Languages of Venezuela

• Paraujano (¿?): this language is spoken most prominently in the Sinamaica area. Until recently it was considered extinct, but has gone through a process of revitalization that has been supported by UNICEF.
• Kurripako (2.019)
• Arawak (140)
• Warekena (199)
• Wayuu (119.000): this is the indigenous language with the most speakers in Venezuela. It is spoken in the northern state of Zulia and in the Colombian Guajira. There are also Wayúu communities in other parts of Venezuela.

Caribe languages, from 2000.

The majority of these languages are spoken in the southeastern part of Venezuela. In the past, similar languages to these were spoken in a great part of the East Venezuelan coast and the Cuenta del Orinoco.

• Akauayo (644 - from the 1992 census): A spoken language in the state of Monagas and Bolivar in an area bordering on Pemón speakers.
• Eñepá or Panare (2.551): Spoken in the state of Bolívar and the Amazon.
• Japrería (95): Spoken only in a town in the state of Zulia, in the western part of the country.
• Kariña (4450): Spoken in a few municipalities in eastern Venezuela.
• Pemón ( - 30000): The speakers are primarily in the southeastern zone of the state of Bolívar in the Gran Sabana and its surroundings.
• Wanai or Mapoyo (2?): A language in the midst of disappearing, spoken in the Amazon and very similar to the Yavarana. On November 25, 2014 it was included in the list of Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity, in the list with urgent safeguards and it is the first Venezuelan indigenous language declared by UNESCO.[4]
• Yavarana (119 - ): It is a language threatened and disappearing in its spoken form, from the northeast of the Amazon.
• Ye'kuana (5500): Its speakers are located in the Northeast state of the Amazon and in the Southeast of Bolívar.
• Yukpa (3.285): This language is spoken in the state of Zulia.

Among the Caribbean languages that are now extinct, since the conquest, are the tamanaco, the cumanagoto and the chaima.

• Bari language: It is spoken by approximately 1,520 people of ethnic Barí in Venezuela in 2007.

Guajibo languages

• Jivi (8.428) This language is spoken mostly in the state of Apure and the state of Amazon.
• Kuiva (310).

• Sáliva (17)
• Piaroa (12000)

• Yeral (482)

Yanomami languages location.

  Yanomamö

  Ninam

  Yanomám

  Sanumá

  Ỹaroamë

These languages are spoken by groups in the south of Venezuela and the north of Brazil:

• Yanomamö
• Ninam
• Yanomám
• Sanumá (1.669)
• Ỹaroamë

The Macro-Makú family is made up by the Makú languages, which is widely accepted by Americanists, and by the languages of two relatively isolated hunter-gatherer ethnic groups in Venezuela:

• Puinave (568)
• Joti (526)

The experts differ about the classification of these languages, and there are doubts whether these languages should be considered provisionally isolated or provisionally accepted as forming a valid phylogenetic unit with the makúes languages.

Timote-Cuica languages at the start of the Conquest

The Jirajarana family or Jirajirana is a group of extinct languages spoken in the western regions of Venezuela, Falcon and Lara. It is believed that the languages went extinct at the start of the 20th century. The Jirajara languages are considered to be semi-isolates. Adelaar and Muysken point out certain lexical similarities with Timote-Cuica languages, and typological similarities with Chibcha languages. But the limited data does not allow validity to any similarities between the Jirajarana and Betol languages, particularly for the similarities of the ethnonyms.

The Arutani-Sapé family hypothetically would have been formed by the Sapé and the Uruak, which some authors considered it unclassified - isolated languages.

Isolated, unclassified, and doubtfully classified languages

Isolated languages from Brazil, Bolivia, Colombia and Venezuela.

Isolated Languages already extinct from the center and southeast parts of Venezuela. Only yaruro (pumé) is still spoken. The last speakers of Otomaco and Guamo lived in the early 20th century.

Some languages have yet to be classified because they fall under a larger family, these are called “unclassified languages”. For some of these said languages, there exists some oral evidence, but oral history is not convincing enough. For other languages, that are studied and not classified, they fall under the “language isolates” category, meaning that they are considered to be the only member of that family. Here is the list of unclassified languages that fall under larger families:

• Maku (mako) (266)
• Pumé (4.061)
• Sapé (25) (arutani-sapé languages ?)
• Uruak (39) (arutani-sapé languages ?)
• Warao (18.696): This language is mainly spoken in the Delta of Orinoco area and some Cercanas regions. It is one of the indigenous languages in Venezuela with the most speakers, after Wayúu and Pemón.
• Guamontey : Extinct language from central Venezuela.
• Otomaco : Extinct language from the central and southern regions of Venezuela.

Below is a non-exhaustive list of the indigenous languages.

The first studies of indigenous languages were carried out by catholic missionaries from Europe. Religious Jesuits, Capuchins and others developed the first forms of grammar and dictionaries of languages such as the Caribbean, Cumanagoto, Chaima and many more.

The friar Matias Ruiz Blanco created in the second half of the 17th century a grammar and a dictionary of the Cumanagoto, as well as a catechism in that Caribbean language.

The Jesuit Gilli conducted extensive studies of the Orinoco language in the mid-eighteenth century. Gilli studied the relation of the different languages and presented the existence of a series of matrix languages or families of languages, that would become one of the foundations of a classification of the South American languages.

The monk Jerónimo José de Lucena, elaborated at the end of that century a vocabulary and translations of catechism of the Otomaco, Taparita and Yaruro languages. Another religious figure, most likely Miguel Angel de Gerona, elaborated on a compendium of the Pariagota language, spoken in Guayana during that century.

Alexander Von Humboldt collected grammar and list of words on his trip to Venezuela in 1799-1800 and with that helped share information about these languages to European Linguists. His brother Wilhelm Von Humboldt used this material in his scientific works about the nature of languages.

In the 20th century, father Basilio María of Barral produced a Warao-Spanish dictionary. The capuchin Cesáreo of Armellada wrote grammar and a dictionary of the Pemón language and compiled tales of the Pemona culture.

In the 1960s, the American Henry A. Osborn conducted some studies on the morphosyntax and phonetics of the Warao language.

Jorge Carlos Mosonyi was one of the most featured scientists at the end of the 20th century in the study of several original languages such as Karina.

Marie-Claude Mattéi-Müller has done extensive work on the Yanomamö, Panare, Mapoyo, Hodï and Yawarana languages. These and other linguists have contributed to the production of the first literacy books for the first Venezuelan nations.

English is a foreign language with a great demand in Venezuela. It is spoken by many academics and professionals and by some members of the middle and high social classes. There is an English language newspaper in Caracas: The Daily Journal, founded in 1946. The use of English arose in part due to the presence of oil companies from English speaking countries (especially from the United States) since the beginning of the 20th century.

English is taught as a compulsory subject in the secondary education and in the bachillerato for five years. Bachillerato is a segment of secondary education similar to the baccalaureat, secondary school or American high school and is divided into two branches: sciences and humanities. According to the syllabus approved by the Venezuelan Ministry of Education in 1986 English language is considered as a tool to communicate with people from other countries and to obtain information in the areas of humanities, technology and science.[5] For that reason it is taught using a Notional Functional Approach.[5] In the bachillerato a Structuralistic Approach is used. Despite the lines provided by the syllabus, few people learn to speak the language with only the knowledge acquired at school.

In some universities degree programs to train teachers or translators of English language are offered. In the rest of universities English is studied as a compulsory subject to understand texts written in this language.

English is also used in shops and products together with Spanish.

In the second half of the twentieth century, more than 200,000 Italians mostly from Veneto moved to this oil rich country.

According to the Italian Embassy in Caracas the "....Italian language is available in a few private Italian schools and institutions. Other similar courses are organized and sponsored by the Italian Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Regional Associations.

The Portuguese speaking community in Venezuela is very large at 260,000 (especially in Santa Elena de Uairen). As such, serious consideration is being given to include the study of Portuguese as a foreign language in the school curriculums of Venezuela. There are also many Brazilians living in Venezuela. Portuguese has become a very important language of the world economy. Geographically widespread, Portuguese is officially spoken on 5 continents by 270 million speakers, and is the 6th most natively spoken language in the world, and the most spoken language in the Southern Hemisphere.

French language is taught as a compulsory subject in the branch of humanities of the bachillerato or high school for two years. Students learn French grammar in their first year of study, then construct and translate French texts in the second year. In some universities degree programs to train teachers or translators of French language are offered.

In Venezuela Latin is taught as a compulsory subject in the branch of humanities of the high school for two years. Students learn Latin grammar in their first year, then construct and translate Latin texts in the second year.[6]

At university level, the University of the Andes offers a degree program for Letras Mención Lengua y Literaturas Clásicas (Classical Languages and Literatures). In this program (the only one of its type in Venezuela), the students learn Latin, Ancient Greek and the literature of both languages for five years.[7] In other Venezuelan universities, Latin is a compulsory subject of the program for Letras (Hispanic Literature) and Educación, mención: Castellano y Literatura (Education of Spanish language and Hispanic Literature).

Latin and Koine Greek are also taught in Roman Catholic seminaries.