Camsá language

Camsá (Kamsá, Kamse), also referred to as Mocoa, Sibundoy, Coche, and natively as Kamëntsá (Kamemtxa, Camëntsëá), is a language isolate and native language of the Camsá people who primarily inhabit the Sibundoy Valley of the Putumayo Department in the south of Colombia.

Kamëntsá
Coche
RegionColombia
EthnicityCamsá people
Native speakers
4,000 (2008)[1]
Language codes
ISO 639-3kbh
Glottologcams1241
ELPCamsá
Location of the Kamëntsá language speakers.

Classification

Camsá appears to be a language isolate. Researchers have tried connecting it to the Chibchan languages without success. Fabre (1998:676) reports that the Camsá are descended, at least in part, from the Quillasinga, whose language is unattested.

Language contact

Jolkesky (2016) notes that there are lexical similarities with the Choco languages due to contact.[2]

Varieties

Mason (1950) lists the following names as Coche (Mocoa) varieties.[3]

  • Sebondoy
  • Quillacinga
  • Patoco

Phonology

Consonants[4]
Bilabial Alveolar Palatal Velar Uvular
Stop voiceless p t c k
voiced b d g
Fricative f s χ
Affricate voiceless t͡s
voiced d͡z
Nasal m n
Approximant l j w
Trill r

Vowels

O'Brien (2018) analyzes six vowel phonemes in Camsá: /a e i o u ɨ/. O'Brien notes that /ɨ/ has a limited distribution and is rarely found at the beginnings of words, and that [i] in many cases may be an allophone of /e/ before palatal consonants.

Grammar

Camsá is a polysynthetic language with prefixes and suffixes.[5] It also has dual number, which is unusual for languages around it.[4][5]

Vocabulary

Kamsá vocabulary from Huber and Reed (1992):[6]

no.English glossSpanish glossKamsánotes
001tonguelenguabiᶘtá-xa
002mouthbocawajá-ɕa
003liplabiowajatsebiá-ɕa
004toothdientexuatsá-ɕe
005nosenariztsxá-ɕe
006eyeojobɕnɨ-bé
007earorejamatskuá-ɕe
008headcabezabestɕá-ɕe, betɕá-ɕe
009foreheadfrentexuentsɨɕá-ɕe
010haircabellostxɨnɨ́-xa
011chinmentónkumbambɨ́-ɕa
012beardbarbawangɨtsboboʃɨ́-xua
013neckcuellotamoɕá-xa
014chestpechokotʃá-xa
015woman’s breastteta, seno, pechostʃótʃo
016abdomenvientre, abdomenwabsbiá
017backespaldastɨtɕá-xa
018shoulderhombrotantɕá-xa
019armbrazobuakuá-tɕe
021elbowcodoʃɨmia-bé
022handmanokukuá-tɕe
023fingerdedo de la manontɕabuá-bxa
024fingernailunangétsebia-ɕe
025legpiernamɨntxá-xa
027kneerodillantsamiá-ɕe
028shinespinillaɕɨbxá-xa
029footpieʃekuá-tɕe
030toededo del piexɨntɕá-bxa
031skinpielbobátʃe
032bonehuesobetá-ɕe, betá-bxa
033bloodsangrebuíɲe
034heartcorazónainána
035lungspulmonesbéxnatse
036penispenelótɕe
037vulvavulvasalápo
038manhombreentɕá (jentɕá)
039malevarónbojabása
040womanmujerʃembása
041peoplegenteentɕánga
042husbandmarido, esposobojá
043wifemarida, esposaʃéma
044fatherpadretaitá, bébta
045mothermadremamá, bebmá, máma
046baby, infantcriaturaɕeɕóna, (ɕoɕóna)
047old manviejobɨtsanań
048wateraguabújeʃe, béxa-je
049riverríobéxa-ke, bʃáxa-je
051lakelagowabxaxóna-je
052swamppantanoxatɨʃáɲe
053spring of waterfuente, ojo de aguaobaxtʃkaníɲe
054waterfallcaída de aguabuatʃkɨkxaníɲe
055rapidscatarata, raudalbʃawenaníɲe
056flame, firecandela, fuegoíɲe, níɲe
057ashcenizaxatinjá
058charcoalcarbónenaxomá-ɕe
059smokehumongóna
060firewoodleñaniɲá
061skycíelosel-ókaSpanish loanword
062rainlluviawabténa
063windvientobínjia
064sunsolʃínje
065moonlunaxuaʃkóna
066starestrellaestrelja-témaSpanish loanword
067daydíabɨnɨ-té, té
068nightnocheibéta
069thundertruenowaxuesajá
070lightningrelámpagotkuínje
071rainbowarco iristsɨbkuákuatxo
072earth, soiltierrabʃántse
073stonepiedrandɨtɕ-bé
074sandarenakaskáxoSpanish loanword
075housecasajébna
076rooftechothɨxnaɲe, bonxanána
077doorpuertabɨɕá-ɕe
078seat, stoolbancotɕenɨ́-ɕe
079matesteratxuá-ʃe
080hammockhamacauxonjanɨ́-ʃa
081bedcatre, cama de barbacoaxutsnɨ́-ʃa
082cooking potollamatbá-xa
083cultivated clearingroza, sementeraxaxáɲe
084villagecaseríopueblo-témaSpanish loanword
085path, trailcamino, sendero, trochabenátʃe
086fish netredataʒajɨ́-ʃaSpanish loanword
087fish hookanzueloansuelɨ-bxuáSpanish loanword
088axehachatatɕníaSpanish loanword
089knifecuchillokutʃiljɨ-bxaSpanish loanword
090canoecanoakanoú-ɕe
091paddleremoʒem-béSpanish loanword
092clubporra, macanangarot-béSpanish loanword
093spearlanzalantsɨ́-ʃaSpanish loanword
094bowarco de cazararkú-bxaSpanish loanword
095arrowflechapletʃɨ-bxuáSpanish loanword
096blowguncerbatana. xuesanɨ-ɕa
097tapirdantabɨtsijá
098jaguartigretígreSpanish loanword
099pumaleón, pumaleónSpanish loanword
100armadilloarmadilloarmadiljo-bé
101dogperrokéɕe
102deervenadobiángana, móngoxo
103batmurciélagotʃimbiláko
104otternutriasalado-bé
105cebus monkey (Cebus capucinus)capuchin, machínkomendéroSpanish loanword
110spotted cavypaca, guaguamɨmaɕe
113tortoisetortugatortúga-ɕeSpanish loanword
115collared peccarysaínosaín kótɕeSpanish loanword
117agoutiagutíentsóje-ɕe
118ratrataʒáta-tɕeSpanish loanword
119catgatomeséto
120mouseratónʃiéna
121tailcolawaskuatɕi-xuá
122snakeserpiente, culebramɨtɕkuáje
123anaconda, water boamapanaamarón
126toadsaposápoSpanish loanword
127birdpájaroʃlóbtɕe
128hummingbirdpicaflor, colibríngɨntsiána
130toucantucánpikúdo
131parrotloroʃatúo, ʃatú
133buzzardgallinazongaljinásoSpanish loanword
134curassowpavotʃúmbo
135owllechuza, buhokoskúngo
136guanpava de montekukuána
137hengallinatuámba
138fishpescadobeóna
140beeabejatxowána
141flymoscaʃatsɨbiána
142fleapulganzantsána
143lousepiojomɨtsána
144mosquitozancudoʃɨngna-bxa
146anthormigaxuána
147spideraranabáxna, batʃná-ɕe
148jigger fleanigua, piguetsɨtxóna
149bush, junglemontetxá-ɲe
150open grasslandpajonal, sabanaxatʃáɲe
151hillcerro, lomabatsxáɲe
152treeárbolbetíje, betijé-ʃe
153leafhojatsbuaná-tʃe
154tree leafhoja de árboltsbuaná-tʃe
155flowerflorwantɕebxú-ʃa
156fruitfrutaʃaxuan-bé
158rootraíztbɨtɨ́-xa
159seedsemillaxénaje
160stickpaloniɲɨ́-ɕe
161grasshierbaʃákuana
162corn, maizemaízmátse
163maniocyucabʃendɨ́-ɕe
165tobaccotabacotbákoSpanish loanword
166cottonalgodóntongéntse-ʃe
167gourdcalabazo porotaus-bé
168yamñametʃaná
169sweet potatocamotemijá
170achioteachiote, bijamandorɨ́-ʃa
171chili pepperajítsɨtɕá
173Banisterium, hallucinogenic vineayahuasca, jajébiaxíje
174plantainplátanoblandɨ́-tɕaSpanish loanword
178canecaña bravaɕɨ́-ɕe
179saltsaltamó
180chichachicha, masatobóko-ye
181oneunokánje
182twodosúta
183threetresúnga
184fourcuatrokánta
185fivecincoʃátʃna
190tendiezbnɨ́tsan
191firstprimeronatsána
192lastúltimoústonoje
193rattlesonajero, maracamarakɨ́-ʃeSpanish loanword
194drumtamborɕɨnxana-bé
195cushmacushmaʃabuanguanɨ-xuá
196ear ornamentorejera, aretewamatsaxonjanɨ́-ʃa
197maskmáscaraxobɨ́tsanɨ-ɕe
198healer, shamancuranderotatɕmbuá, jobá
199chiefcacique, curaca, capitánutabná, mandádoSpanish loanword
200I, me, myyo, mí ustedátɕe
201you (singular)ustedáka
202heéltʃá
203sheellatʃá
204we inclusivenosotros inclusivobɨ́nga
206you pluralustedestɕingabtánga
207theyellostʃɨ́nga
208my handmi manoátɕ-be kukuá-tɕe
209your (sg.) handtu manoák-be kukuá-tɕe
210his handsu manotʃá-be kukuá-tɕe
211our handsnuestras manosbɨng-be kukuá-tɕe
213their handssus manos (de ellos)tʃɨ́ng-be kukuátɕe
214my bowmi arcoátɕ-be arkú-bxaSpanish loanword
215your bowtu arcoák-be arkú-bxa
216his bowsu arco (de él)tsá-be arkú-bxa
217our bownuestro arcobɨ́ng-be arkú-bxa
219their bowsu arco (de ellos)tʃɨ́ng-be arkú-bxa
220biggrandebɨ́ts
221small, littlepequeñobáse, bíntʃe
222coldfríoʃék-bana
223hotcaliententɕníɲe
224goodbuenotɕábe, tɕabá
225badmalobaká, bákna sóje
226whiteblancobxántse
227blacknegrobtsénga
228go!vaya, ve!m-ó-tsa
229come!ven!m-á-bo
230eat!come!m-ó-se
231drink!bebe!m-o-bɕé
232sleep!duerme!m-o-tsámana
233crown of headcoronatʃinʃ-óka
234front teeth, incisorsdientes delanteros incisivosbtɨɕá-ɕe
236long hairpelo largobɨ́n stxɨná-ʃe
237the neck regiongarganta y cuellobexɨ́ngua-xa
238Adam’s applenuez de la gargantatamoɕtxon-bé
239upper backespalda, parte superiorstɨtɕá-xa
241wristmuñecaʃɨmia-bé
242lower legpierna inferiorɕɨbxá-tɕe
243body hairel pelo del cuerpobobo-ʃɨ́-xa
244stomachestómagowabsbiá
245intestinesintestinostʃuntʃuljɨ-xua-ngá
246old womanviejitawela-xéma
247clouds at restnubes quietasxantɕetɨ́-ʃe
249cultivated clearingroza, sementera de maíztaɕxá-ɲe
250streamquebradabáse béxa-je
251pebblespiedrecillasndɨtɕmé-ʃe
252huge rocksrocas grandespeɲí-ɕeSpanish loanword
253path, trailcamino, sendero, trochaaxʃatʃnɨxní-ɲe
255shelterranchotambo-téma
256thisestekém
257thateso, ese, aqueltʃɨ́
258whoquiénndá, ndmuá
259whatquendajá
260notnondóɲe
261alltodosnjćtska
262manymuchosbɨtská, bá, bá-nga
263longlargobɨ́n
264barkcortezaxubobá-ʃe
265fleshcarnemɨntɕéna
267grease, animal fatgrasaminjikáSpanish loanword
268egghuevoʃɨmnɨ-bé
269horncuernotsɨtxoní-ɕe
270featherplumaplumɨ-bxuáSpanish loanword
271elaw, nailuña, garrangétsebia-ɕe
272bellybarrigawabsbiá
273liverhígadobekotʃká
274drinkbeberxatmuána, xobɕiána
275eatcomerxasána
276bitemorderxaxantsána
277seeverxinjána
278hearoirxowenána
279knowsaberxtsetatɕmbuána
280sleepdormirxómanana
281diemorirxóbanana
282killmatarxóbana
283swim (not bathe)nadarxatʃbabána
284flyvolarxongébxuana
285walkandarxtsanána
286comevenirxabána
287lie downacostarsextsexáxonana
288sit downsentarsexotbemána
289standponerse en pie, de piexotsajána
290givedarxatɕetajána
291saydecirxajanána
292burnquemar, arderxtsejiɲána
293mountainmontañaxáɲe
294redrojobuángana
295greenverdengɨ́bʃna
296yellowamarillotsɨɕijána
297fullllenoxútxena
298newnuevotsɨ́m
299roundredondo-bé
300drysecoboxóxo, buaʃána
301namenombrewabáina
302howcómontɕámo
303whencuándontséko, ntséko ora
304wheredondendm-óka, ndaj-éntɕe
305hereaquímu-éntɕe
306thereallítʃ-éntɕe
307otherotroínje, injá
308fewpocobatɕá, básebta
309fogneblinaxantɕetɨ́-ʃe
310flowfluirxtsobuána
311seamarmár béxa-je
312wetmojadobtʃékuana
313washlavarxáxabiana
314wormgusanotsɨkɨmiána
315wingalaxuatɨngmiá-ʃa
316furpiel peludabobo-ʃá, bobó-ʃe
317navelombligowamɨʃtɨtɨ́-ɕa
318salivasalivajebuá-je
319milklechelétɕi-jeSpanish loanword
320withcon-ka, -btaka
321inen-óka, -íɲe, -éntɕe
322aten, lugar definido-óka
323ifsi-se, -sna
324icehielojéloSpanish loanword
326freezehelarsextseʃekbána
327childniñobáse-tema
328darkoscuroibéta
329cutcortarkutʃú-j
330wideanchotɨntɕá
331narrowestrecho, angostobáse tɨntɕá
332farlejosbɨn-óka
333nearcercabéko-ɲe
334thickgruesoxoʃá
335thindelgadobáse xoʃá
336shortcortobéko
337heavypesadoteʃut-, úta
338dullembotadondɨ-ngmɨtʃɨ́-bxa
339sharpafiladobɕá-xa, ngmitʃɨ́-bxa
340dirtysuciotsénga, tsengá
341rottenpodridoxanguána
342smoothlisobɨngɨnjána
343straightrectonderítʃe
344correctcorrectotɕabá
345leftizquierdowaɲikuaj-ói-ka
346rightderechokatʃbi-ói-ka
347oldviejotángua
348rubfrotarxanɨtxuána
349pulljalar, arrastrarxuasxanána
350pushempujarxatsɨntɕána
351throwbotar, tirarxutɕenána
352hitgolpearxuénanana
353splithenderxaʃtɨtɕána
354piercepunzar, chuzarxangɨsɨtxuána
355digcavarxaxutxuána
356tieatarxabátsikana
357sewcoserxuaxonajána
358fallcaerxotsatɕána
359swellhincharxabʃatʃána
360thinkpensarxenóxuabojana
361singcantarxabérsianaSpanish loanword
362smellolerxongɨtsetɕiána
363vomitvomitarxáʃkonana
364suckchuparxobkuakuajána
365blowsoplarxangowána
366feartemerxtsawatxána
367tighten, squeezeapretar, exprimirxatɨbána
368holdsostenerxotbajána
369downabajotsɨtx-óka
370uparribatsbanán-oka
371ripemadurobótʃena
372dustpolvopolbɨ́-ʃeSpanish loanword
373alivevivoainá
374ropecuerdabiá-xa
375yearañowáta

Notes

  1. Kamëntsá at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
  2. Jolkesky, Marcelo Pinho de Valhery (2016). Estudo arqueo-ecolinguístico das terras tropicais sul-americanas (Ph.D. dissertation) (2 ed.). Brasília: University of Brasília.
  3. Mason, John Alden (1950). "The languages of South America". In Steward, Julian (ed.). Handbook of South American Indians. Vol. 6. Washington, D.C., Government Printing Office: Smithsonian Institution, Bureau of American Ethnology Bulletin 143. pp. 157–317.
  4. Fabre (2001)
  5. O'Brien (2018), p. 27
  6. Huber, Randall Q. and Robert B. Reed. 1992. Vocabulario comparativo: Palabras selectas de lenguas indígenas de Colombia (Comparative vocabulary: Selected words in indigenous languages of Colombia). Bogota, Colombia: Summer Institute of Linguistics.

Bibliography

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