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This article was medically reviewed by Luba Lee, FNP-BC, MS. Luba Lee, FNP-BC is a Board-Certified Family Nurse Practitioner (FNP) and educator in Tennessee with over a decade of clinical experience. Luba has certifications in Pediatric Advanced Life Support (PALS), Emergency Medicine, Advanced Cardiac Life Support (ACLS), Team Building, and Critical Care Nursing. She received her Master of Science in Nursing (MSN) from the University of Tennessee in 2006.
There are 19 references cited in this article, which can be found at the bottom of the page.
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The dwarf tapeworm (Hymenolepis nana) is a parasite found worldwide. Infection from these tapeworms most commonly affects children, persons living in institutional settings, and people living in conditions of poor sanitation/hygiene. Symptoms for this parasite's infection can be hard to recognize immediately, and are often misdiagnosed as other diseases--such as pin-worms. However, there are a number of steps you can take to identify the dwarf tapeworm infection.[1]
Steps
Method 1
Method 1 of 3:
Checking for the Symptoms of Infection
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1Make a note of increased upset stomach. These could be signs of the infection or other problems, but they are a potential warning.[2]
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2Check if you have a loss of appetite. This too can be a sign of the tapeworm infection or other problems.[3]
- As this is not as an immediate symptom as nausea or diarrhea, you may want to take a few days to make sure this is occurring. Weight loss is rarely an occurrence with dwarf tapeworm infection.[4]
- See if you are turning away even your favorite foods.
- There is a risk of vitamin deficiency and body chemistry imbalance with this, so consult your doctor if it persists.
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3Feel if you have any abdominal pain. While you cannot feel the worm inside you, the subsequent infection can induce pain.[5]
- If the pain is intense, see a doctor immediately in case it is a symptom of something else.
- This pain could vary in intensity from and duration from immediately of a few days to on and off for years depending on the persistence of infection. If you can identify the pain as acute (sharp and intense) and/or chronic (frequent occurrence)--this may help your doctor's diagnosis.[6]
- The pain's location may not situate itself in any one location in the abdominal area.
- Similar to the other conditions, it could be a symptom of the tapeworm infection, or other problems.
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4Be aware of any itches around the anal region. This could be a sign of localized infection and irritation and it is most common in young children.[7]
- The irritation could also vary in intensity and duration depending on the timeline of the infection.
- A rash or physical blemish is not typically associated with this irritation, though you may risk inflicting such harm if you scratch too much.
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5Determine if you have intense headaches. This could be a sign of a more severe infection and this symptom is also seen in young children more often.[8]
- If you feel the headache in conjunction with the other symptoms, this too could be signs of other illness--but the tapeworm infection remains a possibility.
- The headache's intensity and duration may vary greatly depending on the persistence of the infection.
- There are ways to classify your pain level, if it's sharp and severe (acute) or frequent (chronic). This can be useful to your doctor for diagnosis.[9]
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6Pay attention to loss of sleep. Problems sleeping can be signs of a more severe infection.[10] [11]
- Similar to loss of appetite, you should see if this pattern holds up over a few days to determine if it's an actual symptom of your problem.
- Sleep loss caused by an associated problem is called "secondary insomnia" (as opposed to ordinary sleep loss or "primary insomnia").
- As with pain problems, this can be acute (brief intense bouts) and/or chronic (frequently occurring). Let your doctor know how you are being affected.
- Besides waking up at night, you might experience sleepiness during the day, fatigue (tiredness), irritability (bad mood), and problems concentrating/memory.
- Any repeated disruption to your normal sleeping period can be a symptom of insomnia, but determining the cause may be up to your doctor and you.
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Method 2
Method 2 of 3:
Learning Sources of the Infection
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1Identify locations the dwarf tapeworms may have placed eggs. Finding places where exposure could have happened can help with diagnosis, and prevent further contamination.[12]
- These eggs are frequently passed through accidental ingestion.
- Fecal contamination is a possibility especially in poor sanitary/hygiene areas.
- You may not be able to visibly spot the eggs. While the worms can grow up to a couple of inches in length, the eggs will need medical instrumentation to detect.[13]
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2Ask if others have been infected around you. You may have come in contact with the same substances they have.[14]
- See what they ate, drank, or touched of an organic nature that may have been a carrier for the eggs.
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3Examine the possibility of secondary hosts. See if another animal or insect have been exposed and carried the infection into local consumables.[15]
- Sometimes these other animals and insects will eat the eggs and then contaminate the food, water, and/or soil supply indirectly. The infection can spread by one consuming the intermediate host. The intermediate host may not show any obvious signs of infection.
- Contact an entomologist (expert on insects) either locally or if one can be reached at a nearby university for assistance on identifying infected insects in the area. Consult local environmental reports to see if any infections are reported.
- Ask your local forestry, or game and wildlife service to see if any animals in the area have been infected with tapeworms.
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4Determine if local soil has been exposed. If you do any yard or farm work, this is especially important.[16]
- Accidentally ingesting some contaminated soil by putting your fingers to your mouth can lead to infection.
- Fecal contamination is a risk as the reproducing worm and eggs can pass through the bowels.
- Ask government agencies for reports on potential contamination. Get independent verification if possible.
- See if there are any environmental groups that work in the area and have contaminant information. Also independently verify their data if possible.
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5Examine potentially exposed water supplies. This is of even greater concern in poor sanitation/hygiene areas.[17]
- As with the food supply and soil, this is an at risk area for exposure to the eggs and fecal contamination from intermediate hosts.
- Ask to see if others have been infected from a particular water supply.
- File requests with the local government to get reports on the environmental health of the water supply. Independently verify the data with other sources if possible.
- Check with local environmental groups to see if they have been monitoring contamination of water supplies. But independently verify the data.
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Method 3
Method 3 of 3:
Seeking Treatment for the Infection
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1Go to a doctor to confirm if you have a dwarf tapeworm infection. A fecal examination is the usual way this diagnosis is made.[18]
- Diagnosis is made by identifying the eggs in the fecal stool.
- Your doctor will ask you to submit specimens collected over several days confirm if you are infected or not.
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2Take the prescribed treatment. Usually the drug praziquantel is given for dwarf tapeworm infections.[19]
- Praziquantel dissolves the dwarf tapeworm within the intestine.
- Praziquantel is usually well tolerated. Sometimes more than one treatment is necessary--up to ten days.[20]
- Follow your doctor's instructions when taking praziquantel. But usually it is taken by mouth, with food, three or four times a day (four to six hours apart).
- You should take the medicine with a full glass of water.
- Do NOT chew or suck the medicine tablets.
- You should avoid consuming grapefruits or grapefruit products while taking praziquantel.
- Contact your doctor immediately if your condition persists or worsens.
- Sometimes Niclosamide or nitazoxanide are given as alternative medicines. Follow your doctor's instructions when taking any of these medicines.[21]
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3
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4Learn how to prevent infection while you are infected. You do not want to spread the infectious eggs while you are receiving treatment.
- If you have multiple bathrooms at home, consider using one while your family/guests use the other.
- Disinfect any bathroom equipment you use thoroughly after every use. Standard antibacterial sprays and soaps should be sufficient, but ask your doctor if they recommend something else.
- Consider leaving food preparation to others until your doctor certifies you as clear of the infection.
- Have an independent/portable food and water supply if you are traveling.
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5Maintain prevention of infection. Improving hygiene and sanitation not only can help prevent spreading the infection from a contaminated person, but prevent infection in the first place in the future.[24]
- Wash your hands with soap and warm water. Do this after any task involving potential contaminants--especially after using the toilet, diaper changes, and during food preparation.
- Be particularly mindful of educating children in your area about cleanliness around potential contaminants--especially with their higher risk for dwarf tapeworm infection.
- If you are in a situation where food may be contaminated, you should wash, peel and/or cook all raw vegetables and fruits with safe/tested water before eating.
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Expert Q&A
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QuestionIs it normal to not have a bowel movement for one day or more?
Luba Lee, FNP-BC, MSLuba Lee, FNP-BC is a Board-Certified Family Nurse Practitioner (FNP) and educator in Tennessee with over a decade of clinical experience. Luba has certifications in Pediatric Advanced Life Support (PALS), Emergency Medicine, Advanced Cardiac Life Support (ACLS), Team Building, and Critical Care Nursing. She received her Master of Science in Nursing (MSN) from the University of Tennessee in 2006.
Board-Certified Family Nurse PractitionerThere is no normal when it comes to stool frequency. Generally, most people go once a day, while others go several times a day and some go as infrequent as once or twice a week. If you have no discomfort with your bowel movement frequency don't worry about whether you went once a day or not.
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Warnings
- Avoid cross-contamination. If you know of infected food, water supplies, soil samples--make sure they are treated and/or destroyed while separated from cleared resources.⧼thumbs_response⧽
- This particular infection often has little to no symptoms develop in those infected. The symptoms above are potential ones.⧼thumbs_response⧽
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References
- ↑ http://www.cdc.gov/parasites/hymenolepis/
- ↑ https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/worms-in-humans/
- ↑ https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/agricultural-and-biological-sciences/tapeworms
- ↑ https://www.cghjournal.org/article/S1542-3565(20)30269-X/fulltext
- ↑ http://www.cdc.gov/parasites/hymenolepis/faqs.html
- ↑ http://www.webmd.com/pain-management/guide/pain-types-and-classifications
- ↑ https://www.researchgate.net/publication/6971093_Hymenolepis_nana_infection_symptoms_and_response_to_nitazoxanide_in_field_conditions
- ↑ https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/786292-clinical
- ↑ http://www.webmd.com/pain-management/guide/pain-types-and-classifications
- ↑ https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/agricultural-and-biological-sciences/hymenolepis
- ↑ http://www.webmd.com/sleep-disorders/guide/insomnia-symptoms-and-causes
- ↑ http://www.cdc.gov/parasites/hymenolepis/faqs.html
- ↑ https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/159144555.pdf
- ↑ http://www.cdc.gov/parasites/hymenolepis/faqs.html
- ↑ https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/agricultural-and-biological-sciences/hymenolepis
- ↑ https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11127345/
- ↑ https://www.bode-science-center.com/center/relevant-pathogens-from-a-z/hymenolepis-nana.html
- ↑ https://www.msdmanuals.com/professional/infectious-diseases/cestodes-tapeworms/hymenolepis-nana-dwarf-tapeworm-infection
- ↑ http://www.webmd.com/drugs/2/drug-8873/praziquantel-oral/details#
- ↑ http://www.webmd.com/drugs/2/drug-8873/praziquantel-oral/details#side-effects
- ↑ https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17962058/
- ↑ https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/001378.htm
- ↑ https://www.msdmanuals.com/en-in/professional/infectious-diseases/cestodes-tapeworms/hymenolepis-nana-dwarf-tapeworm-infection
- ↑ http://www.cdc.gov/parasites/hymenolepis/faqs.html
About This Article
Article SummaryX
To identify a dwarf tapeworm infection, look for upset stomach symptoms including nausea, diarrhea, and abdominal pain, as well as loss of appetite without weight loss. Watch out for other signs of tapeworm infection, including anal itching, headache, and trouble sleeping. In addition to symptoms, identify possible sources of infection, such as exposure to soil contaminated by tapeworm eggs or potentially contaminated water supplies. If you have these symptoms, make an appointment with your doctor to have a fecal examination. For more information from our Medical co-author, including how to treat and prevent tapeworm infection, read on!
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Medical Disclaimer
The content of this article is not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, examination, diagnosis, or treatment. You should always contact your doctor or other qualified healthcare professional before starting, changing, or stopping any kind of health treatment.
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