Ethnic groups in Russia

Russia, as the largest country in the world, has great ethnic diversity, is a multinational state, and is home to over 190 ethnic groups nationwide. According to the population census at the end of 2021, more than 147.1 million people lived in Russia, which is 4.3 million more than in the 2010 census, or 3.03%. At the same time, only 130.587 million census participants indicated their nationality. The top ten largest nations besides Russians included in descending order: Tatars, Chechens, Bashkirs, Chuvash, Avars, Armenians, Ukrainians, Dargins and Kazakhs. Population censuses in Russia allow citizens to report their nationality according not only to their ancestry, but also to self-identification.[1] The 83 (or 85) federal subjects which together constitute the Russian Federation include:

21 national republics (intended as homes to a specific ethnic minority)
4 autonomous okrugs (usually with substantial or predominant ethnic minority)
1 autonomous oblast

Ethnic groups of Russia, 1926–2021

Categories			Year
Ethnic group[2]	Language family	Main area	1926 Census		1939 Census		1959 Census		1970 Census		1979 Census		1989 Census		2002 Census			2010 Census			2021 Census[3]
Ethnic group[2]	Language family	Main area	Number	%	Number	%	Number	%	Number	%	Number	%	Number	%,	Number	% of total population	% of those who declared ethnicity	Number	% of total population	% of those who declared ethnicity	Number	% of total population	% of those who declared ethnicity
Russians	Slavic	European Russia	71,374,283	78.1%	89,747,795	82.9%	97,863,579	83.3%	107,747,630	82.8%	113,521,881	82.6%	119,865,469	81.5%	115,889,107	79.83%	80.6%	111,016,896	77.71%	80.9%	105,620,179	71.76%	80.85%
Tatars	Turkic	European Russia	3,926,053	3.2%	3,682,956	3.4%	4,074,253	3.5%	4,577,061	3.5%	5,055,757	3.6%	5,522,096	3.8%	5,554,601	3.83%	3.9%	5,310,649	3.72%	3.9%	4,713,669	3.2%	3.61%
Chechens	Northeast Caucasian	Caucasus	318,361	0.34%	400,325	0.37%	261,311	0.22%	572,220	0.44%	712,161	0.52%	898,999	0.61%	1,360,253	0.95%	0.95%	1,431,360	1.00%	1.04%	1,674,854	1.14%	1.28%
Bashkir	Turkic	European Russia	738,861	0.80%	824,537	0.76%	953,801	0.81%	1,180,913	0.91%	1,290,994	0.94%	1,345,273	0.92%	1,673,389	1.16%	1.16%	1,584,554	1.11%	1.15%	1,571,879	1.07%	1.2%
Chuvashs	Turkic	European Russia	1,112,478	1.20%	1,346,232	1.24%	1,436,218	1.22%	1,637,028	1.26%	1,689,847	1.23%	1,773,645	1.21%	1,637,094	1.14%	1.14%	1,435,872	1.01%	1.05%	1,067,139	0.73%	0.82%
Avars	Northeast Caucasian	Caucasus	178,263	0.19%	235,715	0.22%	249,529	0.21%	361,613	0.28%	438,306	0.32%	544,016	0.37%	814,473	0.57%	0.57%	912,090	0.64%	0.66%	1,012,074	0.69%	0.78%
Armenians	Indo-European	Caucasus	183,785	0.20%	205,233	0.19%	255,978	0.22%	298,718	0.23%	364,570	0.27%	532,390	0.36%	1,132,033	0.79%	0.79%	1,182,388	0.83%	0.86%	946,172	0.64%	0.72%
Ukrainians	Slavic	European Russia	6,870,976	7.9%	3,205,061	3.0%	3,359,083	2.9%	3,345,885	2.6%	3,657,647	2.7%	4,362,872	3.0%	2,942,961	2.03%	2.0%	1,927,888	1.35%	1.4%	884,007	0.6%	0.68%
Dargins	Northeast Caucasian	Caucasus	125,759	0.14%	152,007	0.14%	152,563	0.13%	224,172	0.17%	280,444	0.20%	353,348	0.24%	510,156	0.35%	0.35%	589,386	0.41%	0.43%	626,601	0.43%	0.48%
Kazakhs	Turkic	Southern	136,501	0.15%	356,500	0.33%	382,431	0.33%	477,820	0.37%	518,060	0.38%	635,865	0.43%	653,962	0.46%	0.46%	647,732	0.45%	0.47%	591,970	0.4%	0.45%
Kumyks	Turkic	Caucasus	94,509	0.10%	110,299	0.10%	132,896	0.11%	186,690	0.14%	225,800	0.16%	277,163	0.19%	422,409	0.29%	0.29%	503,060	0.35%	0.37%	565,830	0.38%	0.43%
Kabardins	Northwest Caucasian	Caucasus	139,864	0.15%	161,216	0.15%	200,634	0.17%	277,435	0.21%	318,822	0.23%	386,055	0.26%	519,958	0.36%	0.36%	516,826	0.36%	0.38%	523,404	0.36%	0.4%
Ingush	Northeast Caucasian	Caucasus	72,137	0.08%	90,980	0.08%	55,799	0.05%	137,380	0.11%	165,997	0.12%	215,068	0.15%	413,016	0.29%	0.29%	444,833	0.31%	0.32%	517,186	0.35%	0.4%
Lezgins	Northeast Caucasian	Caucasus	92,937	0.10%	100,328	0.09%	114,210	0.10%	170,494	0.13%	202,854	0.15%	257,270	0.17%	411,535	0.28%	0.29%	473,722	0.33%	0.34%	488,608	0.33%	0.37%
Ossetians	Iranian	Caucasus	157,280	0.17%	195,624	0.18%	247,834	0.21%	313,458	0.24%	352,080	0.26%	402,275	0.27%	514,875	0.36%	0.36%	528,515	0.37%	0.38%	485,646	0.33%	0.37%
Mordvins	Uralic	European Russia	1,306,798	1.41%	1,375,558	1.27%	1,211,105	1.03%	1,177,492	0.91%	1,111,075	0.81%	1,072,939	0.73%	843,350	0.59%	0.59%	744,237	0.52%	0.54%	484,450	0.33%	0.37%
Yakuts (icl. Dolgans 1939–1959)	Turkic	Far East	240,682	0.26%	241,870	0.22%	236,125	0.20%	295,223	0.23%	326,531	0.24%	380,242	0.26%	443,852	0.31%	0.31%	478,085	0.34%	0.35%	478,409	0.33%	0.37%
Azerbaijanis	Turkic	Caucasus	24,335	0.03%	43,014	0.04%	70,947	0.06%	95,689	0.07%	152,421	0.11%	335,889	0.23%	621,840	0.43%	0.43%	603,070	0.42%	0.44%	474,576	0.32%	0.36%
Buryats (incl. Soyots 1939–1989)	Mongolic	Siberia	237,490	0.26%	220,618	0.20%	251,504	0.21%	312,847	0.24%	349,760	0.25%	417,425	0.28%	445,175	0.31%	0.31%	461,389	0.32%	0.34%	460,053	0.31%	0.35%
Mari	Uralic	European Russia	427,874	0.46%	476,314	0.44%	498,066	0.42%	581,082	0.45%	599,637	0.44%	643,698	0.44%	604,298	0.42%	0.42%	547,605	0.38%	0.40%	423,803	0.29%	0.32%
Udmurts (incl. Besermyan 1939–1989)	Uralic	European Russia	503,970	0.54%	599,893	0.55%	615,640	0.52%	678,393	0.52%	685,718	0.50%	714,883	0.49%	636,906	0.44%	0.45%	552,299	0.39%	0.40%	386,465	0.26%	0.3%
Tajiks	Iranian	Saint Petersburg	52	0.00%	3,315	0.00%	7,027	0.01%	14,108	0.01%	17,863	0.01%	38,208	0.03%	120,136	0.08%	0.08%	200,666	0.14%	0.15%	350,236	0.24%	0.27%
Uzbeks	Turkic	Moscow	942	0.00%	16,166	0.01%	29,512	0.03%	61,588	0.05%	72,385	0.05%	126,899	0.09%	122,916	0.09%	0.09%	289,862	0.20%	0.21%	323,278	0.22%	0.25%
Tuvans	Turkic	Siberia	200	0.00%	794	0.00%	99,864	0.08%	139,013	0.11%	165,426	0.12%	206,160	0.14%	243,442	0.17%	0.17%	263,934	0.19%	0.19%	295,384	0.2%	0.23%
Crimean Tatars	Turkic	European Russia	0	0.00%	0	0.00%	416	0.00%	2,852	0.00%	5,165	0.00%	21,275	0.01%	4,131		0.00%	2,449		0.00%	257,592	0.18%	0.2%
Karachays	Turkic	Caucasus	55,116	0.06%	74,488	0.07%	70,537	0.06%	106,831	0.08%	125,792	0.09%	150,332	0.10%	192,182	0.13%	0.13%	218,403	0.15%	0.16%	226,271	0.15%	0.17%
Belarusians	Slavic	European Russia	607,845	0.66%	451,933	0.42%	843,985	0.72%	964,082	0.74%	1,051,900	0.77%	1,206,222	0.82%	807,970	0.56%	0.56%	521,443	0.37%	0.38%	208,046	0.14%	0.16%
Germans	Germanic	European Russia	707,277	0.76%	811,205	0.75%	820,016	0.70%	761,888	0.59%	790,762	0.58%	842,295	0.57%	597,212	0.41%	0.42%	394,138	0.28%	0.29%	195,256	0.13%	0.15%
Kalmyks	Mongolic	Caucasus	128,809	0.14%	129,786	0.12%	100,603	0.09%	131,318	0.10%	140,103	0.10%	165,103	0.11%	174,000	0.12%	0.12%	183,372	0.13%	0.13%	179,547	0.12%	0.14%
Laks	Northeast Caucasian	Caucasus	40,243	0.04%	54,348	0.05%	58,397	0.05%	78,625	0.06%	91,412	0.07%	106,245	0.07%	156,545	0.11%	0.11%	178,630	0.13%	0.13%	173,416	0.12%	0.13%
Roma	Indo-Aryan	European Russia	39,089	0.04%	59,198	0.05%	72,488	0.06%	97,955	0.08%	120,672	0.09%	152,939	0.10%	183,252	0.13%	0.13%	204,958	0.14%	0.15%	173,400	0.12%	0.13%
Tabasarans	Northeast Caucasian	Caucasus	31,983	0.03%	33,471	0.03%	34,288	0.03%	54,047	0.04%	73,433	0.05%	93,587	0.06%	131,785	0.09%	0.09%	146,360	0.10%	0.11%	151,466	0.1%	0.12%
Komi (incl. Komi-Permyak 1939)	Uralic	European Russia	226,012	0.24%	415,009	0.38%	281,780	0.24%	315,347	0.24%	320,078	0.23%	336,309	0.23%	293,406	0.20%	0.20%	228,235	0.16%	0.17%	148,516	0.1%	0.11%
Kyrgyz	Turkic	Moscow	285	0.00%	6,311	0.01%	4,701	0.00%	9,107	0.01%	15,011	0.01%	41,734	0.03%	31,808	0.02%	0.02%	103,422	0.07%	0.08%	137,780	0.09%	0.11%
Balkars	Turkic	Caucasus	33,298	0.04%	41,949	0.04%	35,249	0.03%	52,969	0.04%	61,828	0.04%	78,341	0.05%	108,426	0.08%	0.08%	112,924	0.08%	0.08%	125,044	0.08%	0.1%
Turks (incl. Meskhetian Turks 1926–1989)	Turkic	Caucasus	1,846	0.00%	2,668	0.00%	1,377	0.00%	1,568	0.00%	3,561	0.00%	9,890	0.01%	92,415	0.06%	0.06%	105,058	0.07%	0.08%	116,705	0.08%	0.09%
Cherkess / Circassians (in Adyghe 1926–1939)	Northwest Caucasian	Caucasus					28,986	0.02%	38,356	0.03%	44,572	0.03%	50,572	0.03%	60,517		0.04%	73,184		0.05%	114,697	0.08%	0.09%
Georgians	South Caucasian	Caucasus	20,551	0.02%	43,585	0.04%	57,594	0.05%	68,971	0.05%	89,407	0.07%	130,688	0.09%	197,934	0.14%	0.14%	157,803	0.11%	0.11%	112,765	0.08%	0.09%
Adyghe (incl. Shapsugs 1926–1989 and Cherkess 1926–1939)	Northwest Caucasian	Caucasus	64,959	0.07%	85,588	0.08%	78,561	0.07%	98,461	0.08%	107,239	0.08%	122,908	0.08%	128,528	0.09%	0.09%	124,835	0.09%	0.09%	111,471	0.08%	0.09%
Nogais	Turkic	Caucasus	36,089	0.04%	36,088	0.03%	37,656	0.03%	51,159	0.04%	58,639	0.04%	73,703	0.05%	90,666	0.06%	0.06%	103,660	0.07%	0.08%	109,042	0.07%	0.08%
Koreans	Koreanic	Far East	86,799	0.09%	11,345	0.01%	91,445	0.08%	101,369	0.08%	97,649	0.07%	107,051	0.07%	148,556	0.10%	0.10%	153,156	0.11%	0.11%	87,819	0.06%	0.07%
Altay	Turkic	Siberia	52,248	0.06%	46,489	0.04%	44,654	0.04%	54,614	0.04%	58,879	0.04%	69,409	0.05%	77,822	0.05%	0.05%	89,773	0.05%	0.06%	83,125	0.06%	0.06%
Jews	Semitic	European Russia	539,086	0.58%	891,147	0.82%	875,058	0.74%	807,526	0.62%	699,286	0.51%	550,709	0.37%	233,439	0.16%	0.16%	156,801	0.11%	0.11%	82,644	0.06%	0.06%
Moldovans	Romance	European Russia	16,870	0.02%	21,974	0.02%	62,298	0.05%	87,538	0.07%	102,137	0.07%	172,671	0.12%	172,330	0.12%	0.12%	156,400	0.11%	0.11%	77,509	0.05%	0.06%
Khakas	Turkic	Siberia	45,607	0.05%	52,033	0.05%	56,032	0.05%	65,368	0.05%	69,247	0.05%	78,500	0.05%	76,278		0.05%	72,959		0.05%	61,365	0.04%	0.05%
Komi-Permyak (in Komi 1939)	Uralic	European Russia	149,275	0.16%			143,030	0.12%	150,244	0.12%	145,993	0.11%	147,269	0.10%	125,235	0.09%	0.09%	94,456	0.07%	0.07%	55,786	0.04%	0.04%
Pontic Greeks (including Caucasus Greeks)	Hellenic	Caucasus	34,439	0.04%	65,705	0.06%	47,024	0.04%	57,847	0.04%	69,816	0.05%	91,699	0.06%	97,827	0.07%	0.07%	85,640	0.06%	0.06%	53,972	0.04%	0.04%
Nenets (incl. Enets 1926–1979 and Nganasans 1926–1939)	Uralic	Siberia	17,560	0.02%	24,716	0.02%	22,845	0.02%	28,487	0.02%	29,487	0.02%	34,190	0.02%	41,302		0.03%	44,640		0.03%	49,646	0.03%	0.04%
Abazas	Northwest Caucasian	Caucasus	13,825	0.01%	14,739	0.01%	19,059	0.02%	24,892	0.02%	28,800	0.02%	32,983	0.02%	37,942		0.03%	43,341		0.03%	41,793	0.03%	0.03%
Turkmens	Turkic	Caucasus	7,849	0.01%	12,869	0.01%	11,631	0.01%	20,040	0.02%	22,979	0.02%	39,739	0.03%	33,053		0.02%	36,885		0.03%	41,328	0.03%	0.03%
Evenks	Tungusic	Far East	38,804	0.03%	29,599	0.02%	24,583	0.02%	25,051	0.02%	27,278	0.02%	29,901	0.02%	35,527		0.02%	37,843		0.03%	39,226	0.03%	0.03%
Aghuls	Northeast Caucasian	Caucasus	7,653	0.01%	SDP	SDP	6,460	0.01%	8,751	0.01%	11,752	0.01%	17,728	0.01%	28,297		0.02%	34,160		0.02%	34,576	0.02%	0.03%
Rutuls	Northeast Caucasian	Caucasus	10,333	0.01%	SDP	SDP	6,703	0.01%	11,904	0.01%	14,835	0.01%	19,503	0.01%	29,929		0.02%	35,240		0.03%	34,259	0.02%	0.03%
Karelians	Uralic	European Russia	248,017	0.27%	249,778	0.23%	164,050	0.14%	141,148	0.11%	133,182	0.10%	124,921	0.08%	93,344		0.06%	60,815		0.04%	32,422	0.02%	0.02%
Khanty	Uralic	Urals	22,301	0.02%	18,447	0.02%	19,246	0.02%	21,007	0.02%	20,743	0.02%	22,283	0.02%	28,678		0.02%	30,943		0.02%	31,467	0.02%	0.02%
Yazidis	Iranian	Caucasus	1	0.00%											31,273		0.02%	40,586		0.03%	26,257	0.02%	0.02%
Kurds (incl. Yazidis 1939–1989)	Iranian	Caucasus	164	0.00%	387	0.00%	855	0.00%	1,015	0.00%	1,634	0.00%	4,724	0.00%	19,607		0.01%	23,232		0.01%	24,657	0.01%	0.02%
Poles	Slavic	European Russia	189,269	0.20%	142,461	0.13%	118,422	0.10%	107,084	0.08%	99,733	0.07%	94,594	0.06%	73,001		0.05%	47,125		0.03%	22,024	0.01%	0.02%
Evens	Tungusic	Far East	2,044	0.00%	9,674	0.01%	9,023	0.01%	11,819	0.01%	12,215	0.01%	17,055	0.01%	19,071		0.01%	22,383		0.02%	19,913	0.01%	0.02%
Chinese	Sino-Tibetan	Far East	8,739	0.01%	22,491	0.02%	19,097	0.02%	7,987	0.01%	5,743	0.00%	5,197	0.00%	34,577		0.02%	28,943		0.02%	19,644	0.01%	0.02%
Arabs	Semitic	Caucasus	466	0.00%	94	0.00%	649	0.00%	2,555	0.00%	2,339	0.00%	2,704	0.00%	10,811		0.01%	9,583		0.01%	16,329	0.01%	0.01%
Chukchi (incl. Kereks 1926–1989 and Chuvans 1939–1979)	Chukotko-Kamchatkan	Far East	12,331	0.01%	13,830	0.01%	11,680	0.01%	13,500	0.01%	13,937	0.01%	15,107	0.01%	15,767		0.01%	15,908		0.01%	16,200	0.01%	0.01%
Lithuanians	Baltic	European Russia	26,128	0.03%	20,795	0.02%	108,579	0.09%	76,718	0.06%	66,783	0.05%	70,427	0.05%	45,569		0.03%	31,377		0.02%	13,230	0.01%	0.01%
Tsakhurs	Northeast Caucasian	Caucasus	3,533	0.00%	SDP	SDP	4,437	0.00%	4,730	0.00%	4,774	0.00%	6,492	0.00%	10,366		0.01%	12,769		0.01%	12,541	0.01%	0.01%
Mansi	Uralic	Urals	5,754	0.01%	6,295	0.01%	6,318	0.01%	7,609	0.01%	7,434	0.01%	8,279	0.01%	11,432		0.01%	12,269		0.01%	12,228	0.01%	0.01%
Bulgarians	Slavic	European Russia	4,087	0.00%	8,338	0.01%	24,899	0.02%	27,321	0.02%	24,943	0.02%	32,785	0.02%	31,965		0.02%	24,038		0.02%	11,851	0.01%	0.01%
Nanais	Tungusic	Far East	5,860	0.01%	8,411	0.01%	7,919	0.01%	9,911	0.01%	10,357	0.01%	11,883	0.01%	12,160		0.01%	12,003		0.01%	11,623	0.01%	0.01%
Shors	Turkic	Siberia	13,000	0.01%	16,042	0.01%	14,938	0.01%	15,950	0.01%	15,182	0.01%	15,745	0.01%	13,975		0.01%	12,888		0.01%	10,507	0.01%	0.01%
Gagauz	Turkic	European Russia	0	0.00%	0	0.00%	3,012	0.00%	3,704	0.00%	4,176	0.00%	10,051	0.01%	12,210		0.01%	13,690		0.01%	9,272	0.01%	0.01%
Latvians	Baltic	European Russia	124,312	0.13%	104,877	0.10%	74,932	0.06%	59,695	0.05%	67,267	0.05%	46,829	0.03%	28,520		0.02%	18,979		0.01%	8,516	0.01%	0.01%
Abkhaz	Northwest Caucasian	Caucasus	97	0.00%	647	0.00%	1,400	0.00%	2,427	0.00%	4,058	0.00%	7,239	0.00%	11,366		0.01%	11,249		0.01%	8,177	0.01%	0.01%
Dolgans (in Yakuts 1939–1959)	Turkic	Siberia	656	0.00%					4,718	0.00%	4,911	0.00%	6,584	0.00%	7,261		0.01%	7,885		0.01%	8,157	0.01%	0.01%
Finns	Uralic	European Russia	134,089	0.14%	138,962	0.13%	72,356	0.06%	62,307	0.05%	55,687	0.04%	47,102	0.03%	34,050		0.02%	20,267		0.01%	7,978	0.01%	0.01%
Vietnamese	Austro-Asiatic	Moscow	0	0.00%	0	0.00%	781	0.00%	6,287	0.00%	661	0.00%	2,142	0.00%	26,206		0.02%	13,954		0.01%	7,859	0.01%	0.01%
Estonians	Uralic	European Russia	146,051	0.16%	130,494	0.12%	78,556	0.07%	62,980	0.05%	55,539	0.04%	46,390	0.03%	28,113		0.02%	17,875		0.01%	7,778	0.01%	0.01%
Indians	Indo-Aryan	European Russia	17	0.00%	0	0.00%	216	0.00%	1,378	0.00%	181	0.00%	535	0.00%	4,980		0.00%	4,058		0.00%	7,667	0.01%	0.01%
Koryaks	Chukotko-Kamchatkan	Far East	7,437	0.01%	7,337	0.01%	6,168	0.01%	7,367	0.01%	7,637	0.01%	8,942	0.01%	8,743		0.01%	7,953		0.01%	7,485	0.01%	0.01%
Nağaybäk	Turkic	Urals	11196	0.01%	0	0.00%	0	0.00%	0	0.00%	0	0.00%	0	0.00%	9,600		0.01%	8,148		0.01%	5,719	0.00%	0.00%
Veps	Uralic	Northwest	32,783	0.04%	31,442	0.03%	16,170	0.01%	8,057	0.01%	7,550	0.01%	12,142	0.01%	8,240		0.01%	5,936		0.00%	4,534	0.00%	0.00%
Assyrians	Semitic	Caucasus	2,791	0.00%	7,446	0.01%	7,612	0.01%	8,098	0.01%	8,708	0.01%	9,622	0.01%	13,649		0.01%	11,084		0.01%	4,421	0.00%	0.00%
Soyots (in Buryats 1939–1989)	Mongolic	Siberia	229	0.00%											2,769		0.00%	3,608		0.00%	4,368	0.00%	0.00%
Meskhetian Turks (in Turks 1926–1989)	Turkic	Caucasus													3,527		0.00%	4,825		0.00%	4,095	0.00%	0.00%
Nivkh	Nivkh	Far East	4,076	0.00%	3,857	0.00%	3,690	0.00%	4,356	0.00%	4,366	0.00%	4,631	0.00%	5,162		0.00%	4,652		0.00%	3,842	0.00%	0.00%
Talysh	Iranian	Caucasus	0	0.00%	47	0.00%	33	0.00%			2	0.00%	202	0.00%	2,548		0.00%	2,529		0.00%	3,595	0.00%	0.00%
Afghans	Iranian	Moscow	38	0.00%	190	0.00%	175	0.00%	561	0.00%	184	0.00%	858	0.00%	9,800		0.01%	5,350		0.00%	3,536	0.00%	0.00%
Selkups	Uralic	Siberia	1,630	0.00%	2,604	0.00%	3,704	0.00%	4,249	0.00%	3,518	0.00%	3,564	0.00%	4,249		0.00%	3,649		0.00%	3,458	0.00%	0.00%
Dungans	Sino-Tibetan	Siberia	6,009	0.01%	48	0.00%	169	0.00%	304	0.00%	1,159	0.00%	635	0.00%	801		0.00%	1,651		0.00%	3,028	0.00%	0.00%
Itelmeni	Chukotko-Kamchatkan	Far East	803	0.00%	SSP	SSP	1,096	0.00%	1,255	0.00%	1,335	0.00%	2,429	0.00%	3,180		0.00%	3,193		0.00%	2,596	0.00%	0.00%
Udis	Northeast Caucasian	Caucasus	2	0.00%	SDP	SDP	35	0.00%	94	0.00%	216	0.00%	1,102	0.00%	3,721		0.00%	4,267		0.00%	2,551	0.00%	0.00%
Ulchs	Tungusic	Far East	723	0.00%	SSP	SSP	2,049	0.00%	2,410	0.00%	2,494	0.00%	3,173	0.00%	2,913		0.00%	2,765		0.00%	2,472	0.00%	0.00%
Persians	Iranian	Caucasus	8,626	0.01%	6,041	0.01%	2,490	0.00%	2,548	0.00%	1,747	0.00%	2,572	0.00%	3,821		0.00%	3,696		0.00%	2,434	0.00%	0.00%
Kumandins	Turkic	Siberia	6,335	0.01%	0	0.00%	0	0.00%	0	0.00%	0	0.00%	0	0.00%	3,114		0.00%	2,892		0.00%	2,408	0.00%	0.00%
Teleuts	Turkic	Siberia	1,898	0.00%	0	0.00%	0	0.00%	0	0.00%	0	0.00%	0	0.00%	2,650		0.00%	2,643		0.00%	2,217	0.00%	0.00%
Uygurs	Turkic	Siberia	26	0.00%	642	0.00%	720	0.00%	1,513	0.00%	1,707	0.00%	2,577	0.00%	2,867		0.00%	3,696		0.00%	2,217	0.00%	0.00%
Serbs	Slavic	European Russia	1,278	0.00%	2,373	0.00%	0	0.00%	1,431	0.00%	815	0.00%	1,580	0.00%	4,156		0.00%	3,510		0.00%	2,151	0.00%	0.00%
Hemshins	Indo-European	Caucasus	2	0.00%	0	0.00%	0	0.00%	0	0.00%	0	0.00%	0	0.00%	1,542		0.00%	2,047		0.00%	2,082	0.00%	0.00%
Besermyan (in Udmurts 1939–1989)	Uralic	European Russia	10,035	0.01%											3,122		0.00%	2,201		0.00%	2,036	0.00%	0.00%
Shapsugs (in Adyghe 1926–1989)	Northwest Caucasian	Caucasus													3,231		0.00%	3,882		0.00%	1,914	0.00%	0.00%
Romanians	Romance	European Russia	2,881	0.00%	2,682	0.00%	3,316	0.00%	4,093	0.00%	3,837	0.00%	5,996	0.00%	5,308		0.00%	3,201		0.00%	1,850	0.00%	0.00%
Yukaghir	Yukaghir	Far East	443	0.00%	SSP	SSP	440	0.00%	593	0.00%	801	0.00%	1,112	0.00%	1,509		0.00%	1,603		0.00%	1,802	0.00%	0.00%
Inuit /Yupik	Inuit–Yupik–Unangan	Far East	1,292	0.00%	SSP	SSP	1,111	0.00%	1,265	0.00%	1,460	0.00%	1,704	0.00%	1,750		0.00%	1,738		0.00%	1,657	0.00%	0.00%
Kamchadals	Chukotko-Kamchatkan	Far East	4216	0.00%	0	0.00%	0	0.00%	0	0.00%	0	0.00%	0	0.00%	2,293		0.00%	1,927		0.00%	1,547	0.00%	0.00%
Sami	Uralic	European Russia	1,715	0.00%	1,828	0.00%	1,760	0.00%	1,836	0.00%	1,775	0.00%	1,835	0.00%	1,991		0.00%	1,771		0.00%	1,530	0.00%	0.00%
Hungarians	Uralic	European Russia	3,882	0.00%	0	0.00%	4,175	0.00%	6,681	0.01%	4,313	0.00%	5,742	0.00%	3,768		0.00%	2,781		0.00%	1,460	0.00%	0.00%
Italians	Romance	European Russia	749	0.00%	713	0.00%	525	0.00%	889	0.00%	356	0.00%	627	0.00%	862		0.00%	1,370		0.00%	1,460	0.00%	0.00%
French	Romance	European Russia	1,338	0.00%	991	0.00%	535	0.00%	1,243	0.00%	305	0.00%	352	0.00%	819		0.00%	1,475		0.00%	1,457	0.00%	0.00%
Udege (incl. Taz 1926–1989)	Tungusic	Far East	1,357	0.00%	1,701	0.00%	1,395	0.00%	1,396	0.00%	1,431	0.00%	1,902	0.00%	1,657		0.00%	1,496		0.00%	1,325	0.00%	0.00%
Mongols	Mongolic	Siberia	548	0.00%	0	0.00%	1,511	0.00%	3,759	0.00%	1,812	0.00%	2,117	0.00%	2,656		0.00%	2,986		0.00%	1,318	0.00%	0.00%
Czechs	Slavic	European Russia	7,996	0.01%	7,526	0.01%	7,174	0.01%	6,073	0.00%	4,491	0.00%	4,375	0.00%	2,904		0.00%	1,898		0.00%	1,214	0.00%	0.00%
Spanish	Romance	European Russia	0	0.00%	2,290	0.00%	1,615	0.00%	2,631	0.00%	1,961	0.00%	2,054	0.00%	1,547		0.00%	1,162		0.00%	1,175	0.00%	0.00%
British	Germanic	European Russia	517	0.00%	416	0.00%	312	0.00%	542	0.00%	115	0.00%	223	0.00%	529		0.00%	950		0.00%	1,167	0.00%	0.00%
Americans	Germanic	European Russia	0	0.00%	457	0.00%	273	0.00%	785	0.00%	81	0.00%	185	0.00%	1,275		0.00%	1,572		0.00%	1,129	0.00%	0.00%
Ket	Yeniseian	Siberia	1,428	0.00%	SSP	SSP	1,017	0.00%	1,161	0.00%	1,072	0.00%	1,084	0.00%	1,494		0.00%	1,219		0.00%	1,088	0.00%	0.00%
Krymchaks	Turkic	European Russia	6,185	0.01%	0	0.00%	249	0.00%	389	0.00%	1,365	0.00%	338	0.00%	157		0.00%	90		0.00%	954	0.00%	0.00%
Chuvans (in Chukchi 1939–1979)	Chukotko-Kamchatkan	Far East	704	0.00%	1,384	0.00%									1,087		0.00%	1,002		0.00%	900	0.00%	0.00%
Karakalpaks	Turkic	Volga	14	0.00%	306	0.00%	988	0.00%	2,267	0.00%	1,743	0.00%	6,155	0.00%	1,609		0.00%	1,466		0.00%	838	0.00%	0.00%
Izhorians	Uralic	European Russia	16,136	0.02%	7,720	0.01%	564	0.00%	561	0.00%	449	0.00%	449	0.00%	327		0.00%	266		0.00%	781	0.00%	0.00%
Tofalar	Turkic	Siberia	2,828	0.00%	SSP	SSP	476	0.00%	570	0.00%	576	0.00%	722	0.00%	837		0.00%	762		0.00%	719	0.00%	0.00%
Cubans	Romance	European Russia	0	0.00%	0	0.00%	0	0.00%	0	0.00%	1,175	0.00%	1,566	0.00%	707		0.00%	676		0.00%	701	0.00%	0.00%
Nganasans (in Nenets 1926–1939)	Uralic	Siberia					721	0.00%	823	0.00%	842	0.00%	1,262	0.00%	834		0.00%	862		0.00%	687	0.00%	0.00%
Japanese	Japonic	Far East	79	0.00%	922	0.00%	888	0.00%	1,141	0.00%	655	0.00%	591	0.00%	835		0.00%	888		0.00%	663	0.00%	0.00%
Ruthenians	Slavic	European Russia	0	0.00%	0	0.00%	0	0.00%	0	0.00%	0	0.00%	0	0.00%	97		0.00%	225		0.00%	596	0.00%	0.00%
Tats	Iranian	Caucasus	223	0.00%			5,136	0.00%	8,753	0.01%	12,748	0.01%	19,420	0.01%	2,303		0.00%	1,585		0.00%	575	0.00%	0.00%
Orochs (incl. Oroks 1970–1979)	Tungusic	Far East	646	0.00%	SSP	SSP	779	0.00%	1,037	0.00%	1,040	0.00%	883	0.00%	686		0.00%	596		0.00%	527	0.00%	0.00%
Karaites	Turkic	European Russia	1,608	0.00%			1,608	0.00%	1,236	0.00%	939	0.00%	680	0.00%	366		0.00%	205		0.00%	500	0.00%	0.00%
Negidals	Tungusic	Far East	683	0.00%	SSP	SSP			495	0.00%	477	0.00%	587	0.00%	567		0.00%	513		0.00%	481	0.00%	0.00%
Pamiris	Iranian	European Russia	0	0.00%	0	0.00%	0	0.00%	0	0.00%	0	0.00%	0	0.00%	0		0.00%	363		0.00%	467	0.00%	0.00%
Pakistani	Indo-Aryan	European Russia	0	0.00%	0	0.00%	0	0.00%	0	0.00%	0	0.00%	0	0.00%	0		0.00%	507		0.00%	410	0.00%	0.00%
Aleut	Inuit–Yupik–Unangan	Far East	353	0.00%	SSP	SSP	399	0.00%	410	0.00%	489	0.00%	644	0.00%	540		0.00%	482		0.00%	397	0.00%	0.00%
Chulyms	Turkic	Siberia	0	0.00%	0	0.00%	0	0.00%	0	0.00%	0	0.00%	0	0.00%	656		0.00%	355		0.00%	382	0.00%	0.00%
Oroks (in Orochs 1970–1979)	Tungusic	Far East	162	0.00%	SSP	SSP	2	0.00%					179	0.00%	346		0.00%	295		0.00%	268	0.00%	0.00%
Mountain Jews	Semitic	Caucasus	15,612	0.02%	0	0.00%	19,352	0.02%	15,434	0.01%	6,509	0.00%	11,282	0.01%	3,394		0.00%	762		0.00%	266	0.00%	0.00%
Taz (in Udege 1926–1989)	Sino-Tibetan	Far East													276		0.00%	274		0.00%	235	0.00%	0.00%
Enets (in Nenets 1926–1979)	Uralic	Siberia											198	0.00%	237		0.00%	227		0.00%	201	0.00%	0.00%
Slovaks	Slavic	European Russia	0	0.00%	513	0.00%	497	0.00%	758	0.00%	439	0.00%	711	0.00%	568		0.00%	324		0.00%	193	0.00%	0.00%
Croats	Slavic	European Russia	0	0.00%	0	0.00%	0	0.00%	174	0.00%	115	0.00%	479	0.00%	0		0.00%	304		0.00%	177	0.00%	0.00%
Macedonians	Slavic	European Russia	0	0.00%	0	0.00%	0	0.00%	0	0.00%	0	0.00%	0	0.00%	0		0.00%	325		0.00%	155	0.00%	0.00%
Slovenes	Slavic	European Russia	0	0.00%	0	0.00%	0	0.00%	0	0.00%	0	0.00%	0	0.00%	0		0.00%	1,008		0.00%	108	0.00%	0.00%
Votes	Uralic	European Russia	705	0.00%	0	0.00%	0	0.00%	0	0.00%	0	0.00%	0	0.00%	73		0.00%	64		0.00%	99	0.00%	0.00%
Bosnians	Slavic	European Russia	0	0.00%	0	0.00%	0	0.00%	0	0.00%	0	0.00%	0	0.00%	0		0.00%	256		0.00%	98	0.00%	0.00%
Montenegrins	Slavic	European Russia	0	0.00%	0	0.00%	0	0.00%	0	0.00%	0	0.00%	0	0.00%	0		0.00%	181		0.00%	85	0.00%	0.00%
Kereks (in Chukchi 1926–1989)	Chukotko-Kamchatkan	Far East													8		0.00%	4		0.00%	23	0.00%	0.00%
Central Asian Jews	Semitic, Turkic, Iranian	European Russia	93	0.00%	0	0.00%	99	0.00%	91	0.00%	336	0.00%	1,407	0.00%	54		0.00%	32		0.00%	18	0.00%	0.00%
Georgian Jews	South Caucasian	Caucasus	82	0.00%	0	0.00%	109	0.00%	109	0.00%	130	0.00%	1,172	0.00%	53		0.00%	78		0.00%	14	0.00%	0.00%
Central Asian Rroma	Indo-Aryan	European Russia	0	0.00%	0	0.00%	0	0.00%	0	0.00%	0	0.00%	0	0.00%	486		0.00%	49		0.00%	12	0.00%	0.00%
Small Dagestan Peoples (SDP)		Caucasus			20,962	0.02%
Small Siberian Peoples (SSP)		Siberia			11,824	0.01%
Other Ethnicity		Russia																			1,393,685	0.95%	1.07%
Ethnicity not stated or stated No ethnicity		Russia																			17,136,960	11.64%

Ethnic groups in Russia (2021)
(% of those who declared ethnicity)

Russians (80.85%)

Turkic peoples (8.64%)

Peoples of the Caucasus (5.42%)

Uralic peoples (1.26%)

Other Slavs (0.87%)

Mongolic peoples (0.49%)

Others (2.47%)

Population pyramids

Population pyramids of ethnicities within Russia in the 2021 census
Russians
Bashkirs
Tatars
Chechens
Ukrainians
Kazakhs
Kabardians
Chuvash
Avars
Armenians
Crimean Tatars
Germans
Belarusians
Tajiks
Uzbeks
Tuvans
Kumyks
Dargins
Buryats
Azeribaijanis
Ingush
stated No ethnicity

Future projections

The ethnic demographic mix of the Russian Federation is projected to change far into the future. The majority population, ethnic Russians, who have been in slight decline since the 1950's will decline further due to a below replacement fertility rate and population ageing.[4] In 2010, rough population projections from Ivan Beloborodov projecting to 2030 estimated that the percentage of Russians within the population would decrease to around 70 to 60% of the total population.[5]

Language and culture

Although the constitution of Russia recognizes Russian as the official language, the individual republics may declare one or more official languages. Many of these subjects have at least two—Russian and the language of the "eponymous" nationality.[6] There is a minority language scene in most subjects of the country, with more than 1,350 newspapers and magazines, 300 TV channels and 250 radio stations in over 50 of these minority languages. Moreover, new legislation allows usage of minority languages in federal radio and TV broadcasting.

In 2007, there were 6,260 schools which provided teaching in 38 minority languages. Over 75 minority languages were taught as a discipline in 10,404 schools. The Ministers of Council of Europe has noted significant efforts to improve the supply of minority language textbooks and teachers, as well as a greater availability of minority language teaching. However, as Ministers has noted, there remain shortcomings in the access to education of a person(s) belonging to certain minorities.

There are more than 2,000 national minorities' public associations and 560 national cultural autonomies, however the Committee of Ministers has noted that in many regions, amount of state support for the preservation and development of minority cultures is still inadequate. There's a significant difference between "eponymous" ethnic groups and nationalities without their own national territory, as resources of the last are relatively limited.

Indigenous peoples

Russia is also home to a particular category of minority peoples, i.e. small indigenous peoples of the North and Far East, who maintain very traditional lifestyles, often in a hazardous climatic environment, while adapting to the modern world. After the fall of the Soviet Union, Russia passed legislation to protect rights of these small northern indigenous peoples.

Gil-Robles has noted agreements between indigenous representatives and oil companies, which are to compensate potential damages on peoples habitats due to oil exploration. As Committee of Ministers of Council of Europe noted in 2007,[7] despite some initiatives for development, the social and economic situation of numerically small indigenous peoples was affected by recent legislative amendments at the federal level, removing some positive measures as regards their access to land and other natural resources.[8]

Maps

1989 ethnic map of Russia showing the largest ethnic group of each region or Republic; with brown as Russians, green as Turkic peoples
Ethnic map of Russia, 2010
Largest ethnic group apart from Russians: yellow – Ukrainians, lawn green – Tatars, green – Kazakhs, orange – Armenians, blue – Buryats, gray-blue – Germans, pink – Koreans
The largest two ethnic groups, excluding Russians, in each region (Census 2010)
Distribution of Russians, 2010
Distribution of Tatars, 2010
Distribution of Ukrainians, 2010
Distribution of Bashkirs, 2010
Distribution of Chuvashs, 2010
Distribution of Chechens, 2010
Distribution of Armenians, 2010
Distribution of Mordvins, 2010
Distribution of Kazakhs, 2010
Distribution of Azerbaijanis, 2010
Distribution of Belarusians, 2010
Distribution of Germans, 2010

References

"Результаты переписи населения 2021: буряты убывают, якуты возрастают". Золотая Орда — интернет-журнал (in Russian). Retrieved 2023-01-27.
Demoskop Weekly No 543-544 Archived October 12, 2013, at the Wayback Machine
"Национальный состав населения". Federal State Statistics Service. Retrieved 30 December 2022.
Chausovsky, Eugene (2021-02-09). "The City of Kazan and Russia's Non-Slavic Future". New Lines Magazine. Retrieved 2022-09-11.
"Какова будет численность русских в ближайшие 10—20 лет?". 2012-01-06. Archived from the original on 6 January 2012. Retrieved 2022-09-11.
"Definition of EPONYMOUS". www.merriam-webster.com. Retrieved 2022-05-20.
"ADVISORY COMMITTEE ON THE FRAMEWORK CONVENTION FOR THE PROTECTION OF NATIONAL MINORITIES" (PDF).
Alexseev, Mikhail A. (2016). "Backing the USSR 2.0". In Kolstø, Pål; Blakkisrud, Helge (eds.). Backing the USSR 2.0: Russia's ethnic minorities and expansionist ethnic Russian nationalism. pp. 160–191. ISBN 978-1-4744-1042-7. JSTOR 10.3366/j.ctt1bh2kk5.13. Retrieved 2022-05-20. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)

External links

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[1] "Результаты переписи населения 2021: буряты убывают, якуты возрастают". Золотая Орда — интернет-журнал (in Russian). Retrieved 2023-01-27.

[2] Demoskop Weekly No 543-544 Archived October 12, 2013, at the Wayback Machine

[census2021-3] "Национальный состав населения". Federal State Statistics Service. Retrieved 30 December 2022.

[4] Chausovsky, Eugene (2021-02-09). "The City of Kazan and Russia's Non-Slavic Future". New Lines Magazine. Retrieved 2022-09-11.

[5] "Какова будет численность русских в ближайшие 10—20 лет?". 2012-01-06. Archived from the original on 6 January 2012. Retrieved 2022-09-11.

[Definition_of_EPONYMOUS-6] "Definition of EPONYMOUS". www.merriam-webster.com. Retrieved 2022-05-20.

[7] "ADVISORY COMMITTEE ON THE FRAMEWORK CONVENTION FOR THE PROTECTION OF NATIONAL MINORITIES" (PDF).

[8] Alexseev, Mikhail A. (2016). "Backing the USSR 2.0". In Kolstø, Pål; Blakkisrud, Helge (eds.). Backing the USSR 2.0: Russia's ethnic minorities and expansionist ethnic Russian nationalism. pp. 160–191. ISBN 978-1-4744-1042-7. JSTOR 10.3366/j.ctt1bh2kk5.13. Retrieved 2022-05-20. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)

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