (-ba), but now usually stands on its own to form the conditional.
See also
Japanese basic inflections
Verbs | -i adjectives | nouns and -na adjectives | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nonpast | Plain | Affirmative | Use the dictionary form | stem + い (-i) | noun + だ (da) (noun + である (de aru)) |
Negative | mizenkei + ない (-nai) | stem + くない (-ku nai) | noun + で(は)ない (de [wa] nai) | ||
Polite | Affirmative | ren'yōkei + ます (-masu) | stem + いです (-i desu) | noun + です (desu) | |
Negative | ren'yōkei + ません (-masen) | stem + くないです (-ku nai desu) stem + くありません (-ku arimasen) | noun + で(は)ないです (de [wa] nai desu) noun + で(は)ありません (de [wa] arimasen) | ||
Past | Plain | Affirmative | ren'yōkei (with onbin sound changes for Group I verbs) + た (-ta) | stem + かった (-katta) | noun + だった (datta) (noun + であった (de atta)) |
Negative | mizenkei + なかった (-nakatta) | stem + くなかった (-ku nakatta) | noun + で(は)なかった (de [wa] nakatta) | ||
Polite | Affirmative | ren'yōkei + ました (-mashita) | stem + かったです (-katta desu) | noun + でした (deshita) | |
Negative | ren'yōkei + ませんでした (-masen deshita) | stem + くなかったです (-ku nakatta desu) stem + くありませんでした (-ku arimasen deshita) | noun + で(は)なかったです (de [wa] nakatta desu) noun + で(は)ありませんでした (de [wa] arimasen deshita) | ||
Volitional | Plain | mizenkei (of Group I verbs) + う (-u > -o) mizenkei (of other verbs) + よう (-yō) | †stem + かろう (-karō) (stem + いだろう (-i darō)) | noun + だろう (darō) (noun + であろう (de arō)) | |
Polite | ren'yōkei + ましょう (-mashō) | (stem + いでしょう (-i deshō)) | noun + でしょう (deshō) | ||
Conjunctive | ren'yōkei (with onbin sound changes for Group I verbs) + て (-te) | stem + くて (-kute) | noun + で (de) (noun + であって (de atte)) | ||
Hypothetical conditional | kateikei + ば (-ba) | stem + ければ (-kereba) | (noun + であれば (de areba)) |
Etymology 3
Short form of たれ (tare).
Pronoun
た (rōmaji ta)
- (archaic) interrogative personal pronoun; who
- c. late 9th – mid-10th century, Taketori Monogatari
- あの書をきし文を讀み聞かせけれど、「なにせむにか命もおしからむ。たが為にか。何事も用もなし」とて[...]
- c. late 9th – mid-10th century, Taketori Monogatari
References
- Sakakura, Atsuyoshi; Yūichi Ōtsu; Hiroshi Tsukishima; Toshiko Abe; Imai Gen'e (1957) Nihon Koten Bungaku Taikei 9: Taketori Monogatari, Ise Monogatari, Yamato Monogatari (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Iwanami Shoten, →ISBN.
- 2006, 大辞林 (Daijirin), Third Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
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