Bocaparvovirus

Bocaparvovirus is a genus of viruses in the subfamily Parvovirinae of the virus family Parvoviridae.[1][2] Humans, cattle, and dogs serve as natural hosts. There are 28 species in this genus.[3] Diseases associated with this genus include, in humans, acute respiratory illness, and in cattle, diarrhea and mild respiratory symptoms.[4]

Bocaparvovirus
Virus classification
(unranked): Virus
Realm: Monodnaviria
Kingdom: Shotokuvirae
Phylum: Cossaviricota
Class: Quintoviricetes
Order: Piccovirales
Family: Parvoviridae
Subfamily: Parvovirinae
Genus: Bocaparvovirus
Species

see text

History

Bocaviruses were first described in animals in the early 1960s.

Genome

Like the other members of this family, bocaparvoviruses have two open reading frames—ORF1 and 2. Unique among parvoviruses, the bocaparvoviruses contain a third open reading frame between non-structural and structural coding regions.[5] This gene encodes a highly phosphorylated nonstructural protein (NP1).

ORF1 encodes a nonstructural protein (NS1) that is involved in viral genome replication. ORF2 encodes the two capsid proteins—VP1 and VP2.

Like other parvoviruses, the VP1 unique region contains a phospholipase A(2) motif with a conserved Histidine–Aspartic acid-XXY motif in the catalytic center.[6]

Taxonomy

The following 28 species are assigned to the genus:[3]

  • Carnivore bocaparvovirus 1
  • Carnivore bocaparvovirus 2
  • Carnivore bocaparvovirus 3
  • Carnivore bocaparvovirus 4
  • Carnivore bocaparvovirus 5
  • Carnivore bocaparvovirus 6
  • Chiropteran bocaparvovirus 1
  • Chiropteran bocaparvovirus 2
  • Chiropteran bocaparvovirus 3
  • Chiropteran bocaparvovirus 4
  • Chiropteran bocaparvovirus 5
  • Lagomorph bocaparvovirus 1
  • Pinniped bocaparvovirus 1
  • Pinniped bocaparvovirus 2
  • Primate bocaparvovirus 1
  • Primate bocaparvovirus 2
  • Primate bocaparvovirus 3
  • Rodent bocaparvovirus 1
  • Rodent bocaparvovirus 2
  • Ungulate bocaparvovirus 1
  • Ungulate bocaparvovirus 2
  • Ungulate bocaparvovirus 3
  • Ungulate bocaparvovirus 4
  • Ungulate bocaparvovirus 5
  • Ungulate bocaparvovirus 6
  • Ungulate bocaparvovirus 7
  • Ungulate bocaparvovirus 8
  • Ungulate bocaparvovirus 9

Virus details

In Parvoviridae, species are now generally defined as a cluster of viruses that encode replication initiator proteins (called NS1) that have amino acid sequences that are at least 85% identical to those encoded by all other members of the species.[7]

Marmots have also been identified as the hosts of novel bocaparvoviruses.[8]

Virology

Bovine bocaviruses utilise endocytosis in clathrin-coated vesicles to enter cells; they are dependent upon acidification, and appear to be associated with actin and microtubule dependency.[9]

All bocaparvoviruses encode a novel protein called NP1 that is not present in parvoviruses from other genera. In Canine minute virus NP1 has been shown to be essential for an early step in viral replication and is also required for the read through of an internal polyadenylation site that is essential for expression of the capsid proteins.[10]

Life cycle

Viral replication is nuclear. Entry into the host cell is achieved by attachment to host receptors, which mediates clathrin-mediated endocytosis. Replication follows the rolling-hairpin model. DNA-templated transcription, with some alternative splicing mechanism is the method of transcription. The virus exits the host cell by nuclear pore export. Humans, cattle, and dogs serve as the natural host. Transmission routes are oral and respiratory.[4]

GenusHost detailsTissue tropismEntry detailsRelease detailsReplication siteAssembly siteTransmission
BocaparvovirusHumans; cows; dogsNoneClathrin-mediated endocytosisearly release from viable cells & cell lysisNucleusNucleusAerosol

Clinical

These viruses generally infect the gastrointestinal and respiratory tracts. Some may cross the placenta and cause congenital infection of the fetus.

Canine minute virus, first isolated in 1967 and associated with disease in 1970, causes respiratory disease with breathing difficulty and enteritis with severe diarrhoea, spontaneous abortion of fetuses, and death of newborn puppies.

Human bocaviruses were first isolated in 2005 in Sweden.[11] They may be able to cause hepatitis in an immunosuppressed host.[12]

Bocaparvoviruses have been isolated from human colon and lung cancers.[13] The clinical importance of this finding—if any—remains to be seen.

The incidence of bocavirus in patients with cancer is higher than that of healthy controls.[14]

Structure

Like other parvoviruses, bocaparvoviruses have an icosahedral and round structure with T=1 symmetry. The capsid is non-enveloped, and composed of 60 copies of up to six types of capsid proteins (called VP1 through to VP6) which share a common C-terminal region. The structure of a virus-like particle composed only of VP2 protein was determined by cryogenic electron microscopy and image reconstruction.[15] The diameter is around 21-22 nm. Genomes are linear, around 5.5kb in length[4]

GenusStructureSymmetryCapsidGenomic arrangementGenomic segmentation
BocaparvovirusIcosahedralT=1Non-envelopedLinearNone

References
  1. Cotmore, SF; Agbandje-McKenna, M; Canuti, M; Chiorini, JA; Eis-Hubinger, A; Hughes, J; Mietzsch, M; Modha, S; Ogliastro, M; Pénzes, JJ; Pintel, DJ; Qiu, J; Soderlund-Venermo, M; Tattersall, P; Tijssen, P; and the ICTV Report Consortium (2019). "ICTV Virus Taxonomy Profile: Parvoviridae". Journal of General Virology. 100 (3): 367–368. doi:10.1099/jgv.0.001212. PMC 6537627. PMID 30672729.
  2. "ICTV 10th Report (2018)".
  3. "Virus Taxonomy: 2020 Release". International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV). March 2021. Retrieved 10 May 2021.
  4. "Viral Zone". ExPASy. Retrieved 12 June 2015.
  5. Manteufel, Jill; Truyen, Uwe (2008). "Animal Bocaviruses: A Brief Review". Intervirology. 51 (5): 328–334. doi:10.1159/000173734. PMID 19023216. S2CID 1399470.
  6. Qu, Xiao-Wang; Liu, Wen-Pei; Qi, Zheng-Yu; Duan, Zhao-Jun; Zheng, Li-Shu; Kuang, Zi-Zhou; Zhang, Wan-Ju; Hou, Yun-De (2008). "Phospholipase A2-like activity of human bocavirus VP1 unique region". Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 365 (1): 158–63. doi:10.1016/j.bbrc.2007.10.164. PMID 17981142.
  7. Cotmore SF, McKenna MA, Chiorini JA, Gatherer D, Mukha DV, Pintel DJ, Qiu J, Venermo MS, Tattersall P, Tijssen P (19 July 2013). "Rationalization and extension of the taxonomy of the family Parvoviridae" (PDF). International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses. ICTV. Retrieved 1 September 2020.
  8. Ao, Yuanyun; Li, Xiaoyue; Li, Lili; Xie, Xiaolu; Jin, Dong; Yu, Jiemei; Lu, Shan; Duan, Zhaojun (2017). "Two novel bocaparvovirus species identified in wild Himalayan marmots". Science China Life Sciences. 60 (12): 1348–1356. doi:10.1007/s11427-017-9231-4. PMC 7089499. PMID 29218438.
  9. Dudleenamjil, E; Lin, C.-Y; Dredge, D; Murray, B. K; Robison, R. A; Johnson, F. B (2010). "Bovine parvovirus uses clathrin-mediated endocytosis for cell entry". Journal of General Virology. 91 (12): 3032–3041. doi:10.1099/vir.0.024133-0. PMID 20810750.
  10. Sukhu, L; Fasina, O; Burger, L; Rai, A; Qiu, J; Pintel, D. J (2012). "Characterization of the Nonstructural Proteins of the Bocavirus Minute Virus of Canines". Journal of Virology. 87 (2): 1098–1104. doi:10.1128/JVI.02627-12. PMC 3554049. PMID 23135724.
  11. Allander, T; Tammi, M. T; Eriksson, M; Bjerkner, A; Tiveljung-Lindell, A; Andersson, B (2005). "Cloning of a human parvovirus by molecular screening of respiratory tract samples". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 102 (36): 12891–6. Bibcode:2005PNAS..10212891A. doi:10.1073/pnas.0504666102. PMC 1200281. PMID 16118271.
  12. Kainulainen, L; Waris, M; Soderlund-Venermo, M; Allander, T; Hedman, K; Ruuskanen, O (2008). "Hepatitis and Human Bocavirus Primary Infection in a Child with T-Cell Deficiency". Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 46 (12): 4104–4105. doi:10.1128/JCM.01288-08. PMC 2593268. PMID 18842946.
  13. Schildgen, Verena; Malecki, Monika; Tillmann, Ramona-Liza; Brockmann, Michael; Schildgen, Oliver (2013). "The Human Bocavirus is Associated with Some Lung and Colorectal Cancers and Persists in Solid Tumors". PLOS ONE. 8 (6): e68020. Bibcode:2013PLoSO...868020S. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0068020. PMC 3694905. PMID 23826357.
  14. Li, Yasha; Dong, Yanming; Jiang, JUN; Yang, Yongbo; Liu, Kaiyu; Li, YI (2012). "High prevelance [sic] of human parvovirus infection in patients with malignant tumors". Oncology Letters. 3 (3): 635–640. doi:10.3892/ol.2012.548. PMC 3362544. PMID 22740966.
  15. Gurda, B. L; Parent, K. N; Bladek, H; Sinkovits, R. S; Dimattia, M. A; Rence, C; Castro, A; McKenna, R; Olson, N; Brown, K; Baker, T. S; Agbandje-Mckenna, M (2010). "Human Bocavirus Capsid Structure: Insights into the Structural Repertoire of the Parvoviridae". Journal of Virology. 84 (12): 5880–9. doi:10.1128/JVI.02719-09. PMC 2876641. PMID 20375175.
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