Sisu

Sisu is a Finnish concept described as stoic determination, tenacity of purpose, grit, bravery, resilience,[1] and hardiness.[2] It is held by Finns to express their national character. It is generally considered not to have a literal equivalent in English (tenacity, grit, resilience, and hardiness are much the same things, but do not necessarily imply stoicism or bravery). In contemporary psychology, sisu is shown to have both beneficial and harmful sides which can be measured using a designated scale.[3]

This article is about the Finnish word. For other uses, see Sisu (disambiguation).

Meaning

Sisu is extraordinary determination in the face of extreme adversity, and courage that is presented typically in situations where success is unlikely. It expresses itself in taking action against the odds, and displaying courage and resoluteness in the face of adversity; in other words, deciding on a course of action, and then adhering to it even if repeated failures ensue. It is in some ways similar to equanimity, though sisu entails an element of stress management.

The English "gutsy" invokes a similar metaphor (one also found in other languages): the Finnish usage derives from sisus, translated as "interior", and as "entrails" or "guts". See also the colloquial phrase "intestinal fortitude". Another closely related English concept evokes the metaphor grit.

As a psychological capacity

Sisu is a term which dates back hundreds of years. It is described as being integral to understanding Finnish culture. It is a term for going beyond one's mental or physical capacity, and is a central part of the country's culture and collective discourse. However, hardly any empirical research has been done to explore the meaning of this construct as a possible psychological strength resource, and it has long seemed to have a somewhat elusive nature. It has been usually studied as a cultural component among Finns and Finnish Americans,[4][5] but as a psychological construct long remained under-researched and poorly defined.

As early as the 1940s, attempts were made to grasp the essence of sisu. The Finnish newspaper Uusi Suomi[6] reached out to its audience for their definition of sisu, and conducted a contest. Uusi-Suomi wrote: "All of us somewhat know what sisu is... [it] has for long been a topic for discussion here in Finland and abroad. But how do we describe and define what sisu really is?" The quest to define the essence of sisu has evidently been around for almost a century. More recently, William R. Aho, professor emeritus of sociology at Rhodes College, said "we need a good deal of organized, systematic scientific research to discover the scope and depth of sisu, geographically and situationally, and the depth and strength of both the beliefs and behaviors surrounding and emanating from sisu."[4]

Research that began in 2013 sought to offer more precise language for discussing the term. While examining sisu within the psychological framework, it sought to render it less elusive as a construct by giving it an easily citable definition rooted within the field of positive psychology. Sisu as a psychological power potential was introduced for the first time at the 3rd World Congress on Positive Psychology in Los Angeles on 29 June 2013.[7] In the study, sisu is described as a psychological key competence which enables extraordinary action to overcome a mentally or physically challenging situation. Sisu also contributes to what has been named the action mindset; a consistent, courageous approach toward challenges which at first seem to exceed our capacities.[8] Sisu, as measured by the Sisu Scale questionnaire, has been established in contemporary psychological research as a strong correlate with well-being and stress. The Sisu Scale is composed of harmful and beneficial sisu. [9]

A related online survey conducted between March and May 2013 tracked the cultural representations of sisu among contemporary Finns and Finnish Americans.[10] It revealed that sisu is still deeply valued, and that there is public interest for cultivating this strength capacity as well. The study received over 1,000 responses; its data was the basis for thematic analysis. Among the main findings was the perception of sisu as a reserve of power which enables extraordinary action to overcome mentally or physically challenging situations, rather than being the ability to pursue long-term goals and be persistent.

Sisu is a psychological potential that enables the individual to tap into strength beyond their pre-conceived resources. Wielding sisu in the face of adversity helps individuals push through what first seemed like the boundaries of their mental or physical capacities. Sisu is provides the final empowering push when we would otherwise hesitate to act. Sisu can be conceptualized as taking action against the odds. Even though 53% of the respondents believed some people innately have more sisu, a majority of 83% of the respondents believed that sisu is a flexible quality that can be cultivated through conscious practice, rather than being a fixed quality, and the majority of respondents were interested in developing this capacity. Research on sisu is currently continuing at Aalto University School of Science in Espoo, Finland.[11]

Sisu is not always an entirely positive quality. In Finnish, pahansisuinen, literally translated, means one possessing bad sisu, a description of a hostile and malignant person. The answers from the sisu survey indicate that there can be too much sisu, and according to the survey answers this leads to bull-headedness, foolhardiness, self-centeredness, and inflexible thinking. The study suggests that sisu should be informed by reason and cultivated and practiced with self-compassion.[8]

Like any trait or psychological capacity, sisu is the complex product of genetic, psychological, biological, and social factors, and its comprehensive understanding will require studies from multiple scientific perspectives. Finland may have the initial monopoly on sisu as a cultural construct, but it is a universal capacity and the potential for it exists within all individuals.

The transformative power of narrative is widely acknowledged.[12] People develop their values and contribute to cultural values by communicating with other people in their culture.[13] Fostering sisu may very well be embedded in such behavior, rather than being a genetic trait one is born with. Sisu is a new term in the field of positive psychology, and it may contribute to our understanding of the determinants of resilience, as well as of achievement and the good life. It is suggested that positive psychology research could benefit from focusing on sisu and by examining relevant constructs from other cultures.

Cultural significance

Sisu has been described as "the word that explains Finland", and the Finns' "favorite word"—"the most wonderful of all their words."[14] As defined by Roman Schatz in his book From Finland with Love (2005), sisu is an ability to finish a task successfully. During the Winter War of 1939–1940, the Finnish perseverance in the face of the invasion by the Soviet Union popularized this word in English for a generation.[15][16] In what may have been the first use of sisu in the English language, on 8 January 1940, Time magazine reported:

The Finns have something they call sisu. It is a compound of bravado and bravery, of ferocity and tenacity, of the ability to keep fighting after most people would have quit, and to fight with the will to win. The Finns translate sisu as "the Finnish spirit" but it is a much more gutful word than that. Last week the Finns gave the world a good example of sisu by carrying the war into Russian territory on one front while on another they withstood merciless attacks by a reinforced Russian Army. In the wilderness that forms most of the Russo-Finnish frontier between Lake Laatokka and the Arctic Ocean, the Finns definitely gained the upper hand.

— Time magazine, January 8, 1940[15]

In 2009, sisu was described as so essential to the Finnish national character that "to be a real Finn" you must have it: "willpower, tenacity, persistency."[17]

Examples

Singled out for kudos for this attribute was "Finland's wiry old peasant President, Kyösti Kallio—full of sisu..."[16] The word was also used to describe the Finnish stubbornness in sticking to its loose alliance with The Third Reich from 1941 to 1944 (in the war against the Soviet Union, which had attacked Finland on 30 November 1939):

Finnish sisu—meaning a peculiarly Finnish brand of doggedness, capable of facing down death itself—was at work against the Allies.... The Finns are not happy. But sisu enables them to say: "We have nothing worse than death to fear."

— Time magazine, May 10, 1943.[18]

During the 1952 Summer Olympics, sisu was further described in the context of the continuing Cold War looming over the Finnish capital city of Helsinki:

HELSINKI, host to the Olympic Games, a city of 400,000, was abustle. ... The Finns are not stupidly hiding their eyes from their future, but they are determined not to fall into another fight with a powerful and predatory next-door neighbor 66 times their size (in area, Finland is the sixth largest country in Europe; in population it is the third smallest). Under popular, 81-year-old President Juho Kusti Paasikivi and able, unpopular Agrarian Premier Urho Kekkonen, the Finns have learned to walk the nerve-racking path of independence like tight-rope walkers.

— Time magazine, July 21, 1952[19]

Well into the 1960s, sisu was used to describe the Finnish resistance to the invasion of 20 to 30 years prior and its continuing discontents.[20] In 1960, Austin Goodrich's book, Study in Sisu: Finland's Fight for Independence, was published by Ballantine.[21] Also in 1960, a notable reviewer of Griffin Taylor's novel, Mortlake, wrote:

"Have you heard of Finnish sisu?" asks a character in "Mortlake"—and it turns out that sisu is a sort of stamina or staying-power which the Finns have had to develop as a result of living next door to the Russians.

— Nigel Dennis, New York Times Book Review[22]

In 2004, Jorma Ollila, CEO of Nokia, described his company's "guts" by using the word sisu:

In times like these, the executives who run Nokia talk up a uniquely Finnish quality called sisu. "The translation would be 'guts,'" says Jorma Ollila, CEO of Nokia, in an interview. (Photograph Caption: Jorma Ollila says Nokia is determined to 'overcome all obstacles.') "But it's also endurance. There is a long-term element to it. You overcome all obstacles. You need quite a lot of sisu to survive in this climate." The climate he's referring to is the bleak and bitter Nordic winters, but he might as well be talking about the competitive, erratic wireless-phone market and Nokia's travails. This sisu trait—anathema to Wall Street's short-term outlook—says a lot about Nokia's response to its recent turmoil.

— Kevin Maney[23]

A Finnish heavy metal rock singer injured himself, without noticing, at a concert, to which a reviewer wrote:

Alan epäillä, että suomalainen sisu ja adrenaliini ovat yksi ja sama asia.—I am beginning to suspect that the Finnish sisu and adrenaline are the same thing.

— ImperiumI.net Finnish Heavy Metal website[24]

The concept is widely known in the Upper Peninsula of Michigan, which is home to a large concentration of Americans of Finnish descent. This has extended to include a popular bumper sticker saying "got sisu?" or simply "SISU". In 2010, a 63-year-old Yooper named Joe Paquette Jr. of Munising, Michigan, walked 425 miles to the Detroit Lions training facility to bring the spirit of sisu to the team.[25]

The non-profit documentary SISU: Family, Love and Perseverance from Finland to America was made by Finnish-American filmmaker Marko Albrecht. The documentary looks at sisu by means of a profile of his late mother, his Finnish-American family, and his uncle Heikki's fight against pancreatic cancer. The film was called a time-capsule of modern Finnish-American life.[26]

In a 2008 episode of Top Gear, F1 racer Mika Häkkinen described sisu to James May:

Sisu in English means courage, it is the Finnish courage. Let me give you an example. Climbing a tree and jumping down from there, that doesn't mean sisu. That is not courage. Sisu we can relate very much that in motor racing, for example, you're driving a rally car in a forest extremely, really fast, you need courage to be able to brake late, to go on the throttle really early, to go really close to the apex of the corners.[27]

As a proper name

Due to its cultural significance, sisu is a common element of brand names in Finland. For example, there are Sisu trucks (and Sisu armored vehicles), the icebreaker MS Sisu, a brand of strong-tasting pastilles manufactured by Leaf[28] and Suomen Sisu, a Finnish nationalist organisation with connections to other far-right groups.

Sisu is also a male name with increasing popularity. More than 2,000 Finnish men have this name,[29] most of them being born after 2010. The son of The Dudesons's Jukka Hilden is called Sisu.

Globally, there were several fitness-related organizations and endurance sports teams such as the Sisu Project based in Haverhill and Worcester, Massachusetts, U.S.A.[30] that carried the name sisu and based their philosophy on the characteristics included in the concept sisu, including courage, integrity, honesty, and determination.

Mount Sisu is the name of a mountain first ascended by mountain climbers Veikka Gustafsson and Patrick Degerman in the Antarctic.

Sisu is also the name of a London-based hedge-fund, operated by several directors including Joy Seppala. The firm bought the football club Coventry City FC in 2007.

In Norway there is a seafood company named Sisu Seafood Norway AS that exports Norwegian seafoods.

On the Western end of Michigan's Upper Peninsula, the SISU Ski Fest is a popular annual event, highlighting a 21- and 42-kilometer cross-country ski race "finishing" in historic downtown Ironwood.[31]

In season two of McLaren's animated program Tooned, Sisu is a planet and the true origin of two-time Formula One Drivers' Champion Mika Häkkinen (and possibly 2007 Drivers' Champion Kimi Räikkönen as well, based on a Sisu scene near the end of the episode in question). Häkkinen and Räikkönen are both Finnish and have driven for McLaren; Häkkinen won both of his titles with the team while Räikkönen won his after leaving McLaren for Ferrari.

A starship with a crew of partly Finnish descent in Robert A. Heinlein's 1957 science fiction novel Citizen of the Galaxy is named Sisu.[32]

A World War II movie titled Sisu, directed by Jalmari Helander and starring Jorma Tommila, was released in April 2023.[33]

See also

References
    • Kobasa, Suzanne C. (April 1982). "Commitment and Coping in Stress Resistance Among Lawyers". Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 42 (4): 707–717. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.42.4.707. ISSN 0022-3514.
    • Maddi, Salvatore R. (1999). "The Personality Construct of Hardiness: I. Effects on Experiencing, Coping, and Strain". Consulting Psychology Journal: Practice and Research. 51 (2): 83–94. doi:10.1037/1061-4087.51.2.83. ISSN 1065-9293.
  3. Henttonen, Pentti; Määttänen, Ilmari; Makkonen, Emilia; Honka, Anita; Seppälä, Vilja; Närväinen, Johanna; García-Velázquez, Regina; Airaksinen, Jaakko; Jokela, Markus; Lahti, Emilia Elisabet (1 November 2022). "A measure for assessment of beneficial and harmful fortitude: development and initial validation of the Sisu Scale". Heliyon. 8 (11): e11483. doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e11483. ISSN 2405-8440. PMC 9667267. PMID 36406727.
  4. Aho, William R. (1994). "Is 'Sisu' Alive and Well Among Finnish Americans?". In Karni, Michael G. & Asala, Joanne (eds.). The Best of Finnish Americana. Iowa City, Iowa: Penfield Press. pp. 196–205. ISBN 9781572160033.
    • Stoller, Eleanor Palo (January 1996). "Sauna, Sisu, and Sibelius: Ethnic Identity Among Finnish Americans". The Sociological Quarterly. 37 (1): 145–175. doi:10.1111/j.1533-8525.1996.tb02335.x. ISSN 0038-0253.
    • Taramaa, Raija (2007). Stubborn and Silent Finns with 'Sisu' in Finnish-American Literature: An Imagological Study of Finnishness in the Literary Production of Finnish-American Authors (Ph.D. thesis). Acta Universitatus Oulu. Oulu: Oulu University Press. ISBN 978-951-42-8372-7.
  6. Uusi-Suomi (1942). "Mitä sisu on?" [What is sisu?]. Uusi Suomi (in Finnish).
  8. Lahti, Emilia (2013). Above and Beyond Perseverance: An Exploration of Sisu (Master's thesis). University of Pennsylvania.Abstract)
  9. Henttonen, Pentti; Määttänen, Ilmari; Makkonen, Emilia; Honka, Anita; Seppälä, Vilja; Närväinen, Johanna; García-Velázquez, Regina; Airaksinen, Jaakko; Jokela, Markus; Lahti, Emilia Elisabet (1 November 2022). "A measure for assessment of beneficial and harmful fortitude: development and initial validation of the Sisu Scale". Heliyon. 8 (11): e11483. doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e11483. ISSN 2405-8440. PMC 9667267. PMID 36406727.
  11. "Journal awards Emilia Lahti's sisu study as the article of the year". Aalto University. 18 February 2021.
  12. White, Michael; Epston, David (1990). Narrative Means to Therapeutic Ends. New York: W. W. Norton. ISBN 9780393700985.
  14. Hudson, Strode (14 January 1940). "Sisu: A Word that Explains Finland". The New York Times. p. SM4. Retrieved 24 June 2009 – via The New York Times Archives..
  15. "Northern Theatre: Sisu". Time. 8 January 1940. Archived from the original on 14 October 2010. Retrieved 24 June 2009.
  16. "Northern Theatre: Again, Sisu". Time. 29 January 1940. Archived from the original on 14 October 2010. Retrieved 24 June 2009.
  17. Ruskeemiemi, Tuula (March 2009). "Sisu". Six Degrees (2): 5. Retrieved 29 September 2010 – via Issuu.
  18. "Nothing Worse to Fear". Time. 10 May 1943. Archived from the original on 14 December 2008. Retrieved 24 June 2009.
  19. "Sisu". Time. 21 July 1952. Archived from the original on 25 November 2010. Retrieved 24 June 2009.
  20. Sutton, Horace (4 February 1968). "Review: 'Winter in Finland: Sauna, Sisu, Theater'". Chicago Tribune.
  21. Farrington, Clayton (2011). "Reporter One: Austin Goodrich". The Life, Redacted Files: The Golden Age of Television ...and Espionage. Archived from the original on 13 January 2012. Retrieved 8 October 2011.
  22. Dennis, Nigel (31 July 1960). "Review: 'How to Develop Sisu on an Enemy Border; Mortlake' By Griffin Taylor". The New York Times Book Review. p. BR22. Retrieved 24 June 2009.
  23. Maney, Kevin (21 July 2004). "CEO Ollila Says Nokia's 'Sisu' Will See It Past Tough Times". USA Today. Archived from the original on 25 November 2005. Retrieved 24 June 2009.
  24. "Festariraportti: Tuska 2004" [Festival Report: Tuska 2004]. ImperiumI.net. Archived from the original on 12 June 2010. Retrieved 29 September 2010.
  25. Harris, Bill (26 August 2010). "One Very Long Walk: Detroit Lions Fan Finishes Trek to Downstate Training Camp". The Mining Journal. Marquette, Mich. Archived from the original on 2 April 2015.
  27. "Series Twelve, Episode Three". Top Gear. Series 12. Episode 3. 16 November 2008.
  28. "Sisu Häijy – tulinen salmiakkipussi!". Cloetta. Retrieved 27 October 2017.
  29. "Nimipalvelu". Väestörekisterikeskus. Retrieved 26 April 2018.
  30. "Our Unique Philosophy". The Sisu Project. Archived from the original on 11 November 2013. Retrieved 11 November 2013.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  31. "SISU Ski Fest: Ironwood, Michigan". SISU Ski Fest. Retrieved 20 January 2013.
  32. Milner, Alan (1997). "Review: Citizen of the Galaxy". The Heinlein Society. Archived from the original on 8 November 2011.
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