Protein S deficiency

Protein S deficiency
Protein S structure
SymptomsPurpura fulminans[1]
CausesVitamin K deficiency[1]
Diagnostic methodCoagulation test[1]
TreatmentHeparin, Warfarin[2]

Protein S deficiency is a disorder associated with increased risk of venous thrombosis.[1] Protein S, a vitamin K-dependent physiological anticoagulant, acts as a nonenzymatic cofactor to activate protein C in the degradation of factor Va and factor VIIIa.[3] Decreased (antigen) levels or impaired function of protein S leads to decreased degradation of factor Va and factor VIIIa and an increased propensity to venous thrombosis. Protein S circulates in human plasma in two forms: approximately 60 percent is bound to complement component C4b β-chain while the remaining 40 percent is free, only free protein S has activated protein C cofactor activity

Signs and symptoms

Pedal gangrenous and ischemia

Among the possible clinical presentations of Protein S deficiency in an affected individual are:[1][2][4]



Cause

Human Chr 3

In terms of the cause of protein S deficiency it can be in inherited via autosomal dominance. A mutation in the PROS1 gene triggers the condition. The cytogenetic location of the gene in question is chromosome 3, specifically 3q11.1[5][6]

Protein S deficiency can also be acquired due to vitamin K deficiency, treatment with warfarin, liver disease, and acute thrombosis (antiphospholipid antibodies may also be a cause as well)[1]


Pathophysiology

In regards to the mechanism of protein S deficiency, Protein S is made in liver cells and the Endothelium.[7][8] Protein S is a cofactor of APC both work to degrade factor V and factor VIII. It has been suggested that Zn2+ might be necessary for Protein S binding to factor Xa.[2][9]

Mutations in this condition change amino acids, which in turn disrupts blood clotting. Functional protein S is lacking, which normally turns off clotting proteins, this increases risk of blood clots.[5]

Diagnosis

PTT blood tests Vacutainer tube

The diagnosis for deficiency of protein S can be done via reviewing family history of condition and genetic testing, as well as the following:[1][10][11]

Differential diagnosis

Among the possibilities for differential diagnosis of protein S deficiency are- Antiphospholipid syndrome, disseminated intravascular coagulation and antithrombin deficiency (though this list is not exhaustive)[2]

Types

There are three types of hereditary protein S deficiency:[2][5]

  • Type I – decreased protein S activity: decreased total protein S levels, as well as decreased free protein S levels
  • Type II – decreased in regards to the cofactor activity of the protein
  • Type III – decreased protein S activity: decreased free protein S levels (normal total protein S levels)

Treatment

Dabigatran

In terms of treatment for protein S deficiency the following are consistent with the management (and administration of) individuals with this condition (the prognosis for inherited homozygotes is usually in line with a higher incidence of thrombosis for the affected individual[1]):[2][9]


References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 "Protein S Deficiency. Learn about Protein S Deficiency | Patient". Patient. Archived from the original on 2016-10-18. Retrieved 2016-10-16.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 "Protein S Deficiency: Background, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology". 2016-05-02. Archived from the original on 2021-01-28. Retrieved 2021-01-28. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  3. ↑ "Protein S: Reference Range, Collection and Panels, Interpretation". 2016-06-01. Archived from the original on 2021-01-26. Retrieved 2021-01-28. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  4. ↑ "Congenital protein C or S deficiency: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia". medlineplus.gov. Archived from the original on 18 October 2016. Retrieved 16 October 2016.
  5. 1 2 3 Reference, Genetics Home. "PROS1 gene". Genetics Home Reference. Archived from the original on 18 October 2016. Retrieved 16 October 2016.
  6. ↑ Reference, Genetics Home. "protein S deficiency". Genetics Home Reference. Archived from the original on 18 October 2016. Retrieved 16 October 2016.
  7. ↑ "Endothelial Cells, Volume 1, 1988, p158, By Una S." books.google.co.uk. Archived from the original on 17 October 2021. Retrieved 24 January 2019.
  8. ↑ Burstyn-Cohen, T.; Heeb, M. J.; Lemke, G. (2009). "J Clin Invest. 2009 Oct, 119(10):2942-53, Burstyn-Cohen T1, Heeb MJ, Lemke G: Lack of protein S in mice causes embryonic lethal coagulopathy and vascular dysgenesis". The Journal of Clinical Investigation. 119 (10): 2942–53. doi:10.1172/JCI39325. PMC 2752078. PMID 19729839.
  9. 1 2 Ten Kate, M. K.; Van Der Meer, J. (1 November 2008). "Protein S deficiency: a clinical perspective". Haemophilia. 14 (6): 1222–1228. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2516.2008.01775.x. ISSN 1365-2516. PMID 18479427. S2CID 26719614.
  10. ↑ "Protein S blood test: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia". medlineplus.gov. Archived from the original on 18 October 2016. Retrieved 16 October 2016.
  11. ↑ "Protein S deficiency - Conditions - GTR - NCBI". www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Archived from the original on 18 October 2016. Retrieved 16 October 2016.

Further reading

  • ten Kate M, Mulder R, Platteel M, Brouwer J, van der Steege G, van der Meer J (2006). "Identification of a novel PROS1 c.1113T-->GG frameshift mutation in a family with mixed type I/type III protein S deficiency". Haematologica. 91 (8): 1151–2. PMID 16885060.
  • García de Frutos, Pablo; Fuentes-Prior, Pablo; Hurtado, Begoña; Sala, Núria (17 October 2007). "Molecular basis of protein S deficiency". Thrombosis and Haemostasis. 98 (3): 543–56. doi:10.1160/TH07-03-0199. hdl:10261/89408. ISSN 0340-6245. PMID 17849042. Archived from the original on 18 October 2016. Retrieved 16 October 2016.
  • Wypasek, Ewa; Undas, Anetta (1 August 2016). "Protein C and protein S deficiency - practical diagnostic issues". Advances in Clinical and Experimental Medicine. 22 (4): 459–467. ISSN 1899-5276. PMID 23986205.
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