Piaroa–Saliban languages

The Piaroa–Saliban, also known as Saliban (in spanish : Sálivan), are a small proposed language family of the middle Orinoco Basin, which forms an independent island within an area of Venezuela and Colombia (northern llanos) dominated by peoples of Carib and Arawakan affiliation.

Piaroa–Saliban
Saliban
Geographic
distribution
Colombia and Venezuela
Linguistic classificationBetoi–Saliban?
  • Piaroa–Saliban
Subdivisions
  • Saliban
  • Piaroan
Glottologsali1297

Betoi may be related.[1]

Languages

Piaroa and Wirö (or "Maco") form a Piaroan branch of the family.

The extinct Ature language, once spoken on the Orinoco River near the waterfalls of Atures, Venezuela, is unattested but was said to be 'little different' from Saliba, and so may have formed a Saliban branch of the family.[2][3]

Language contact

Jolkesky (2016) notes that there are lexical similarities with the Andoke–Urekena, Arawak, Máku, Tukano, and Yaruro language families due to contact.[4]

Lozano (2014:212)[5] has also noted similarities between the Saliba-Hodi and Arawakan languages.[4]:330–331

External relations

Zamponi (2017) notes resemblances between the extinct Betoi language and Piaroa–Saliban. He considers a genealogical relationship plausible, though data on Betoi is scarce.[3]

There are lexical similarities with the Hotï language (Jodï), and this has been interpreted as evidence for a Jodï–Saliban language family.[6][7] However, the similarities have also been explained as contact.[3]

Jolkesky (2009) includes Piaroa-Saliba, Betoi and Hodi in a Duho family along with Ticuna–Yuri.[4]

Vocabulary

Loukotka (1968) lists the following basic vocabulary items for the Piaroa–Saliban languages.[2]

glossPiaroaMacoSaliva
one yauotenéteniaretisinote
two tonerimatagustoxera
three wabodexkuánaperkotahuyakenxuapadi
head tsúyio
eye chierepakuté
tooth tsaxkáoayá
man ubaumbei
water ahiyaahiakagua
fire uxkudeegusta
sun morhogamanumeseki
maize ñamoimóyamo
jaguar ñáwiimpué

Rosés Labrada (2019)[7]:280–281 lists the following Swadesh-list items that are reconstructable to Proto-Sáliban.

no.glossSálibaPiaroaMako
13bite (v)ɲĩpej̃ɨʤ̃ɨbɨ
15bloodkʷauʧukʷɤhaʧukʷi iʦobu
22colddiadijɑwɑʔɑtiʤua
31drink (v)õgʷeɑwuowɨ
36soilsẽxẽɾẽhẽnihi
37eat (v)ikʷekukuanɨ
38egghieaijæiʤapo
39eyepahuteʧiʔæhæɾeʧɨbahale
41farotoɤtɤɨdɨ
42fat/oilõdeteɑ̃dẽõte
49fishpahĩdipɤĩbãĩ
53flowersebapuæʔuĩʦãbũ
66handumoʧũmuʧɨmamu
70heartomaidiʧɑ̃mi isɤkˀiʧomahade
71heavyumagaɑmækɑʔɑɨmɨka
96meatdeaʧidepæitebia
99mouthahaʧæʧaa
106noseĩxuʧ̃ɨhĩjũʧĩʤũ
116red/yellowduatũɑ̃ʔɑ̃duwɨ
119riveroxeɑheohʷe
120pathmaanamænæmana/mãlã
138skymũma sẽxẽmoɾɤ̃hæ̃m̃ɨlẽhẽ
139sleep (v)aeæʔɨabɨ
144snakeɟakʷiækɑakoˀda
152starsipodisiɾikˀɤʦiɾiʔi
158swell (v)hipamehiæmɑʔɑhebamɨ
172tongueananeʧineʧinene
176two (anim)tuxũdutɑ̃hũdũhũtaha
179hotdudaduɑʔɑtuba
184what?ãdahadæhetahi
187whitedeateɑʔɑdewɨ
188who?ãdihaditi
195womanɲaxuisahuiʦuhu

See also

References

  1. Zamponi, R. 2017 (2018). Betoi-Jirara, Sáliban, and Hodɨ: relationships among three linguistic lineages of the mid-Orinoco region. Anthropological Linguistics 59: 263-321.
  2. Loukotka, Čestmír (1968). Classification of South American Indian languages. Los Angeles: UCLA Latin American Center.
  3. Zamponi, Raoul (2017). Betoi-Jirara, Sáliban, and Hodɨ: Relationships among Three Linguistic Lineages of the Mid-Orinoco Region. Anthropological Linguistics, Volume 59, Number 3, Fall 2017, pp. 263-321.
  4. Jolkesky, Marcelo Pinho de Valhery (2016). Estudo arqueo-ecolinguístico das terras tropicais sul-americanas (Ph.D. dissertation) (2 ed.). Brasília: University of Brasília.
  5. Lozano, Miguel Angel Melendez (2014). "Jodï-Sáliban: A Linguistic Family of the Northwest Amazon". LIAMES: Línguas Indígenas Americanas (14): 173–218. doi:10.20396/liames.v0i14.1525.
  6. Labrada, Jorge Emilio Rosés. 2015. "Is Jodï a Sáliban Language?." Paper presented at the Workshop on Historical relationships among languages of the Americas, Leiden, 2-5 September 2015. 18pp.
  7. Labrada, Jorge Emilio Rosés (2019). "Jodï-Sáliban: A Linguistic Family of the Northwest Amazon". International Journal of American Linguistics. 85 (3): 275–311. doi:10.1086/703238. S2CID 198801032.

Bibliography

  • Benaissa, T. (1991). Vocabulario Sáliba-Español Español Sáliba. Lomalinda: Alberto Lleras Camargo.
  • Feddema, H. (1991). Diccionario Piaroa - Español. (Manuscript).
  • Krute, L. D. (1989). Piaroa nominal morphosemantics. New York: Columbia University. (Doctoral dissertation).
  • Kaufman, Terrence. (1990). Language history in South America: What we know and how to know more. In D. L. Payne (Ed.), Amazonian linguistics: Studies in lowland South American languages (pp. 13–67). Austin: University of Texas Press. ISBN 0-292-70414-3.
  • Kaufman, Terrence. (1994). The native languages of South America. In C. Mosley & R. E. Asher (Eds.), Atlas of the world's languages (pp. 46–76). London: Routledge.
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