Dicistroviridae

Dicistroviridae is a family of viruses in the order Picornavirales. Invertebrates, including aphids, leafhoppers, flies, bees, ants, and silkworms, serve as natural hosts. There are 15 species in this family, assigned to three genera.[1][2] Diseases associated with this family include: DCV: increased reproductive potential. extremely pathogenic when injected with high associated mortality. CrPV: paralysis and death.[2][3]

Dicistroviridae
Molecular surfaces of Triatoma virus (TrV) and Cricket paralysis virus (CrPV)
Virus classification
(unranked): Virus
Realm: Riboviria
Kingdom: Orthornavirae
Phylum: Pisuviricota
Class: Pisoniviricetes
Order: Picornavirales
Family: Dicistroviridae
Genera

Taxonomy
Phylogenetic tree of Dicistroviridae

Although many dicistroviruses were initially placed in the Picornaviridae, they have since been reclassified into their own family. The name (Dicistro) is derived from the characteristic dicistronic arrangement of the genome.

This family is a member of the Order Picornavirales (along with the families Iflaviridae, Picornaviridae, and Secoviridae and Marnaviridae). Within this order, the gene order is the gene order of the nonstructural proteins Hel(helicase)-Pro(protease)-RdRp(polymerase). The Dicistroviridae can be distinguished from the members of the taxa by the location of their structural protein genes at the 3' end rather than the 5' end (as found in Iflavirus, Picornaviridae and Secoviridae) and by having two genomic segments rather than a single one (as in the Comovirus).[2]

The family contains the following genera and species:[2]

Genus: Aparavirus

  • Acute bee paralysis virus
  • Israeli acute paralysis virus
  • Kashmir bee virus
  • Mud crab virus
  • Solenopsis invicta virus 1
  • Taura syndrome virus

Genus: Cripavirus

Genus: Triatovirus

  • Black queen cell virus
  • Himetobi P virus
  • Homalodisca coagulata virus-1
  • Plautia stali intestine virus
  • Triatoma virus

Linepithema humile virus 1 is possibly a member of Dicistroviridae, of unclear placement.

Structure
Schematic drawings of Dicistro­viridae virions
Genome of cricket paralysis virus (CrPV) from family Dicistroviridea

Viruses in Dicistroviridae are non-enveloped, with icosahedral geometries, and T=pseudo3 symmetry. The diameter is around 30 nm. Genomes are linear and non-segmented, around 8.5-10.2kb in length. The genome has 2 open reading frames.[2][3]

GenusStructureSymmetryCapsidGenomic arrangementGenomic segmentation
AparavirusIcosahedralPseudo T=3Non-envelopedLinear
CripavirusIcosahedralPseudo T=3Non-envelopedLinearMonopartite

Life cycle

Entry into the host cell is achieved by penetration into the host cell. Replication follows the positive stranded RNA virus replication model. Positive stranded RNA virus transcription is the method of transcription. Translation takes place by viral initiation, and ribosomal skipping. Invertebrates serve as the natural host. Transmission routes are contamination.[2][3]

GenusHost detailsTissue tropismEntry detailsRelease detailsReplication siteAssembly siteTransmission
AparavirusInvertebrates: honeybee, bumblebeesNoneUnknownUnknownCytoplasmCytoplasmUnknown
CripavirusInvertebratesNoneCell receptor endocytosisBuddingCytoplasmCytoplasmFood

RNA structural elements

Many of the Dicistroviridae genomes contains structured RNA elements. For example, the Cripaviruses have an internal ribosome entry site,[4] which mimics a Met-tRNA and is used in the initiation of translation.[5]

References
  1. Valles, SM; Chen, Y; Firth, AE; Guérin, DM; Hashimoto, Y; Herrero, S; de Miranda, JR; Ryabov, E; ICTV Report Consortium (March 2017). "ICTV Virus Taxonomy Profile: Dicistroviridae". The Journal of General Virology. 98 (3): 355–356. doi:10.1099/jgv.0.000756. PMC 5797946. PMID 28366189.
  2. "Dicistrovirdae". ICTV Online (10th) Report.
  3. "Viral Zone". ExPASy. Retrieved 15 June 2015.
  4. Kanamori, Y; Nakashima N (2001). "A tertiary structure model of the internal ribosome entry site (IRES) for methionine-independent initiation of translation". RNA. 7 (2): 266–274. doi:10.1017/S1355838201001741. PMC 1370084. PMID 11233983.
  5. Malys N, McCarthy JEG (2010). "Translation initiation: variations in the mechanism can be anticipated". Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences. 68 (6): 991–1003. doi:10.1007/s00018-010-0588-z. PMID 21076851. S2CID 31720000.
  • Hunter, WB, Katsar, CS, Chaparro, JX. 2006. Molecular analysis of capsid protein of Homalodisca coagulata virus-1, a new leafhopper-infecting virus from the glassy-winged sharpshooter, Homalodisca coagulata. Journal of Insect Science 6:31
  • Hunnicutt, LE, Hunter, WB, Cave RD, Powell, CA, Mozoruk, JJ. 2006. Genome sequence and molecular characterization of Homalodisca coagulata virus-1, a novel virus discovered in the glassy-winged sharpshooter (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae). Virology 350: 67–78
  • Valles, SM, Strong, CA, Dang, PM, Hunter, WB, Pereira, RM, Oi, DH, Shapiro, AM, Williams, DF. 2004. A picorna-like virus from the red imported fire ant, Solenopsis invicta: initial discovery, genome sequence, and characterization. Virology 328: 151–157
  • De Miranda, Joachim R.; Cordoni, Guido; Budge, Giles (2010). "The Acute bee paralysis virus–Kashmir bee virus–Israeli acute paralysis virus complex". Journal of Invertebrate Pathology. 103: S30–S47. doi:10.1016/j.jip.2009.06.014. PMID 19909972.
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