Fuselloviridae

Fuselloviridae is a family of viruses. Sulfolobus species, specifically shibatae, solfataricus, and islandicus, serve as natural hosts. There are two genera and nine species in the family.[1][2] The Fuselloviridae are ubiquitous in high-temperature (≥70 °C), acidic (pH ≤4) hot springs around the world.

Fuselloviridae
Virus classification
(unranked): Virus
Realm: incertae sedis
Kingdom: incertae sedis
Phylum: incertae sedis
Class: incertae sedis
Order: incertae sedis
Family: Fuselloviridae
Genera

Taxonomy

The family contains the following genera and species:[2]

  • Alphafusellovirus
    • Sulfolobus spindle-shaped virus 1
    • Sulfolobus spindle-shaped virus 2
    • Sulfolobus spindle-shaped virus 4
    • Sulfolobus spindle-shaped virus 5
    • Sulfolobus spindle-shaped virus 7
    • Sulfolobus spindle-shaped virus 8
    • Sulfolobus spindle-shaped virus 9
  • Betafusellovirus
    • Acidianus spindle-shaped virus 1
    • Sulfolobus spindle-shaped virus 6

Structure
Three slices through tomo­grams showing an SSV1 virion attacheing to S. shibatae host cell surface. Scale bars, 20 nm.[3]

Viruses in Fuselloviridae are enveloped, with lemon-shaped geometries. The diameter is around 60 nm, with a length of 100 nm. Genomes are circular, around 17.3 kb in length.[1] Biochemical characterization of SSV1, a prototypical fusellovirus, showed that virions are composed of four virus-encoded structural proteins, VP1 to VP4, as well as one DNA-binding chromatin protein of cellular origin. The virion proteins VP1, VP3, and VP4 undergo posttranslational modification by glycosylation, seemingly at multiple sites. VP1 is also proteolytically processed. SSV1 virions contain glycerol dibiphytanyl glycerol tetraether (GDGT) lipids, which appear to be acquired by the virus in a selective manner from the host cytoplasmic membrane.[4]

GenusStructureSymmetryCapsidGenomic arrangementGenomic segmentation
AlphafusellovirusLemon-shapedEnvelopedCircularMonopartite
BetafusellovirusLemon-shapedEnvelopedCircularMonopartite

Life cycle

Viral replication is cytoplasmic. Entry into the host cell is achieved by adsorption into the host cell. DNA templated transcription is the method of transcription. Sulfolobus shibatae, S. solfataricus, and S. islandicus serve as the natural host.[1] Fuselloviruses are released from the host without causing cell lysis by a budding mechanism, similar to that employed by enveloped eukaryotic viruses.[3]

GenusHost detailsTissue tropismEntry detailsRelease detailsReplication siteAssembly siteTransmission
AlphafusellovirusArchea: thermolophilicNoneInjectionBuddingCytoplasmCytoplasmPassive diffusion
BetafusellovirusArchea: thermolophilicNoneInjectionBuddingCytoplasmCytoplasmPassive diffusion

References
  1. "Viral Zone". ExPASy. Retrieved 15 June 2015.
  2. "Virus Taxonomy: 2020 Release". International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV). March 2021. Retrieved 24 May 2021.
  3. Quemin ER, Chlanda P, Sachse M, Forterre P, Prangishvili D, Krupovic M (2016). "Eukaryotic-Like Virus Budding in Archaea". mBio. 7 (5): e01439-16. doi:10.1128/mBio.01439-16. PMC 5021807. PMID 27624130.
  4. Quemin ER, Pietilä MK, Oksanen HM, Forterre P, Rijpstra WI, Schouten S, Bamford DH, Prangishvili D, Krupovic M (2015). "Sulfolobus spindle-shaped virus 1 contains glycosylated capsid proteins, a cellular chromatin protein, and host-derived lipids". J Virol. 89 (22): 11681–11691. doi:10.1128/JVI.02270-15. PMC 4645638. PMID 26355093.
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