HHEX

Hematopoietically-expressed homeobox protein HHEX is a protein that in humans is encoded by the HHEX gene and also known as Proline Rich Homeodomain protein PRH.[5][6][7]

HHEX
Available structures
PDBOrtholog search: PDBe RCSB
Identifiers
AliasesHHEX, HEX, HMPH, HOX11L-PEN, PRH, PRHX, hematopoietically expressed homeobox
External IDsOMIM: 604420 MGI: 96086 HomoloGene: 31110 GeneCards: HHEX
Orthologs
SpeciesHumanMouse
Entrez

3087

15242

Ensembl

ENSG00000152804

ENSMUSG00000024986

UniProt

Q03014

P43120

RefSeq (mRNA)

NM_002729

NM_008245

RefSeq (protein)

NP_002720

NP_032271

Location (UCSC)Chr 10: 92.69 – 92.7 MbChr 19: 37.42 – 37.43 Mb
PubMed search[3][4]
Wikidata
View/Edit HumanView/Edit Mouse

This gene encodes a member of the homeobox family of transcription factors, many of which are involved in developmental processes. Expression in specific hematopoietic lineages suggests that this protein may play a role in hematopoietic differentiation but the expression of this protein is not limited to hematopoietic cells.[7]

Function

The HHEX transcription factor acts as a activator of transcription in some instances and a repressor of transcription others.[8][9] It interacts with a number of other signaling molecules to play an important role in the development of multiple organs, such as the liver, thyroid and forebrain.[10] HHEX serves to repress VEGFA, another protein which is important in endothelial cell development.[11] SCL, a significant transcription factor for blood and endothelial cell differentiation, is shown to interact with HHEX to promote the correct development of the hematopoiesis process.[12] HHEX appears to work together with another molecule, β-catenin, for the development of the anterior organizer.[13] It also contributes to developmental remodeling and stabilization of endothelial cells in an unborn organism.[11] The importance of this transcription factor is illustrated by the inability of HHEX knockout mice embryos to survive gestation. Without the expression of HHEX, these mice embryos die in utero between Day 13 and Day 16.[11] HHEX knockout mice display a range of abnormalities including forebrain abnormalities in various levels of severity, as well as a number of other defects including heart, vasculature, liver, monocyte, and thyroid abnormalities.[10][11] The HHEX protein is important in a variety of cancers and it can act as an tumour suppressor protein or as an oncoprotein depending on the cancer type.

Interactions

HHEX has been shown to interact with Promyelocytic leukemia protein.[14]

References
  1. GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000152804 - Ensembl, May 2017
  2. GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000024986 - Ensembl, May 2017
  3. "Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
  4. "Mouse PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
  5. Bedford FK, Ashworth A, Enver T, Wiedemann LM (Mar 1993). "HEX: a novel homeobox gene expressed during haematopoiesis and conserved between mouse and human". Nucleic Acids Research. 21 (5): 1245–9. doi:10.1093/nar/21.5.1245. PMC 309289. PMID 8096636.
  6. Hromas R, Radich J, Collins S (Sep 1993). "PCR cloning of an orphan homeobox gene (PRH) preferentially expressed in myeloid and liver cells". Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 195 (2): 976–83. doi:10.1006/bbrc.1993.2140. PMID 8103988.
  7. "Entrez Gene: HHEX hematopoietically expressed homeobox".
  8. Denson LA, Karpen SJ, Bogue CW, Jacobs HC (Aug 2000). "Divergent homeobox gene hex regulates promoter of the Na(+)-dependent bile acid cotransporter". American Journal of Physiology. Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology. 279 (2): G347-55. doi:10.1152/ajpgi.2000.279.2.G347. PMID 10915644. S2CID 846822.
  9. Brickman JM, Jones CM, Clements M, Smith JC, Beddington RS (Jun 2000). "Hex is a transcriptional repressor that contributes to anterior identity and suppresses Spemann organiser function". Development. 127 (11): 2303–15. doi:10.1242/dev.127.11.2303. PMID 10804173.
  10. Martinez Barbera JP, Clements M, Thomas P, Rodriguez T, Meloy D, Kioussis D, Beddington RS (Jun 2000). "The homeobox gene Hex is required in definitive endodermal tissues for normal forebrain, liver and thyroid formation". Development. 127 (11): 2433–45. doi:10.1242/dev.127.11.2433. PMID 10804184.
  11. Hallaq H, Pinter E, Enciso J, McGrath J, Zeiss C, Brueckner M, Madri J, Jacobs HC, Wilson CM, Vasavada H, Jiang X, Bogue CW (Oct 2004). "A null mutation of Hhex results in abnormal cardiac development, defective vasculogenesis and elevated Vegfa levels". Development. 131 (20): 5197–209. doi:10.1242/dev.01393. PMID 15459110.
  12. Liao W, Ho CY, Yan YL, Postlethwait J, Stainier DY (Oct 2000). "Hhex and scl function in parallel to regulate early endothelial and blood differentiation in zebrafish". Development. 127 (20): 4303–13. doi:10.1242/dev.127.20.4303. PMID 11003831.
  13. Zamparini AL, Watts T, Gardner CE, Tomlinson SR, Johnston GI, Brickman JM (Sep 2006). "Hex acts with beta-catenin to regulate anteroposterior patterning via a Groucho-related co-repressor and Nodal". Development. 133 (18): 3709–22. doi:10.1242/dev.02516. PMID 16936074.
  14. Topcu Z, Mack DL, Hromas RA, Borden KL (Nov 1999). "The promyelocytic leukemia protein PML interacts with the proline-rich homeodomain protein PRH: a RING may link hematopoiesis and growth control". Oncogene. 18 (50): 7091–100. doi:10.1038/sj.onc.1203201. PMID 10597310.

Further reading

This article incorporates text from the United States National Library of Medicine, which is in the public domain.

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