Tobamovirus

Tobamovirus
Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) diagram and electron micrograph of virions
Virus classification
(unranked): Virus
Realm: Riboviria
Kingdom: Orthornavirae
Phylum: Kitrinoviricota
Class: Alsuviricetes
Order: Martellivirales
Family: Virgaviridae
Genus: Tobamovirus

Tobamovirus is a genus of positive-strand RNA viruses[1] in the family Virgaviridae.[2] Many plants,[1] including tobacco, potato, tomato, and squash, serve as natural hosts. Diseases associated with this genus include: necrotic lesions on leaves.[2][3] The name Tobamovirus comes from the host and symptoms of the first virus discovered (Tobacco mosaic virus).[4]

There are four informal subgroups within this genus: these are the tobamoviruses that infect the brassicas, cucurbits, malvaceous, and solanaceous plants. The main differences between these groups are genome sequences, and respective range of host plants. There are 37 species in this genus.[5]

Structure

Tobamoviruses are non-enveloped, with helical rod[1] geometries, and helical symmetry. The diameter is around 18 nm, with a length of 300–310 nm. Genomes are linear and non-segmented, around 6.3–6.5kb in length.[2][3]

Genome

The RNA genome encodes at least four polypeptides:[2] these are the non-structural protein and the read-through product which are involved in virus replication (RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, RdRp); the movement protein (MP) which is necessary for the virus to move between cells and the coat protein (CP). The read-through portion of the RdRp may be expressed as a separate protein in TMV.[6] The virus is able to replicate without the movement or coat proteins, but the other two are essential. The non-structural protein has domains suggesting it is involved in RNA capping and the read-through product has a motif for an RNA polymerase. The movement proteins are made very early in the infection cycle and localized to the plasmodesmata, they are probably involved in host specificity as they are believed to interact with some host cell factors.

Life cycle

Viral replication is cytoplasmic. Entry into the host cell is achieved by penetration into the host cell. Replication follows the positive stranded RNA virus replication model. Positive stranded RNA virus transcription is the method of transcription. Translation takes place by suppression of termination. The virus exits the host cell by monopartite non-tubule guided viral movement. Plants serve as the natural host.[1] Transmission routes are mechanical.[2][3]

Enzymes

Tobamovirus RNA-dependent RNA polymerases are homologous with bromoviruses, ilarviruses, tobraviruses, and the carnation mottle virus.[1]

Routes of infection

The infection is localized to begin with but if the virus remains unchallenged it will spread via the vascular system into a systemic infection. The exact mechanism the virus uses to move throughout the plant is unknown but the interaction of pectin methylesterase, a cellular enzyme important for cell wall metabolism and plant development, with the movement protein has been implicated.[7]

Evolution

These viruses are thought to have codiverged with their hosts from a common ancestor.[8] There are at least 3 distinct clades of tobamoviruses, which to some extent follow their host ranges: that is, there is one infecting solanaceous species; a second infecting cucurbits and legumes and a third infecting the crucifers.[9]

Classification

Species

Phylogenetic tree of Tobamovirus

The genus contains the following species:[5]

  • Bell pepper mottle virus (BPeMV)
  • Brugmansia mild mottle virus
  • Cactus mild mottle virus (CMMoV)[10]
  • Clitoria yellow mottle virus
  • Cucumber fruit mottle mosaic virus
  • Cucumber green mottle mosaic virus (CGMMV)
  • Cucumber mottle virus
  • Frangipani mosaic virus (FrMV)
  • Hibiscus latent Fort Pierce virus (HLFPV)
  • Hibiscus latent Singapore virus (HLSV)
  • Kyuri green mottle mosaic virus
  • Maracuja mosaic virus (MarMV)
  • Obuda pepper virus (ObPV)
  • Odontoglossum ringspot virus (ORSV)
  • Opuntia chlorotic ringspot virus
  • Paprika mild mottle virus
  • Passion fruit mosaic virus
  • Pepper mild mottle virus (PMMoV)
  • Plumeria mosaic virus
  • Rattail cactus necrosis-associated virus (RCNaV)
  • Rehmannia mosaic virus
  • Ribgrass mosaic virus (HRV)
  • Sammons's Opuntia virus (SOV)
  • Streptocarpus flower break virus
  • Sunn-hemp mosaic virus (SHMV)
  • Tobacco latent virus
  • Tobacco mild green mosaic virus
  • Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV)
  • Tomato brown rugose fruit virus (ToBRFV)
  • Tomato mosaic virus (ToMV)
  • Tomato mottle mosaic virus
  • Tropical soda apple mosaic virus
  • Turnip vein-clearing virus (TVCV)
  • Ullucus mild mottle virus
  • Wasabi mottle virus (WMoV)
  • Yellow tailflower mild mottle virus
  • Youcai mosaic virus (YoMV) aka oilseed rape mosaic virus (ORMV)
  • Zucchini green mottle mosaic virus[11]

Proposed members

Proposed, but currently unrecognised members of the genus include:[11]

  • Chara corallina virus (CCV)
  • Nicotiana velutina mosaic virus (NVMV)

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 Strauss, J H; Strauss, E G (1988). "Evolution of RNA Viruses". Annual Review of Microbiology. Annual Reviews. 42 (1): 657–683. doi:10.1146/annurev.mi.42.100188.003301. ISSN 0066-4227. PMID 3060004.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 "ICTV Online Report Virgaviridae".
  3. 1 2 3 "Viral Zone". ExPASy. Retrieved 15 June 2015.
  4. ↑ https://talk.ictvonline.org/ictv/proposals/Ratification_1975.pdf
  5. 1 2 "Virus Taxonomy: 2020 Release". International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV). March 2021. Retrieved 14 May 2021.
  6. ↑ Creager, Angela N.H.; Scholthof, Karen-Beth G.; Citovsky, Vitaly; Scholthof, Herman B. (March 1999). "Tobacco Mosaic Virus: Pioneering Research for a Century". The Plant Cell. 11 (3): 301–8. doi:10.1105/tpc.11.3.301. PMC 1464663. PMID 10072391.
  7. ↑ Chen, M. H.; Citovsky, V. (August 2003). "Systemic movement of a tobamovirus requires host cell pectin methylesterase". The Plant Journal. 35 (3): 386–92. doi:10.1046/j.1365-313X.2003.01818.x. PMID 12887589.
  8. ↑ Stobbe, A. H.; Melcher, U.; Palmer, M. W.; Roossinck, M. J.; Shen, G. "Co-divergence and host-switching in the evolution of tobamoviruses". Journal of General Virology. 93 (2): 408–18. doi:10.1099/vir.0.034280-0. PMID 22049092.
  9. ↑ Lartey, R. T.; Voss, T. C.; Melcher, U. (1996). "Tobamovirus evolution: Gene overlaps, recombination, and taxonomic implications" (PDF). Molecular Biology and Evolution. 13 (10): 1327–1338. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a025579. PMID 8952077.
  10. ↑ Min, B. E.; Chung, B. N.; Kim, M. J.; Ha, J. H.; Lee, B. Y.; Ryu, K. H. (January 2006). "Cactus mild mottle virus is a new cactus-infecting tobamovirus". Archives of Virology. 151 (1): 13–21. doi:10.1007/s00705-005-0617-7. PMID 16132178. S2CID 40760030.
  11. 1 2 "Descriptions of Plant Viruses: Tobamovirus Group". The Association of Applied Biologists (AAB).

Further reading

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