Internuclear ophthalmoplegia

Internuclear ophthalmoplegia
Schematic demonstrating right internuclear ophthalmoplegia, caused by injury of the right medial longitudinal fasciculus.

Internuclear ophthalmoplegia (INO) is a disorder of conjugate lateral gaze in which the affected eye shows impairment of adduction. When an attempt is made to gaze contralaterally (relative to the affected eye), the affected eye adducts minimally, if at all. The contralateral eye abducts, however with nystagmus. Additionally, the divergence of the eyes leads to horizontal diplopia. That is if the right eye is affected the patient will "see double" when looking to the left, seeing two images side-by-side. Convergence is generally preserved.[1]

Signs and symptoms

Unilateral internuclear ophthalmoplegia after minor head injury

The clinical presentation is consistent with the following:[2]

  • Horizontal diplopia
  • Dizziness on lateral gaze

Causes

Vestibulo-ocular reflex

The disorder is caused by injury or dysfunction in the medial longitudinal fasciculus (MLF), a heavily myelinated tract that allows conjugate eye movement by connecting the paramedian pontine reticular formation (PPRF)-abducens nucleus complex of the contralateral side to the oculomotor nucleus of the ipsilateral side.

In young patients with bilateral INO, multiple sclerosis is often the cause. In older patients with one-sided lesions a stroke is a distinct possibility. Other causes are possible.[3]

Variants

A rostral lesion within the midbrain may affect the convergence center thus causing bilateral divergence of the eyes which is known as the WEBINO syndrome (Wall Eyed Bilateral INO)[4] as each eye looks at the opposite "wall".

If the lesion affects the PPRF (or the abducens nucleus) and the MLF on the same side (the MLF having crossed from the opposite side), then the "one and a half syndrome" occurs, with paralysis of all conjugate horizontal eye movements other than abduction of the eye on the opposite side to the lesion.

Diagnosis

Can be seen in multiple sclerosis, stroke, and other pathologies.[5] Accompanying symptoms include scanning speech, intention tremor, incontinence, and nystagmus.[6]

Treatment

In terms of treatment,Dalfampridine shows improvement in such cases per the American Academy of Ophthalmology[2]

See also

References

  1. ↑ "Internuclear Ophtalmoplegia". Archived from the original on 2018-07-28. Retrieved 2021-07-07.
  2. 1 2 "Internuclear Ophthalmoplegia - EyeWiki". eyewiki.aao.org. Archived from the original on 2 August 2022. Retrieved 5 September 2022.
  3. ↑ Keane JR (May 2005). "Internuclear ophthalmoplegia: unusual causes in 114 of 410 patients". Arch. Neurol. 62 (5): 714–7. doi:10.1001/archneur.62.5.714. PMID 15883257. Archived from the original on 2016-03-03. Retrieved 2021-07-07.
  4. ↑ Lana MA, Moreira PR, Neves LB (December 1990). "Wall-eyed bilateral internuclear ophthalmoplegia (Webino syndrome) and myelopathy in pyoderma gangrenosum". Arq Neuropsiquiatr. 48 (4): 497–501. PMID 2094199.
  5. ↑ Gold, Daniel R. "D.O." Neuro-Ophthalmology Virtual Education Library. Spencer S. Eccles Health Sciences Library, University of Utah. Archived from the original on 30 September 2019. Retrieved 30 September 2019.
  6. ↑ "Internuclear Ophthalmoplegia". The Lecturio Medical Concept Library. Archived from the original on 9 July 2021. Retrieved 7 July 2021.
Classification


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