Ga (Mongolic)

Ga is a letter of related and vertically oriented alphabets used to write Mongolic and Tungusic languages.[1]: 549–551 

Mongolian language
Look up ᠭ in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Main articles: Mongolian script, Mongolian writing systems, and Mongolian language
Ga
The Mongolian script
Mongolian vowels
ᠠ​
a
ᠡ​
e
ᠢ​
i
ᠣ​
o
ᠤ​
u
ᠥ​
ö
ᠦ​
ü
ᠧ​
(ē)
Mongolian consonants
ᠨ​
n
ᠩ​
ng
ᠪ​
b
ᠫ​
(p)
ᠬ​
q/k
ᠭ​
γ/g
ᠮ​
m
ᠯ​
l
ᠰ​
s
ᠱ​
š
ᠲ​
t
ᠳ​
d
ᠴ​
č
ᠵ​
ǰ
ᠶ​
y
ᠷ​
r
ᠸ​
(w)
Foreign consonants
Letter[2]: 14–15, 17, 21–22, 24–25 [3]: 546 [4]: 212–213 
γ (ɣ) g Transliteration[note 1]
ᠭ Initial
‍ᠭ᠋‍⟨?⟩ ⟨⟩ ‍ᠭ᠍‍⟨?⟩ ⟨⟩ Medial (syllable-initial)
‍ᠭ‍⟨?⟩ ⟨⟩ Medial (syllable-final)
‍ᠭ[lower-alpha 1] ‍ᠭ᠋⟨?⟩ ⟨⟩[lower-alpha 1] Final
C-V syllables[2]: 15 [10]: 21 
γ‑a γa ge gi γo, γu gö, gü Transliteration
— ᠭᠠ ᠭᠡ[lower-alpha 2] ᠭᠢ[lower-alpha 3] ᠭᠣ᠋ ᠭᠥ⟨?⟩ (w/o tail)[lower-alpha 4] Alone
ᠭᠥ᠋ (w/ tail)
— ᠭᠠ‍ ᠭᠡ‍ ᠭᠢ‍ ᠭᠣ‍ ᠭᠥ‍ Initial
— ‍ᠭᠠ‍ ‍ᠭᠡ‍ ‍ᠭᠢ‍ ‍ᠭᠣ‍ ‍ᠭᠥ‍ Medial
‍ᠭ᠎ᠠ⟨?⟩ ⟨⟩ — ‍ᠭᠡ ‍ᠬᠢ ‍ᠭᠣ ‍ᠭᠥ Final

γ/g
  • Produced with G using the Windows Mongolian keyboard layout.[12]
  • In the Mongolian Unicode block, γ/g comes after q/k and before m.

γ
  • Transcribes Chakhar /ɣ/;[13] Khalkha /ɢ/, and /∅/.[14]: 40–42  Transliterated into Cyrillic with the letter г.[10][5]
  • Dotted before a vowel (attached or separated); undotted before a consonant (syllable-final) or a whitespace.[2]: 21 [3]: 546 [15]: 5 [13]
  • May turn silent between two adjacent vowels, and merge these into a long vowel or diphthong.[2]: 36–37 [8]: 7  Qaγan (ᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨ) 'Khagan' for instance, is read as Qaan unless reading classical literary Mongolian. Some exceptions like tsa-g-aan 'white' exist.
  • Derived from Old Uyghur merged gimel and heth (𐽲).[3]: 539–540, 545–546 [16]: 111, 113–115 [8]: 35 

g
  • Transcribes Chakhar /g/;[13][17] Khalkha /g/. Transliterated into Cyrillic with the letter г.[10][5]
  • Syllable-initially indistinguishable from k.[2]: 15, 24 [11]: 9  When it must be distinguished from k medially, it can be written twice (as in ᠥᠭᠭᠦᠭᠰᠡᠨ öggügsen 'given', compared with ᠦᠬᠦᠭᠰᠡᠨ ükügsen 'dead').[11]: 59 [18]
  • The final form is also found written like the bow-shaped Manchu final ‍ᡴ᠋ k.[8]: 39 
    Emblem of the Inner Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party using bow-shaped final g in bičig
  • May turn silent between two adjacent vowels, and merge these into a long vowel or diphthong.[2]: 36–37 [8]: 7  Deger for instance, is read as deer. Some exceptions like ügüi 'no' exist.
  • Derived from Old Uyghur kaph 𐽷).[3]: 539–540, 545–546 [16]: 111, 113, 115 [8]: 35 

Clear Script
Look up ᡎ in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Main article: Clear Script

Xibe language
Look up ᡤ in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Main article: Xibe language § Alphabet

Manchu language
Look up ᡤ in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Main article: Manchu alphabet

Notes
  1. For the two harmonic variants of the particle ᠰᠢᠭ᠋⟨?⟩/ᠰᠢᠭ⟨?⟩ siγ/sig (шиг shig) 'similar to, similarly, like' etc, the choice between final γ or g is dependent on whether it occurs after a masculine or a feminine word, respectively.[7]: 699 [8]: 44 [9]: 201 
  2. As in ᠬᠡ/ᠬᠡᠭᠡ/ᠬᠡᠭᠡᠨ ke/kege/kegen (хээ khee) 'pattern, piping, design, stamp'.[7]: 438, 442 
  3. See the separated  ᠬᠢ ‑ki suffix.[7]
  4. As in the strengthening (emphatic) ᠭᠦ⟨?⟩ kü (хүү khüü) particle,[7]: 494 [11]: 46  or ᠬᠥ⟨?⟩/ᠬᠥᠭᠡ kö/köge (хөө khöö) 'soot; obstacle, hindrance; trouble', or 'ring of mail'.[7]: 475, 478 
  1. Scholarly transliteration, with alternative in parentheses.[5]

References
  1. "The Unicode Standard, Version 14.0 – Core Specification Chapter 13: South and Central Asia-II, Other Modern Scripts" (PDF). www.unicode.org. Retrieved 2022-05-16.
  2. Poppe, Nicholas (1974). Grammar of Written Mongolian. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. ISBN 978-3-447-00684-2.
  3. Daniels, Peter T.; Bright, William (1996). The World's Writing Systems. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-507993-7.
  4. Bat-Ireedui, Jantsangiyn; Sanders, Alan J. K. (2015-08-14). Colloquial Mongolian: The Complete Course for Beginners. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-317-30598-9.
  5. "Mongolian transliterations" (PDF). Institute of the Estonian Language. 2006-05-06.
  6. "Mongolian Transliteration & Transcription". collab.its.virginia.edu. Retrieved 2023-03-26.
  7. Lessing, Ferdinand (1960). Mongolian-English Dictionary (PDF). University of California Press. Note that this dictionary uses the transliterations c, ø, x, y, z, ai, and ei; instead of č, ö, q, ü, ǰ, ayi, and eyi;: xii  as well as problematically and incorrectly treats all rounded vowels (o/u/ö/ü) after the initial syllable as u or ü.[6]
  8. Janhunen, Juha (2006-01-27). The Mongolic Languages. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-135-79690-7.
  9. Janhunen, Juha A. (2012). Mongolian. John Benjamins Publishing. ISBN 978-90-272-3820-7.
  10. Skorodumova, L. G. (2000). Vvedenie v staropismenny mongolskiy yazyk Введение в старописьменный монгольский язык (PDF) (in Russian). Muravey-Gayd. ISBN 5-8463-0015-4.
  11. Grønbech, Kaare; Krueger, John Richard (1993). An Introduction to Classical (literary) Mongolian: Introduction, Grammar, Reader, Glossary. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. ISBN 978-3-447-03298-8.
  12. jowilco. "Windows keyboard layouts - Globalization". Microsoft Docs. Retrieved 2022-05-16.
  13. "Mongolian Traditional Script". Chinese, Japanese, Vietnamese, and Mongolian Language Site. Retrieved 2022-05-16.
  14. Svantesson, Jan-Olof; Tsendina, Anna; Karlsson, Anastasia; Franzen, Vivan (2005-02-10). The Phonology of Mongolian. OUP Oxford. ISBN 978-0-19-151461-6.
  15. "A Study of Traditional Mongolian Script Encodings and Rendering: Use of Unicode in OpenType fonts" (PDF). COLIPS – Chinese and Oriental Languages Information Processing Society. Retrieved 2022-05-16.
  16. Clauson, Gerard (2005-11-04). Studies in Turkic and Mongolic Linguistics. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-134-43012-3.
  17. "Writing – Study Mongolian". Study Mongolian. August 2013. Retrieved 2022-05-16.
  18. "Mongolian State Dictionary". Mongol toli (in Mongolian). Retrieved 2022-05-16.
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