Hypovirus

Hypovirus is a genus of viruses, in the family Hypoviridae.[1] Fungi serve as natural hosts. There are four species in this genus.[2] Infection reduces the virulence of its parasitic host, making it a hyperparasite useful for blight control.[1][3]

Hypovirus
Virus classification
(unranked): Virus
Realm: Riboviria
Kingdom: Orthornavirae
Phylum: Pisuviricota
Class: Duplopiviricetes
Order: Durnavirales
Family: Hypoviridae
Genus: Hypovirus

Species

The following species are recognized by the ICTV, all of which were found with Cryphonectria parasitica:[1][2]

  • Cryphonectria hypovirus 1
  • Cryphonectria hypovirus 2
  • Cryphonectria hypovirus 3
  • Cryphonectria hypovirus 4

There are numerous family members affecting other plant-pathogenic fungi not yet accepted into the ICTV nomenclature. A proposal reorganizes the family into three genera.[4] The informal family Fusariviridae is the sister group.[5]

Structure

The diameter is around 50–80 nm. Genomes are linear, around 9–13kb in length. The genome has 1 or 2 open reading frames, named OrfA (not always present) and OrfB.[1][3]

GenusStructureSymmetryCapsidGenomic arrangementGenomic segmentation
HypovirusNo true capsidNon-envelopedLinearMonopartite

The genome contains no structural proteins. The virus accordingly does not bud out of the cell (see "life cycle" below). Both ORFs of CHV1 contain a papain-like protease to the N-terminal that is autocatalyticly cleaved. OrfA (p69, P10941) cleaves into the p29 C7 protease and a nonessential p40 protein. OrfB (Q04350) cleaves into a p48 C8 protease and the RNA replicase–helicase. [3]

Life cycle

Viral replication is cytoplasmic. Replication follows the double-stranded RNA virus replication model. Double-stranded RNA virus transcription is the method of transcription. The virus exits the host cell by cell to cell movement. Fungi serve as the natural host.[1][3]

GenusHost detailsTissue tropismEntry detailsRelease detailsReplication siteAssembly siteTransmission
HypovirusFungiNoneCytoplasmic exchange; hyphal anastomosisCytoplasmic exchange; hyphal anastomosisCytoplasmCytoplasmCytoplasmic exchange; hyphal anastomosis

CHV1 – Chestnut blight hypovirulence

Hypovirus CHV1 is the only hypovirus found in Europe up to 2000.[6] It is known for reducing the virulence of the fungus that causes chestnut blight (i.e. hypovirulence).[7] Cryphonectria parasitica, the ascomycete fungus, originated in Asia and causes the disease chestnut blight in several chestnut species (Castanea spp.). Although symptoms are mild in Asian chestnut species that have co-evolved with the fungus, they are very severe in the North American chestnut species C. dentata and also in the European sweet chestnut, C. sativa.[8] Hypovirus has been used for protection against chestnut blight in Europe since the 1970s.[6]

References
  1. Suzuki, N; Ghabrial, SA; Kim, KH; Pearson, M; Marzano, SL; Yaegashi, H; Xie, J; Guo, L; Kondo, H; Koloniuk, I; Hillman, BI; Ictv Report, Consortium (May 2018). "ICTV Virus Taxonomy Profile: Hypoviridae". The Journal of General Virology. 99 (5): 615–616. doi:10.1099/jgv.0.001055. PMID 29589826.
  2. "Virus Taxonomy: 2020 Release". International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV). March 2021. Retrieved 20 May 2021.
  3. "Viral Zone". ExPASy. Retrieved 15 June 2015.
  4. Torres-Trenas, Almudena; Cañizares, M. Carmen; García-Pedrajas, M. Dolores; Pérez-Artés, Encarnación (2020). "Molecular and Biological Characterization of the First Hypovirus Identified in Fusarium oxysporum". Frontiers in Microbiology. 10: 3131. doi:10.3389/fmicb.2019.03131. PMC 6992542. PMID 32038565.
  5. "ICTV report: Hypoviridae". ictv.global. Retrieved 31 December 2021.
  6. Peever, Tobin; Liu, Yir-Chung; Cortese, Paolo; Milgroom, Michael (November 2000). "Variation in Tolerance and Virulence in the Chestnut Blight Fungus-Hypovirus Interaction". Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 66 (11): 4863–4869. Bibcode:2000ApEnM..66.4863P. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.504.6576. doi:10.1128/AEM.66.11.4863-4869.2000. PMC 92392. PMID 11055936. Retrieved 13 August 2014.
  7. Choi, Gil (1992). "Hypovirulence of Chestnut Blight Fungus Conferred by an Infectious Viral cDNA". Science. 257 (5071): 800–803. Bibcode:1992Sci...257..800C. doi:10.1126/science.1496400. PMID 1496400.
  8. "Sweet chestnut blight (Cryphonectria parasitica)". Forestry Commission, UK. Retrieved 13 August 2014.
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