Vaccine adverse event

Vaccine adverse event
Other names: Vaccine injury
SpecialtyEmergency medicine

A vaccine adverse event (VAE), sometimes referred to as a vaccine injury, is an adverse event caused by vaccination.[1] The World Health Organization (WHO) knows VAEs as Adverse Events Following Immunization (AEFI).[2]AEFIs can be related to the vaccine itself (product or quality defect-related reactions), to the vaccination process (error or stress related reactions) or can occur independently from vaccination (coincidental) and are classified as:[3]

  • Vaccine product-related reaction
  • Vaccine quality defect-related reaction
  • Immunization error-related reaction
  • Immunization anxiety-related reaction
  • Coincidental event

Most vaccine adverse events are mild. Serious injuries and deaths caused by vaccines are very rare,[4][5] and the idea that severe events are common has been classed as a "common misconception about immunization" by the WHO.[6] Some claimed vaccine injuries are not, in fact, caused by vaccines; for example, there is a subculture of advocates who attribute their children's autism to vaccine injury,[7] despite the fact that vaccines do not cause autism.[8][9]Claims of vaccine injuries appeared in litigation in the United States in the latter part of the 20th century. Some families have won substantial awards from sympathetic juries, even though many public health officials have said that the claims of injuries are unfounded.[10] In response, several vaccine makers stopped production, threatening public health, and laws were passed to shield makers from liabilities stemming from vaccine injury claims.[10]

Adverse events

According to the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, while "any vaccine can cause side effects",[11] most side effects are minor, primarily including sore arms or a mild fever.[11] Unlike most medical interventions vaccines are given to healthy people, where the risk of side effects is not as easily outweighed by the benefit of treating existing disease. As such, the safety of immunization interventions is taken very seriously by the scientific community, with constant monitoring of a number of data sources looking for patterns of adverse events.[12]

As the success of immunization programs increases and the incidence of disease decreases, public attention shifts away from the risks of disease to the risk of vaccination.[13] Concerns about immunization safety often follow a pattern.[13] First, some investigators suggest that a medical condition of increasing prevalence or unknown cause is due to an adverse effect of vaccination. The initial study, and subsequent studies by the same investigators, have inadequate methodology, typically a poorly controlled or uncontrolled case series.[13] A premature announcement is made of the alleged adverse effect, which resonates with individuals who have the condition and which underestimates the potential harm of not being vaccinated. The initial study is not reproduced by other investigators.[13] Finally, it takes several years before the public regains confidence in the vaccine.[13]

Controversies in this area revolve around the question of whether the risks of adverse events following immunization outweigh the benefits of preventing infectious disease. In rare cases immunizations can cause serious adverse effects, such as gelatin measles-mumps-rubella vaccine (MMR) causing anaphylaxis, a severe allergic reaction.[13] Allegations particularly focus on disorders claimed to be caused by the MMR vaccine and thiomersal, a preservative used in vaccines routinely given to U.S. infants prior to 2001. Current scientific evidence does not support claims of vaccines causing various disorders.[14][15]

The debate is complicated by misconceptions around the recording and reporting of adverse events by anti-vaccination activists.[16] According to authorities, anti-vaccination websites greatly exaggerate the risk of serious adverse effects from vaccines and falsely describe conditions such as autism and shaken baby syndrome as vaccine injuries,[17][18][19] leading to misconceptions about the safety and effectiveness of vaccines.[20][21] This has had the result of stigmatizing autistic people and the parents who had them immunized.[22]

The oral polio vaccine (OPV) is unusual in that it contains a live attenuated virus that can be excreted leading, in under-vaccinated communities, to secondary infection.[23] Since 2000, more than 10 billion doses of OPV have been administered to nearly 3 billion children worldwide. During that time, 24 vaccine-derived polio outbreaks occurred in 21 countries, resulting in fewer than 760 cases.[23] Polio vaccine was also involved in the only large-scale outbreak of vaccine induced disease, in the Cutter incident. It is likely that polio will not be eradicated until OPV is fully replaced with inactivated vaccines.[24]

Many countries, including Canada, Germany, Japan, and the United States have specific requirements for reporting vaccine-related adverse effects, while other countries including Australia, France, and the United Kingdom include vaccines under their general requirements for reporting injuries associated with medical treatments.[25]: 8–11  A number of countries have programs for the compensation of injuries alleged to have been caused by a vaccination.[25]: 9–44 

United States

Vaccine Injury Compensation Program

In 1988, the National Vaccine Injury Compensation Program (VICP) went into effect to compensate individuals and families of individuals who have been injured by specified childhood vaccines.[26] The VICP was adopted in response to an earlier scare over the pertussis portion of the DPT vaccine. These claims were later generally discredited, but some U.S. lawsuits against vaccine makers won substantial awards; most makers ceased production, and the last remaining major manufacturer threatened to do so.[27] As of October 2019, $4.2 billion in compensation (not including attorneys fees and costs) has been awarded.[28]

VICP uses a streamlined system for litigating vaccine injury claims under which the claimant must show that the vaccine caused the injury, but just as in litigation for injury by any other product, they are not required to establish it was anyone's fault (i.e. negligence need not be proven)[29] Claims that are denied can be pursued through civil lawsuits, though this is rare, and the statute creating the VICP also imposes substantial limitations on the ability to pursue such lawsuits. The VICP covers all vaccines listed on the Vaccine Injury Table[30] which is maintained by the Secretary of Health and Human Services. To win an award, a claimant is required to show a causal connection between an injury and one of the vaccines listed in the Vaccine Injury Table. Compensation is payable for "table" injuries, those listed in the Vaccine Injury Table, as well as, "non-table" injuries, injuries not listed in the table.[31]

In addition, an award may only be given if the claimant's injury lasted for more than 6 months after the vaccine was given, resulted in a hospital stay and surgery or resulted in death. Awards are based on medical expenses, lost earnings and pain and suffering (capped at $250,000).[32]

From 1988 until March 3, 2011, 5,636 claims relating to autism, and 8,119 non-autism claims, were made to the VICP. 2,620 of these claims, one autism-related, were compensated, with 4,463 non-autism and 814 autism claims dismissed; awards (including attorney's fees) totaled over $2 billion. The VICP also applies to claims for injuries sustained before 1988; there were 4,264 of these claims of which 1,189 were compensated with awards totaling $903 million.[30] As of October 2019, $4.2 billion in compensation (not including attorneys fees and costs) has been awarded over the life of the program.[28]

Table injuries

As part of NVICP, a table has been created which lists various vaccines, side effects that might plausibly be caused by them, and the time within which the symptoms must present in order to be eligible to apply for compensation.[33][34]

For example, for vaccines containing tetanus toxoid (e.g., DTaP, DTP, DT, Td, or TT), anaphylaxis within four hours or brachial neuritis between two and twenty-eight days after administration, may be compensated.[35]

Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System

The Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS) is a passive surveillance program administered jointly by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC).[36]

VAERS is intended to track adverse events associated with vaccines. VAERS collects and analyzes information from reports of adverse events (possible side effects) that occur after the administration of US licensed vaccines. The program's success in tracking vaccine injuries has been questioned by some, who allege medical practitioners frequently fail to make reports.[37] Others say that it may overstate possible injuries since many neurological problems in childhood may manifest around the same ages when vaccines are routinely administered. Dravet syndrome is one example of a genetically based neurological disease which frequently manifests at the time of childhood vaccinations.[38]

The Vaccine Safety Datalink (VSD), funded by the Centers for Disease Control, is composed of databases from several organizations containing information regarding health outcomes for millions of US citizens and to enhance assessment of vaccine injuries. It was designed to allow for such things as comparisons between vaccinated and non-vaccinated populations, and for the identification of possible groups at risk for adverse events.

United Kingdom

The Vaccine Damage Payment Act 1979 governs AEFIs in the UK, and sets up the Vaccine Damage Payment Scheme (VDPS).

Vaccine Damage Payment Scheme

Under the VDPS, it is thought that thousands of unsuccessful claims have been made. The maximum payment per claim is currently £120,000. The 'disability threshold' before payments are granted is 60%. The scheme covers vaccinations for illnesses such as tetanus, measles, tuberculosis, and meningitis C. As of 2005, the British government had paid out £3.5 million to vaccine injury patients since 1997.[39]

Until the advent of COVID-19, disabled vaccine injury patients were allowed to file a claim up to the age of 21. On the 2 December 2020, government agreed under regulation secondary to the 1979 Act the statutory £120,000 blanket payout for any person provably damaged by the vaccine, and by the same addition of COVID-19 to the list, government-approved Covax manufacturers were exempted from legal pursuit. Individuals who provide the vaccine (and thus are permitted by government to do so) are also protected.[40]

Canada

Quebec has a legal process to compensate certain forms of vaccination injuries; the program was set up by statute in 1985,[41] and its first awards were made in 1988.[42]

On 10 December 2020, the nations was made aware via an op-ed published in the Globe and Mail that "Canada needs to prepare for rare but serious health problems resulting from [Covid-19] vaccination" by, inter alia, the Honourable Dr Jane Philpott, former cabinet member and Dean of the Faculty of Health Sciences of Queen's University. The authors observed that, outside of Quebec, "People suffering severe AEFIs are left to assume the costs of legal fees, lost wages, uninsured medical services and rehabilitation supports," and plumped for a no-fault system, in which "compensation is needs-based and not punitive."[41] They go on to write:

In the context of the COVID-19 pandemic, we are concerned that, given the anticipated scale of the COVID-19 immunization campaign and new vaccine technologies employed, mass immunization may result in a small number of Canadians experiencing serious AEFIs, despite adherence to best practices. While AEFIs are possible with routine immunizations, pandemic situations are unique with respect to the speed and scale with which vaccine technologies are developed and distributed. Rare serious AEFIs may not be captured during phases of clinical trials because it may require very large numbers of the population to be immunized for AEFIs to manifest. The anticipated incidence of serious AEFIs can be estimated at 1 in one million immunizations... the potential health consequences of adverse events following immunization borne by the few will be for our collective benefit in stopping the deadly spread of the virus. Operating under this estimate, we anticipate 25 Canadians may suffer a serious health outcome following COVID-19 vaccination, or 0.1 per 100,000 doses.

The authors conclude that an "equitable and fair compensation system with a transparent accountability process for monitoring potential AEFIs associated with COVID-19 immunization could increase public confidence in vaccines and promote uptake."[41]

See also

References

  1. ↑ Canada, Health (2020-11-30). "Adverse Reaction Database". aem. Archived from the original on 2021-04-24. Retrieved 2021-03-31.
  2. ↑ "Adverse events following immunization (AEFI)". World Health Organization. Archived from the original on August 27, 2014. Retrieved 12 December 2020.
  3. ↑ "Causality assessment of an adverse event following immunization (AEFI)". WHO. 2019. Archived from the original on June 16, 2014.
  4. ↑ Miller, Elaine R.; Moro, Pedro L.; Cano, Maria; Shimabukuro, Tom T. (June 2015). "Deaths following vaccination: What does the evidence show?". Vaccine. 33 (29): 3288–3292. doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2015.05.023. PMC 4599698. PMID 26004568.
  5. ↑ Lamptey, Emmanuel (2021). "Post-vaccination COVID-19 deaths: a review of available evidence and recommendations for the global population". Clinical and Experimental Vaccine Research. 10 (3): 264–275. doi:10.7774/cevr.2021.10.3.264. PMC 8511593. PMID 34703810.
  6. ↑ "Six common misconceptions about immunization". Archived from the original on May 1, 2014. Retrieved 6 February 2019.
  7. ↑ Offit PA (2010). Autism's false prophets : bad science, risky medicine, and the search for a cure (Paperback ed.). New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 9780231517966. OCLC 694142893.
  8. ↑ Taylor LE, Swerdfeger AL, Eslick GD (June 2014). "Vaccines are not associated with autism: an evidence-based meta-analysis of case-control and cohort studies". Vaccine. 32 (29): 3623–9. doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2014.04.085. PMID 24814559.
  9. ↑ "Vaccine Safety ● Do Vaccines Cause Autism?". www.vaccinesafety.edu. Archived from the original on 21 April 2021. Retrieved 6 February 2019.
  10. 1 2 Sugarman SD (September 2007). "Cases in vaccine court--legal battles over vaccines and autism". The New England Journal of Medicine. 357 (13): 1275–7. doi:10.1056/NEJMp078168. PMID 17898095. Archived from the original on 2019-06-27. Retrieved 2022-08-29.
  11. 1 2 "Possible Side-effects from Vaccines". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. July 12, 2018. Archived from the original on March 17, 2017. Retrieved August 29, 2022.
  12. ↑ "Questions and answers on immunization and vaccine safety". World Health Organization. Archived from the original on 3 December 2021. Retrieved 3 December 2021.
  13. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Bonhoeffer J, Heininger U (June 2007). "Adverse events following immunization: perception and evidence". Current Opinion in Infectious Diseases. 20 (3): 237–46. doi:10.1097/QCO.0b013e32811ebfb0. PMID 17471032. S2CID 40669829.
  14. ↑ McMahon AW, Iskander JK, Haber P, Braun MM, Ball R (January 2008). "Inactivated influenza vaccine (IIV) in children <2 years of age: examination of selected adverse events reported to the Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS) after thimerosal-free or thimerosal-containing vaccine". Vaccine. 26 (3): 427–9. doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2007.10.071. PMID 18093701.
  15. ↑ "Thimerosal in Vaccines". Food and Drug Administration. Archived from the original on 2013-01-06.
  16. ↑ Kata A (February 2010). "A postmodern Pandora's box: anti-vaccination misinformation on the Internet". Vaccine. 28 (7): 1709–16. doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2009.12.022. PMID 20045099.
  17. ↑ "What does "anti-vaccine" really mean?". Science-Based Medicine. 2010-11-01. Archived from the original on 2021-05-10. Retrieved 6 February 2019.
  18. ↑ Grant L, Hausman BL, Cashion M, Lucchesi N, Patel K, Roberts J (May 2015). "Vaccination persuasion online: a qualitative study of two provaccine and two vaccine-skeptical websites". Journal of Medical Internet Research. 17 (5): e133. doi:10.2196/jmir.4153. PMC 4468570. PMID 26024907.
  19. ↑ Kluger J (August 19, 2015). "Here's the Truth About the 'Vaccine Injury Court'". Time. Archived from the original on 21 June 2021. Retrieved 6 February 2019.
  20. ↑ Hussain A, Ali S, Ahmed M, Hussain S (July 2018). "The Anti-vaccination Movement: A Regression in Modern Medicine". Cureus. 10 (7): e2919. doi:10.7759/cureus.2919. PMC 6122668. PMID 30186724.
  21. ↑ Gorski D (8 October 2012). "The antivaccine lie that just won't die: The claim that shaken baby syndrome is really due to "vaccine injury"". Science-Based Medicine. Archived from the original on 12 August 2021. Retrieved 8 February 2019.
  22. ↑ Knights K (23 August 2018). "I'm autistic – don't let anti-vaxxers bring back the culture of fear". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Archived from the original on 18 July 2021. Retrieved 8 February 2019.
  23. 1 2 "What is vaccine-derived polio?". World Health Organization. Archived from the original on 7 September 2015. Retrieved 6 February 2019.
  24. ↑ Davis R, Biellik R (March 2013). "Inactivated polio vaccine: its proposed role in the final stages of polio eradication". The Pan African Medical Journal. 14: 102. doi:10.11604/pamj.2013.14.102.2580. PMC 3664886. PMID 23717717.
  25. 1 2 Abramson BD (2019). Vaccine, Vaccination, and Immunization Law. Bloomberg Law. ISBN 978-1-68267-583-0.
  26. ↑ Edlich RF, Olson DM, Olson BM, Greene JA, Gubler KD, Winters KL, Kelley AR, Britt LD, Long WB (August 2007). "Update on the National Vaccine Injury Compensation Program". The Journal of Emergency Medicine. 33 (2): 199–211. doi:10.1016/j.jemermed.2007.01.001. PMID 17692778.
  27. ↑ Offit PA (2011). Deadly choices : how the anti-vaccine movement threatens us all. New York: Basic Books. ISBN 9780465021499. OCLC 636894834.
  28. 1 2 "National Vaccine Injury Compensation Program Monthly Statistics Report". Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA). U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. October 2019. Archived from the original on 2019-01-15. Retrieved 2022-08-29.
  29. ↑ "Vaccine Injury Compensation Program". Vaccine Injury Compensation Program, Department of Justice. Department of Justice. October 21, 2014. Archived from the original on September 24, 2016. Retrieved 23 September 2016.
  30. 1 2 "National Vaccine Injury Compensation Program statistics reports". Health Resources and Services Administration. 3 March 2011. Archived from the original on 2008-01-16. Retrieved 4 April 2011.
  31. ↑ "Vaccine Injury Table". My Vaccine Lawyer. Archived from the original on September 24, 2016. Retrieved 23 September 2016.
  32. ↑ "The Vaccine Injury Claim Process". Vaccine Injury Claims & What to Know, Vaccine Injury Compensation Law. My Vaccine Lawyer. September 29, 2014. Archived from the original on September 24, 2016. Retrieved 23 September 2016.
  33. ↑ "National Vaccine Injury Compensation Program". Official web site of the U.S. Health Resources & Services Administration. 11 May 2017. Archived from the original on 4 July 2020. Retrieved 6 February 2019.
  34. ↑ Mitchell VS, Philipose NM, Sanford JP, eds. (1993). "National Vaccine Injury Compensation Program". The Children's Vaccine Initiative: Achieving the Vision. National Academies Press (US). Archived from the original on 2021-09-10. Retrieved 2022-08-29.
  35. ↑ "Vaccine Injury Table" (PDF). Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2021-11-03. Retrieved 2022-08-29.
  36. ↑ Woo EJ, Ball R, Burwen DR, Braun MM (2008). "Effects of stratification on data mining in the US Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS)". Drug Saf. 31 (8): 667–74. doi:10.2165/00002018-200831080-00003. PMID 18636785. S2CID 40587832.
  37. ↑ Robak T (1 December 1995). "The reporting sensitivities of two passive surveillance systems for vaccine adverse events". American Journal of Public Health. 23 (1): 11–20. doi:10.2105/ajph.85.12.1706. PMC 1615747. PMID 7503351.
  38. ↑ "What is Dravet Syndrome?". 10 January 2022. Archived from the original on 28 October 2016. Retrieved 29 August 2022.
  39. ↑ "£3.5m paid out in vaccine damages". BBC News. 16 March 2005. Archived from the original on 2 December 2008. Retrieved 6 July 2017.
  40. ↑ Lintern, Shaun (3 December 2020). "Coronavirus vaccine: Pfizer given protection from legal action by UK government". The Independent. Archived from the original on 5 May 2021. Retrieved 29 August 2022.
  41. 1 2 3 Philpott, Jane; MOORE, KIERAN; TOUMISHEY, ETHAN (10 December 2020). "Canada needs to prepare for rare but serious health problems resulting from vaccination". The Globe and Mail Inc. Archived from the original on 2 February 2022. Retrieved 29 August 2022.
  42. ↑ "Québec's compensation for victims of vaccination program – Assistance Measures and Programs – Portail santé mieux-être". Ministère de la Santé et des Services sociaux. April 28, 2017. Archived from the original on May 15, 2017.
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