1400s (decade)

The 1400s ran from January 1, 1400, to December 31, 1409.

Millennium: 2nd millennium
Centuries:
Decades:
Years:
Categories:
  • Births
  • Deaths
  • By country
  • By topic
  • Establishments
  • Disestablishments

Events

1400

January–December
  • Henry IV of England quells the Epiphany Rising and executes the Earls of Kent, Huntingdon and Salisbury, and the Baron le Despencer, for their attempt to have Richard II restored as king.
  • February – Henry Percy (Hotspur) leads English incursions into Scotland.
  • February 14 – The deposed Richard II of England dies by means unknown in Pontefract Castle. It is likely that King Henry IV ordered his death by starvation, to prevent further uprisings.
  • March 23 – Five-year-old Trần Thiếu Đế is forced to abdicate as ruler of Đại Việt (modern-day Vietnam), in favour of his maternal grandfather and court official Hồ Quý Ly, ending the Trần Dynasty after 175 years and starting the Hồ Dynasty. Hồ Quý Ly subsequently changes the country's name to Đại Ngu.
  • May – Frederick I, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg is declared as a rival to Wenceslaus, King of the Romans. However, Frederick is murdered shortly after.
  • August
    • The English occupy Edinburgh in Scotland,[1] but fail to capture Edinburgh Castle.
    • The princes of the German states vote to depose Wenceslaus as King of the Romans, due to his weak leadership and mental illnesses.
  • August 21 – Rupert, Count Palatine of the Rhine, is elected as King of the Romans.
  • September 16 – Owain Glyndŵr is proclaimed Prince of Wales by his followers, and begins attacking English strongholds in northeast Wales.
  • October/November – Sack of Aleppo (1400) during Timur's conquest of Syria.
  • December – Manuel II Palaiologos becomes the only Byzantine Emperor ever to visit England.

Date unknown
  • Timur defeats both the Ottoman Empire and the Mamluk Sultanate of Egypt, to capture the city of Damascus in present-day Syria. Much of the city's inhabitants are subsequently massacred by Timur's troops.
  • Timur conquers the Empire of The Black Sheep Turkomans, in present-day Azerbaijan, and the Jalayirid Dynasty in present-day Iraq. Black Sheep ruler Qara Yusuf and Jalayirid Sultan Ahmad flee, and take refuge with the Ottoman Sultan Bayezid I.
  • In modern-day Korea, King Jeongjong of Joseon abdicates in fear of an attack by his ambitious younger brother, Taejong. Taejong succeeds to the throne.
  • Prince Parameswara establishes the Malacca Sultanate, in present-day western Malaysia and northern Sumatra.
  • Hananchi succeeds Min as King of Hokuzan, in modern-day north Okinawa, Japan.
  • Wallachia (modern-day southern Romania) resists an invasion by the Ottomans.
  • A Wallachian army captures Iuga, and makes Alexandru cel Bun the Prince of Moldavia.
  • The Kingdom of Kongo begins.
  • The Haast's eagle and Moa are both driven to extinction by Māori hunters.
  • The Mississippian culture starts to decline.
  • Europe is reported to have around 52 million inhabitants.
  • The House of Medici becomes powerful in Florence.
  • Newcastle upon Tyne is created a county corporate, by Henry IV of England.
  • Jean Froissart completes his Chronicles, detailing the events of the 14th Century in France.

1401

January–December

Date unknown

1402

January–December
  • January 29 – King Jogaila of the Poland–Lithuania Union answers the rumblings against his rule of Poland, by marrying Anna of Celje, a granddaughter of Casimir III of Poland.
  • March 26 – David Stewart, Duke of Rothesay, heir to the throne of Scotland, dies while being held captive by his uncle, Robert Stewart, 1st Duke of Albany.
  • May 21 – Following the death of Queen Maria of Sicily, her husband Martin I of Sicily, now sole ruler, marries Blanche of Navarre.
  • June 22
    • Battle of Nesbit Moor: An English force decisively defeats a returning Scottish raiding party.
    • Battle of Bryn Glas: Welsh rebels under Owain Glyndŵr defeat the English on the England/Wales border.[5] The Welsh capture Edmund Mortimer, son of the 3rd Earl, who defects to the Welsh cause, on 30 November marrying Owain's daughter Catrin.
  • June 26 – Battle of Casalecchio: Gian Galeazzo Visconti, the Duke of Milan, crushes the forces of Bologna and Florence, but dies from a fever later this year and is succeeded by his son, Gian Maria Visconti.
  • July 12 – The Ming dynasty prince Zhu Di and his army occupy the Ming capital, Nanjing. The Jianwen Emperor is either lost or killed and Zhu Di takes over the throne as the Yongle Emperor, marking the end of the Jingnan campaign.
  • July 20 – Battle of Ankara: An invading Timurid Empire force defeats the Ottoman Sultan Bayezid I, who is captured. A period of interregnum begins in the Ottoman Empire, with the future Mehmed I as one of the leading claimants to the throne. After Serbia is freed from Ottoman rule, Stefan Lazarević is crowned Despot of Serbia.
  • September – The English Parliament passes penal Laws against Wales which stop the Welsh from gathering together, obtaining office, carrying arms and living in English towns. Any Englishman who marries a Welsh woman also comes under the laws.
  • September 14 – Battle of Homildon Hill: Northern English nobles, led by Sir Henry Percy (Hotspur), and using longbows, decisively defeat a Scottish raiding army and capture their leader, the Earl of Douglas.
Capture of Bayezid I after Battle of Ankara

Date unknown
  • The Malacca Sultanate is established at Melaka Darul Azim (modern-day Melaka Darul Azim, Malaysia).
  • After the Christian Knights of Saint John, who are ruling Smyrna, refuse to convert to Islam or pay tribute, Timur has the entire population massacred. The Knights subsequently begin building Bodrum Castle in Bodrum, to defend against future attacks.
  • Conquest of the Canary Islands: King Henry III of Castile sends French explorer Jean de Béthencourt to colonize the Canary Islands. Béthencourt receives the title King of the Canary Islands but recognizes Henry as his overlord. This marks the beginning of the Spanish Empire.
  • The Republic of Genoa regains control of Monaco.
  • The Aq Qoyunlu ("White Sheep Turkmen") tribal confederation, in modern-day northern Iraq and Iran, moves its capital from Amida to Diyarbakır.
  • Moldavia becomes a vassal of the Kingdom of Poland in order to protect itself from an invasion by Hungary.
  • Maria II Zaccaria succeeds her husband, Pedro de San Superano, as regent of the Principality of Achaea (modern-day southern Greece).
  • Conchobar an Abaidh mac Maelsechlainn O Cellaigh succeeds Maelsechlainn mac William Buidhe O Cellaigh, as King of Uí Maine in modern-day County Galway and County Roscommon in Ireland.
  • The University of Würzburg is founded.
  • The Gangnido map of the world is completed in Joseon dynasty Korea.
  • A Great comet is sighted.
  • A big fire in the city of Utrecht starts near the Jacobikerk.

1403

January–December

Date unknown
  • Jan Hus begins preaching Wycliffite ideas in Bohemia.
  • In China, the Yongle Emperor of the Ming Dynasty
    • moves the capital from Nanjing to Beijing.
    • commissions the Yongle Encyclopedia, one of the world's earliest and largest known general encyclopedias.
    • orders his coastal provinces to build a vast fleet of ships, with construction centered at Longjiang near Nanjing; the inland provinces are to provide wood and float it down the Yangtze River.
  • The Temple of a City God is constructed in Shanghai.
  • The Gur-e Amir Mausoleum is built in Samarkand by Timur, after the death of his grandson Muhammad Sultan, and eventually becomes the family mausoleum of the Timurid Dynasty.
  • Georgia makes peace with Timur, but has to recognise him as a suzerain and pay him tribute.
  • The world's first quarantine station is built in Venice, to protect against the Black Death.
  • Grand Duke Vytautas ends his alliance with Muscovy, and captures Vyazma and Smolensk.
  • Stefan Lazarević establishes Belgrade, as the capital of the Serbian Despotate.
  • A guild of stationers is founded in the City of London. As the Worshipful Company of Stationers and Newspaper Makers (the "Stationers' Company"), it continues to be a livery company in the 21st century.
  • In Ireland
    • Tadgh Ruadh mac Maelsechlainn O Cellaigh succeeds Conchobar an Abaidh mac Maelsechlainn O Cellaigh, as King of Hy-Many, in present-day Galway and Roscommon.
    • Maolmhordha mac Con Connacht succeeds Giolla Iosa mac Pilib, as King of East Breifne, in present-day Leitrim and Cavan.
  • probable – Ououso becomes King of Nanzan, in present-day south Okinawa, Japan.

1404

January–December

Date unknown
  • Jean de Béthencourt becomes the first ruler of the Kingdom of the Canary Islands.
  • Stephan Tvrtko II succeeds Stefan Ostoja as King of Bosnia.
  • Peace is declared between Lithuania and the Teutonic Knights, after they agree to exchange land and form an alliance against Muscovy.
  • Wallachia reaches its maximum extent under Mircea cel Bătrân.
  • The University of Turin is founded.
  • Timur is hit by a fever, while preparing to invade China.
  • Centurione II Zaccaria succeeds Maria II Zaccaria, as ruler of the Principality of Achaea.
  • Virupaksha Raya succeeds Harihara Raya II, as ruler of the Vijayanagara Empire in present-day southern India.
  • Narayana Ramadhipati succeeds Ponthea Yat, as King of Cambodia.
  • Ruaidri Caech MacDermot succeeds Conchobair Óg MacDermot, as King of Magh Luirg, in present-day northeast Connacht, Ireland.
  • The city of Vicenza comes under the rule of the Venetians.

1405

January–December
  • May 29 – In England, Ralph Neville, 1st Earl of Westmorland, meets Richard le Scrope, Archbishop of York and Earl of Norfolk Thomas Mowbray in Shipton Moor, tricks them to send their rebellious army home, and then imprisons them.
  • June 8 – Richard le Scrope, Archbishop of York and Thomas Mowbray, Earl of Norfolk, are executed in York on Henry IV's orders.
  • July 11 – Ming Dynasty fleet commander Zheng He sets sail from Suzhou, to explore the world for the first time.
  • October 5 – Christine de Pizan writes a letter to Queen Isabeau, urging her to intervene in the political struggle between the dukes of Burgundy and Orléans.
  • November 17 – The Sultanate of Sulu is established on the Sulu Archipelago, off the coast of Mindanao in the Philippines.

Date unknown
  • Bath Abbey is built in England.
  • The first record is written of whiskey being consumed in Ireland, where it is distilled by Catholic monks.
  • Bellifortis, a book on military technology, is published by Konrad Kyeser.
  • Christine de Pizan writes The Book of the City of Ladies.

1406

January–December

Date unknown

1407

January–December
  • April 10 – After several invitations by the Yongle Emperor of China since 1403, the fifth Karmapa of the Karma Kagyu sect of Tibetan Buddhism, the lama Deshin Shekpa, finally visits the Ming Dynasty capital, then at Nanjing. In his twenty-two-day visit, he thrills the Ming court with alleged miracles that are recorded in a gigantic scroll, translated into five different languages. In a show of mystical prowess, Deshin Shekpa adds legitimacy to a questionable succession to the throne by Yongle, who had killed his nephew the Jianwen Emperor in the culmination of a civil war. For his services to the Ming court, including his handling of the ceremonial rites of Yongle's deceased parents, Deshin Shekpa is awarded the title Great Treasure Prince of Dharma (大寶法王).
  • June 16 – Ming–Hồ War: The Ming Dynasty of China under the Yongle Emperor conquers Vietnam, capturing Hồ Quý Ly and his sons, ending the Vietnamese Hồ Dynasty.
  • November 20 – A solemn truce between John the Fearless, Duke of Burgundy and Louis I, Duke of Orléans is agreed under the auspicies of John, Duke of Berry.
  • November 23 – The Duke of Orleans is assassinated; war breaks out again between the Burgundians and his followers.

Date unknown
  • Rudolfo Belenzani leads a revolt against Bishop Georg von Liechtenstein in Trento, Bishopric of Trent.
  • David Holbache founds Oswestry School, in the Welsh Marches.
  • Mateu Texidor finishes the Puente de la Trinidad bridge in Valencia, Spain.

1408

January–December

Date unknown

1409

January–December

Date unknown

Significant people

Births

1400

  • January 13 – Infante John of Portugal, the Constable (d. 1442)
  • March 15 – Guillaume Jouvenel des Ursins, Justice Minister of France (d. 1472)
  • May 19 – John Stourton, 1st Baron Stourton, English baron (d. 1462)
  • June 14 – Joan Ramon II, Count of Cardona (d. 1471)
  • July 26 – Isabel le Despenser, Countess of Worcester, English noble (d. 1439)
  • October 24 – Mani' ibn Rabi'a al-Muraydi, oldest known ancestor of the House of Al Sa'ud (d. 1463)
  • December 25 – John Sutton, 1st Baron Dudley, Lord Lieutenant of Ireland (d. 1487)
  • date unknown
    • James Tuchet, 5th Baron Audley (d. 1459)
    • Luca della Robbia, Florentine sculptor (d. 1482)
    • Isabella, Duchess of Lorraine (d. 1453).
    • Richard Neville, 5th Earl of Salisbury, English politician (d. 1460)
    • Owen Tudor, Welsh courtier (d. 1461)
    • Rogier van der Weyden, Dutch painter (or 1399)
    • Hans Multscher, German painter and sculptor (d. 1467)
    • Helene Kottanner, Hungarian writer and courtier (d. after 1470)
  • probable

1401

1402

  • February 6 – Louis I, Landgrave of Hesse, Landgrave of Hesse (1413-1458) (d. 1458)
  • April 28 – Nezahualcoyotl, Acolhuan philosopher, warrior, poet and tlatoani of Texcoco (d. 1472)
  • May 2 – Eleanor of Aragon, Queen of Portugal (d. 1445)
  • June 7 – Ichijō Kaneyoshi, Japanese court noble (d. 1481)
  • September 29 – Ferdinand the Holy Prince of Portugal (d. 1443)
  • November 23 – Jean de Dunois, French nobleman and soldier, illegitimate son of Louis I (d. 1468)
  • date unknown – Humphrey Stafford, 1st Duke of Buckingham, English nobleman (d. 1460)

1403

  • January 2 – Basilios Bessarion, Latin Patriarch of Constantinople (d. 1472)
  • February 22 – King Charles VII of France, monarch of the House of Valois, King of France from 1422 to his death (d. 1461)
  • June 11 – John IV, Duke of Brabant, son of Antoine (d. 1427)
  • August 11 – Ravenna Petrova, Princess of Amara Palace, daughter of William Hamilton and Anita Petrova. (d. 1423)
  • September 1 – Louis VIII, Duke of Bavaria, German noble (d. 1445)
  • September 25 – Louis III of Anjou (d. 1434)
  • September 29 – Elisabeth of Brandenburg, Duchess of Brzeg-Legnica and Cieszyn, German princess (d. 1449)
  • date unknown
    • Robert Wingfield, English politician (d. 1454)
    • John IV, Emperor of Trebizond (d. 1459)

1404

1405

1406

  • January 28 – Guy XIV de Laval, French noble (d. 1486)
  • July 11 – William, Margrave of Hachberg-Sausenberg, Margrave of Hachberg-Sausenberg (1428-1441) (d. 1482)
  • September 26 – Thomas de Ros, 8th Baron de Ros, English soldier and politician (d. 1430)
  • date unknown
    • John, Margrave of Brandenburg-Kulmbach (d. 1464)
    • Margaret, Countess of Vertus, French countess (d. 1466)
    • Martin of Aragon, Aragon infante (d. 1407)
    • Ulrich II, Count of Celje (d. 1456)
  • probable date

1407

  • March 15 – Jacob, Margrave of Baden-Baden (1431-1453) (d. 1453)
  • August 27 – Ashikaga Yoshikazu, Japanese shōgun (d. 1425)
  • September 21 – Leonello d'Este, Marquis of Ferrara, Italian noble (d. 1450)
  • November 8 – Alain de Coëtivy, Catholic cardinal (d. 1474)
  • date unknown
    • Thomas de Littleton, English judge (d. 1481)
    • Marguerite, bâtarde de France, French noble, illegitimate daughter of the King of France (d. 1458)
    • Demetrios Palaiologos, Byzantine prince (d. 1470)
    • Lorenzo Valla, Italian humanist, philosopher, literary critic (d. 1457)

1408

  • January 25 – Katharina of Hanau, German countess regent (d. 1460)
  • February 14 – John FitzAlan, 14th Earl of Arundel (d. 1435)
  • March 25 – Agnes of Baden, Countess of Holstein-Rendsburg, German noble (d. 1473)
  • April 8 – Jadwiga of Lithuania, Polish princess (d. 1431)
  • April 23 – John de Vere, 12th Earl of Oxford, English noble (d. 1462)
  • May 22 – Annamacharya, Indian mystic saint composer (d. 1503)
  • October 1 or 1409 – Karl Knutsson, King of Sweden (d. 1470)

1409

  • January 16 – René of Anjou, king of Naples (d. 1480)[17]
  • March 2 – Jean II, Duke of Alençon, son of John I of Alençon and Marie of Brittany (d. 1476)
  • March 12 – Isabella of Urgell, Duchess of Coimbra, Portuguese Duchess (d. 1459)
  • September 13 – Joan of Valois, Duchess of Alençon, French duchess (d. 1432)
  • October 7 – Elizabeth of Luxembourg (d. 1442)
  • October 21 – Alessandro Sforza, Italian condottiero (d. 1473)
  • date unknown – Bernardo Rossellino, Florentine sculptor and architect

Deaths

1400

Richard II of England
Geoffrey Chaucer
  • January 7
    • Thomas Holland, 1st Duke of Surrey, English politician (executed) (b. 1374)
    • John Montagu, 3rd Earl of Salisbury, English earl (executed) (b. 1350)
  • January 13 – Thomas le Despenser, 1st Earl of Gloucester, English politician (executed) (b. 1373)
  • January 16 – John Holland, 1st Duke of Exeter, English politician (executed)
  • February 14 – King Richard II of England, (probably murdered) (b. 1367)
  • April 21 – John Wittlebury, English politician (b. 1333)
  • April 23 – Aubrey de Vere, 10th Earl of Oxford, third son of John de Vere (b. 1338)
  • April 28 – Baldus de Ubaldis, Italian jurist (b. 1327)
  • June 5 – Frederick I, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg, rival King of the Romans
  • June 17 – Jan of Jenštejn, Archbishop of Prague (b. 1348)
  • October 25 – Geoffrey Chaucer, English poet (b. c. 1343)[18]
  • November 8 – Peter of Aragon, Aragonese infante (b. 1398)
  • November 20 – Elizabeth of Moravia, Margravine of Meissen (b. 1355)
  • November – Tarabya of Ava (b. 1368)
  • December – Archibald the Grim, Scottish magnate (b. 1328)
  • date unknown – Narayana Pandit, Indian mathematician (b. 1340)

1401

  • January 19 – Robert Bealknap, British justice
  • March – William Sawtrey, English Lollard martyr (burned at the stake)
  • April 8 or August 8 – Thomas de Beauchamp, 12th Earl of Warwick (b. 1338)
  • May 25 – Queen Maria of Sicily (b. 1363)
  • September 14 – Dobrogost of Nowy Dwór, Polish bishop (b. 1355)
  • October – Anabella Drummond, queen of Scotland
  • October 19 – John Charleton, 4th Baron Cherleton (b. 1362)
  • October 20 – Klaus Störtebeker, German pirate
  • November 25 – King Tarabya of Ava (b. 1368)
  • date unknown – Andronikos Asen Zaccaria, Baron of Chalandritsa and Arcadia, Grand Constable of Achaea

1402

  • March 26 – David Stewart, Duke of Rothesay, heir to the throne of Scotland (b. 1378)[19]
  • May 3 – João Anes, Archbishop of Lisbon
  • June 26 – Giovanni I Bentivoglio, Ruler of Bologna (b. 1358)
  • July 13 – Jianwen Emperor of China (b. 1377)
  • August 1 – Edmund of Langley, 1st Duke of York, son of King Edward III of England (b. 1341)
  • September 3 – Gian Galeazzo Visconti, first Duke of Milan (b. 1351)
  • date unknown
    • Empress Ma (Jianwen) of China (b. 1378)
    • Hywel Sele, Welsh nobleman

1403

  • March 8 – Beyazid, Ottoman Sultan (b. 1354)
  • April 27 – Maria of Bosnia, Countess of Helfenstein (b. 1335)
  • April – Đurađ II Stracimirović, Serbian nobleman from the House of Balšić in Zeta
  • May 10 – Katherine Swynford, Duchess of Lancaster, spouse of John of Gaunt
  • May 12 – William de Lode, English prior
  • July 21 (at the Battle of Shrewsbury)
    • Sir Walter Blount, English soldier, standard-bearer of Henry IV (in battle)
    • Edmund Stafford, 5th Earl of Stafford, English soldier (in battle)
    • Henry 'Hotspur' Percy, English rebel (in battle)
  • July 23 – Thomas Percy, 1st Earl of Worcester, English rebel (executed) (b. 1343)
  • date unknown – Vukosav Nikolić, Bosnian nobleman (in battle)
  • probable date – Hajji Zayn al-Attar, Persian physician

1404

1405

  • January 12 – Eleanor Maltravers, English noblewoman (b. 1345)
  • February 14 – Timur (aka Tamerlane), Turco-Mongol monarch and conqueror (b. 1336)
  • March 16 – Margaret III, Countess of Flanders (b. 1350)
  • April 19 – Thomas West, 1st Baron West (b. 1335)
  • May 29 – Philippe de Mézières, advisor to Charles V of France
  • June 8
    • Thomas de Mowbray, 4th Earl of Norfolk, English rebel, executed in York (b. 1385)
    • Richard le Scrope, Archbishop of York, executed in York (b. c.1350)
  • c. July 20 – Alexander Stewart, Earl of Buchan, the "Wolf of Badenoch", fourth son of King Robert II of Scotland (b. 1343)[20]
  • probable – Jean Froissart, French chronicler (b. 1337)

1406

1407

  • February 9 – William I, Margrave of Meissen (b. 1343)
  • February 16 – Abdallah Fakhr al-Din, religious leader
  • March 7 – Francesco I Gonzaga, ruler of Mantua
  • April 23 – Olivier de Clisson, French soldier (b. 1326)
  • July – Empress Xu (Ming dynasty), Chinese Empress (b. 1362)
  • November 23 – Louis I, Duke of Orléans, brother of Charles VI of France (murdered) (b. 1372)
  • date unknown
    • Pero López de Ayala, Spanish soldier (b. 1332)
    • Kolgrim, Norse Greenlander and alleged sorcerer

1408

  • February 19 – Thomas Bardolf, 5th Baron Bardolf, English rebel (in battle)
  • February 20 – Henry Percy, 1st Earl of Northumberland, English rebel (in battle) (b. 1342)
  • April – Miran Shah, son of Timur the Lame (b. 1366)
  • April 10 or April 11 – Elizabeth le Despenser, English noblewoman
  • May 24 – Taejo of Joseon, ruler of Korea (b. 1335)
  • May 31 – Ashikaga Yoshimitsu, Japanese shōgun (b. 1358)
  • September 15 – Edmund Holland, 4th Earl of Kent (b. 1384)
  • September 22 – John VII Palaiologos, Byzantine Emperor (b. 1370)
  • December 4 – Valentina Visconti, Duchess of Orléans by marriage to Louis of Valois, Duke of Orléans
  • date unknown – Coptic Pope Matthew I of Alexandria[22]

1409

  • May 13 – Jan of Tarnów, Polish nobleman
  • May 22 – Blanche of England, sister of King Henry V (b. 1392)
  • July 25 – King Martin I of Sicily (b. 1374)
  • September 13 – Isabella of Valois, queen consort of England (b. 1387)
  • date unknown – Thomas Merke, English bishop
  • probable – Edmund Mortimer, English rebel (b. 1376)

References
  1. Palmer, Alan; Veronica (1992). The Chronology of British History. London: Century Ltd. pp. 115–117. ISBN 0-7126-5616-2.
  2. Drees, Clayton J. (2001). The Late Medieval Age of Crisis and Renewal, 1300-1500: A Biographical Dictionary. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 428. ISBN 9780313305887.
  3. Breverton, Terry (2009). Owain Glyndwr: The Story of the Last Prince of Wales. Amberley Publishing Limited. p. 82. ISBN 9781445608761.
  4. Ibn Khaldun (1952). Ibn Khaldūn and Tamerlane: Their Historic Meeting in Damascus, 1401 A.d. (803 A. H.) A Study Based on Arabic Manuscripts of Ibn Khaldūn's "Autobiography,". Translated by Walter Joseph Fischel. University of California Press. p. 97.
  5. "Battle at Bryn Glas; Battle of Pilleth (306352)". Coflein. RCAHMW. Retrieved 28 June 2020.
  6. Rogers, Clifford J., ed. (2010). "Modon, Battle of". The Oxford Encyclopedia of Medieval Warfare and Military Technology. Oxford University Press. pp. 13–14. ISBN 978-0-195334036.
  7. Kingsford, C. J. (1962) [1925]. "IV. West Country Piracy: The School of English Seamen". Prejudice and Promise in Fifteenth Century England. London: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-7146-1488-5.
  8. Longmate, Norman (1990). Defending the Island. London: Grafton. ISBN 0-586-20845-3.
  9. Longmate, Norman (1990). Defending the Island. London: Grafton. ISBN 0-586-20845-3.
  10. Mortimer, Ian (2007). The Fears of Henry IV. London: Jonathan Cape. ISBN 978-0-224-07300-4.
  11. Syvret, Marguerite (2011). Balleine's History of Jersey. The History Press. ISBN 978-1860776502.
  12. "Yongle dadian | Chinese encyclopaedia". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 10 May 2019.
  13. Martinsson, Örjan. "Gotland". www.tacitus.nu. Tacitus.nu. Retrieved 2014-06-12.
  14. Childress, Diana (2008). Johannes Gutenberg and the Printing Press. Minneapolis: Twenty-First Century Books. p. 14. ISBN 978-0-7613-4024-9.
  15. "Francesco Sforza | duke of Milan [1401–1466]". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 22 July 2018.
  16. "Catherine Of Valois | French princess". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 22 July 2018.
  17. "René I | duke of Anjou". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 10 May 2019.
  18. "Geoffrey Chaucer | Biography, Poems, Canterbury Tales, & Facts". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 12 January 2021.
  19. "David Stewart, 1st Duke of Rothesay: Biography on Undiscovered Scotland". www.undiscoveredscotland.co.uk. Retrieved 24 October 2020.
  20. Grant, Alexander. "Alexander Stewart", ODNB.
  21. "King Robert III: Biography on Undiscovered Scotland". www.undiscoveredscotland.co.uk. Retrieved 10 May 2021.
  22. Gabra, Gawdat; Takla, Hany N. (2017). Christianity and Monasticism in Northern Egypt: Beni Suef, Giza, Cairo, and the Nile Delta. Oxford University Press. p. 76. ISBN 9789774167775.
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