1380s

The 1380s was a decade of the Julian Calendar which began on January 1, 1380, and ended on December 31, 1389.

Millennium: 2nd millennium
Centuries:
Decades:
Years:
Categories:
  • Births
  • Deaths
  • By country
  • By topic
  • Establishments
  • Disestablishments

Events

1380

January–December

Date unknown
  • Sir William Walworth, a member of the Fishmongers Guild, becomes Lord Mayor of London for the second time.
  • Khan Tokhtamysh of the White Horde dethrones Khan Mamai of the Blue Horde. The two hordes unite to form the Golden Horde.
  • Karim Al-Makhdum arrives in Jolo, and builds a mosque.
  • The Hongwu Emperor purges the chancellor of China, Hu Weiyong, and abolishes that office, as he imposes direct imperial rule over the six ministries of central government, for the Ming Empire.
  • The last islands of Polynesia are discovered and inhabited.
  • The Companhia das Naus is founded by King Ferdinand I of Portugal.
  • The imposter Paul Palaiologos Tagaris, having been appointed Latin Patriarch of Constantinople by Pope Urban VI, takes up residence in his see at Chalcis.

1381

January–December

Date not known
  • Due to Joanna I of Naples' support for Antipope Clement VII, Pope Urban VI bestows Naples upon Charles of Durazzo. With the help of the Hungarians, Charles advances on Naples and captures Joanna. James of Baux, the ruler of Taranto and the Latin Empire, claims the Principality of Achaea after Joanna's imprisonment.
  • After a naval battle, Venice wins the three-year War of Chioggia against Genoa. The Genoans are permanently weakened by the conflict.
  • Hajji I succeeds Alah-ad-Din Ali as Mamluk Sultan of Egypt. The Egyptian government continues to be controlled by rebel leader Barquq.
  • Timur conquers east Persia, ending the rule of the Sarbadar dynasty.
  • Sonam Drakpa deposes Drakpa Changchub as ruler of Tibet.
  • The Ming dynasty of China annexes the areas of the old Kingdom of Dali, in modern-day Yunnan and Guizhou provinces, inhabited by the Miao and Yao peoples. Hundreds of thousands of Chinese (including military colonists) will migrate there from the rest of China.
  • In Ming dynasty China, the lijia census registration system begun in 1371 is now universally imposed, during the reign of the Hongwu Emperor. The census counts 59,873,305 people living in China in this year. This depicts a drastic drop in population since the Song dynasty, which counted 100 million people at its height in the early 12th century. A modern historian states that the Ming census is inaccurate, as China at around this time has at least 65,000,000 inhabitants, if not 75,000,000.[2]

1382

January–December
  • January 20 – Princess Anne of Bohemia, a daughter of the late Charles IV, Holy Roman Emperor, becomes the Queen Consort of England by marrying King Richard II; the marriage produces no heirs before her death in 1395.
  • May 12 – Charles of Durazzo executes the imprisoned Joanna I of Naples, and succeeds her as Charles III of Naples.
  • May 21 – John Wycliffe's teachings are condemned by the Synod of London, which becomes known as the "Earthquake Synod", after its meetings are disrupted by an earthquake.[3]
  • August – The iconic painting the Black Madonna of Częstochowa is brought from Jerusalem, to the Jasna Góra Monastery in Poland.
  • September – Following the death of Louis I of Hungary and Poland:
    • Louis' daughter Mary becomes Queen of Hungary.
    • The Poles, who do not wish to be ruled by Mary's fiancee, the future Holy Roman Emperor Sigismund, choose Mary's younger sister, Jadwiga, to become ruler of Poland. After two years of negotiations, Jadwiga is eventually crowned "King" in 1384.
  • September 30 – The inhabitants of Trieste (now in northern Italy) donate their city to Duke Leopold III of Austria.
  • October – James I succeeds his nephew, Peter II, as King of Cyprus.
  • November 27 – Battle of Roosebeke: A French army under Louis II, Count of Flanders defeats the Flemings, led by Philip van Artevelde.

Date unknown
  • Khan Tokhtamysh of the Golden Horde overruns Muscovy, as punishment for Grand Prince Dmitry Donskoy's resistance to Khan Mamai of the Blue Horde in the 1370s. Dmitry Donskoy pledges his loyalty to Tokhtamysh, and is allowed to remain as ruler of Moscow and Vladimir.
  • The Ottomans take Sofia from the Bulgarians.
  • After a five-year revolt, Barquq deposes Hajji II as Mamluk Sultan of Egypt, marking the end of the Bahri Dynasty, and the start of the Burji Dynasty.
  • Ibrahim I is selected to succeed Husheng, as Shah of Shirvan (now Azerbaijan).
  • Kęstutis, the Grand Duke of Lithuania, is taken prisoner by former Grand Duke Jogaila, whilst meeting him to hold negotiations. Kęstutis is subsequently murdered, and Jogaila regains the rule of Lithuania.
  • Ahmed deposes his brother, Hussain, as ruler of the Jalayirid Dynasty in western Persia.
  • Rana Lakha succeeds Rana Kshetra Singh, as ruler of Mewar (now part of western India).
  • Conrad Zöllner von Rothenstein succeeds Winrich von Kniprode, as Grand Master of the Teutonic Knights.
  • Balša II of Zeta conquers Albania.
  • Dawit I succeeds his brother Newaya Maryam, as Emperor of Ethiopia.
  • Winchester College is founded in England.
  • Abraham bar Garib becomes Syriac Orthodox Patriarch of Mardin.[4]

1383

January–December
  • May 17 – King John I of Castile and Leon marries Beatrice of Portugal.
  • July 7 – The childless James of Baux, ruler of Taranto and Achaea, and last titular Latin Emperor, dies.[5] As a result:
    • Charles III of Naples becomes ruler of Achaea (now southern Greece).
    • Otto, Duke of Brunswick-Grubenhagen, the widower of Joanna I of Naples, becomes ruler of Taranto (now eastern Italy).
    • Louis I, Duke of Anjou inherits the claim to the Latin Empire (now western Turkey), but never uses the title of Emperor.
  • October 22 – King Fernando I of Portugal dies, and is succeeded by his daughter, Beatrice of Portugal. A period of civil war and anarchy, known as the 1383–85 Crisis, begins in Portugal, due to Beatrice being married to King John I of Castile and Leon.

Date unknown
  • Dan I succeeds his father as Prince of Wallachia. He is the ancestor of the House of Dăneşti.
  • The Teutonic Knights recommence war against pagan Lithuania.
  • Rao Chanda succeeds Rao Biram Dev, as Rathore ruler of Marwar (now in western India).
  • Löwenbräu beer is first brewed.
  • Completion of the original inner courtyard of Farleigh Hungerford Castle in Somersetshire, England.
  • The Wat Phra That Doi Suthep Temple is built in present-day Thailand, by King Kuena of Lanna.
  • Construction of the Bastille is completed in Paris, France.

1384

January–December
  • May – September 3 – Siege of Lisbon by the Castilian army, during the 1383–85 Crisis in Portugal.
  • August 16 – The Hongwu Emperor of Ming China hears a case of a couple who tore paper money notes, while fighting over them. Under the law, this is considered to be destroying stamped government documents, which is to be punished by a caning with a bamboo rod of 100 strokes. However, the Emperor decides to pardon them, on the grounds that it was unintentional.
  • November 16 – 10-year-old Jadwiga is crowned "King" of Poland in Kraków following the death of her father, King Louis, in 1382.
  • December 25 – Use of the Spanish era dating system in the Crown of Castile is suppressed.
Unknown Date
  • The Hongwu Emperor of China reinstates the Imperial examination system for drafting scholar-officials to the civil service, after suspending the system since 1373, in favor of a recommendation system to office.
  • The Nasrid princes of Al-Andalus replace Abu al-Abbas with Abu Faris Musa ibn Faris, as ruler of the Marinid dynasty in modern-day Morocco.
  • Zain Al-Abidin succeeds his father, Shah Shuja, as ruler of the Muzaffarids in central Persia.
  • Shortly before his death, John Wycliffe sends out tracts against Pope Urban VI, who has not turned out to be the reformist Wycliffe had hoped.
  • Qara Muhammad succeeds Bairam Khawaja, as ruler of the Kara Koyunlu ("Black Sheep Turkomans"), in modern-day Armenia and northern Iraq.
  • Timur conquers the northern territories of the Jalayirid Empire, in western Persia.
  • Katharine Lady Berkeley's School is founded in Gloucestershire, England.

1385

January–December
  • July 17 – Charles VI of France marries Isabeau of Bavaria; the wedding is celebrated with France's first court ball.
  • August 6 – Edmund of Langley is elevated to become the first Duke of York in England.
  • August 14
    • Battle of Aljubarrota: John of Aviz defeats John I of Castile in the decisive battle of the 1383–85 Crisis in Portugal. John of Aviz is crowned King John I of Portugal, ending Queen Beatrice's rule, and Portugal's independence from the Kingdom of Castile is secured.
    • The Union of Krewo establishes the Jagiellonian dynasty in Poland and Lithuania, through the proposed marriage of Queen regnant Jadwiga of Poland and Grand Duke Jogaila of Lithuania, and sees the acceptance of Roman Catholicism by the Lithuanian elite, and an end to the Greater Poland Civil War.
  • August 31 – King Richard II of England begins an invasion of Scotland.[6] The English burn Holyrood and Edinburgh, but return home without a decisive battle.[7]
  • September 18 – Battle of Savra: Serbian forces under Balša II and Ivaniš Mrnjavčević are defeated by Ottoman commander Hayreddin Pasha, near Berat.
  • October 15 – Battle of Valverde: The armies of Portugal defeat Castile.
  • December – A group of Hungarian nobles helps Charles III of Naples to overthrow Queen Mary, as ruler of Hungary and Croatia.

Date unknown
  • Tokhtamysh of the Golden Horde conquers parts of the Jalayirid Sultanate in western Persia, causing a rift between himself and Timur of the Timurid Empire, who had also wanted to conquer Persia.
  • Olav IV of Norway is elected as titular King of Sweden, in opposition to the unpopular King Albert.
  • The Hongwu Emperor of China's Ming dynasty relents after eighteen tribute missions over the previous eight years, and agrees to invest King U of Goryeo.
  • Construction of:

1386

January–December

Date unknown
  • The mother and sister of Queen Jadwiga of Poland are kidnapped by rebels in Hungary-Croatia.
  • Abu al-Abbas is reinstated as ruler of the Marinid dynasty in modern-day Morocco.
  • The Republic of Venice takes control of the island of Corfu.
  • Construction begins on the Brancacci Chapel in Florence.
  • Rozhdestvensky monastery is built in Muscovy.

1387

January–December
  • Elizabeta Kotromanic, mother of Mary, Queen of Hungary and the regent of Hungary, is murdered in prison by the Croatian rebels (her daughter is liberated on 4 June).
  • January 1 – Charles III ascends to the throne of Navarre, after the death of his father, Charles II.[9]
  • January 5 – John I succeeds his father, Peter IV, as King of Aragon and Valencia, and forms an alliance with France and Castile.
  • March 11 – Battle of Castagnaro: Padua, led by John Hawkwood, is victorious over Giovanni Ordelaffi of Verona.
  • March 24–25 – Battle of Margate off the coast of Margate: The Kingdom of England is victorious over a Franco-Castilian-Flemish fleet.
  • June 2 – John Holland, a maternal half-brother of Richard II of England, is created Earl of Huntingdon.
  • August 22 – Olaf, King of Norway and Denmark and claimant to the throne of Sweden, dies. The vacant thrones come under the regency of his mother Margaret I of Denmark, who will soon become queen in her own right.
  • September 27 – Petru of Moldavia pays homage to Władysław II Jagiełło, making Moldavia a Polish fief (which it will remain until 1497).
  • December 19 – Battle of Radcot Bridge: Forces loyal to Richard II of England are defeated by a group of rebellious barons known as the Lords Appellant. Richard II is imprisoned, until he agrees to replace all the councillors in his court.

Date unknown
  • Timur conquers the Muzaffarid Empire in central Persia, and appoints three puppet rulers.
  • Khan Tokhtamysh of the Golden Horde invades the Timurid Empire, but has to withdraw soon after, due to heavy snow.
  • Maghan II succeeds his brother, Musa II, as Mansa of the Mali Empire

1388

January–December
  • February – The entire court of Richard II of England are convicted of treason by the Merciless Parliament, under the influence of the Lords Appellant, and are all either executed or exiled. Richard II effectively becomes a puppet of the Lords Appellant.
  • April 9 – Battle of Näfels: Glarus, in alliance with the Old Swiss Confederacy, decisively defeat the Habsburgs, despite being outnumbered sixteen to one.
  • May 18 – Battle of Buyur Lake: A Chinese Ming invasion force under General Lan Yu defeats a large Mongolian army under Uskhal Khan Tögüs Temür, and captures 100 members of the Northern Yuan Dynasty. Uskhal Khan is killed whilst trying to escape, and is succeeded as Khan of Mongolia by his rival, Jorightu. The invading Chinese army destroys Karakorum, the capital of the Mongolian Empire.
  • August 5 – Battle of Otterburn: A Scottish army, led by James Douglas, defeats an English army, capturing their leader, Harry Hotspur. Douglas is killed during the battle.
  • August 27 – Battle of Bileća: The Bosnians check the Ottoman advance.
  • December 12 – Maria of Enghien sells the Lordship of Argos and Nauplia to the Republic of Venice.

Date unknown
  • Mircea I of Wallachia takes control of the region of Dobruja, thus preventing its occupation by the Ottomans.
  • Petru of Moldavia receives Pokuttya, as a pawn for a loan to the Polish king.
  • The revision of Wycliffe's Bible is completed by John Purvey, and Wyclif's followers, known as the Lollards, begin to be persecuted in England.
  • John of Gaunt, the uncle of Richard II of England, makes peace with Castile and gives up his claim to the Castilian throne, by allowing his daughter Catherine of Lancaster to marry Prince Henry, the eldest son of John I of Castile.
  • The title of Prince of Asturias is created.
  • Ramesuan is reinstated as King of Ayutthaya (modern-day southern Thailand), after dethroning and executing 17-year-old King Thong Chan.
  • Goryeo Revolution: General Yi Seong-gye begins a four year revolution in Goryeo (modern-day Korea), after being ordered by King U of Goryeo to attack the superior Chinese army. King U is forced from power, and replaced by his son Chang.
  • Tran Ngung overthrows Tran Hien as King of Vietnam.
  • Omar I is succeeded by Sa'id, as King of the Kanem-Bornu Empire (modern-day east Chad and Nigeria). Sa'id is succeeded in the same year by Kade Alunu. Omar and Sa'id are both killed by Bilala invaders from the west.
  • Ghiyas-ud-Din Tughluq II succeeds Firuz Shah Tughlaq as Sultan of Delhi.
  • Charles VI of France takes complete control of the government, ending the regency of his uncle, Philip the Bold.
  • The University of Cologne is established; by the 21st century it will be the largest university in Germany.
  • Cozia Monastery is built in Wallachia.
  • Ljubostinja Monastery is built in Serbia.

1389

January–December

Date unknown
  • Mircea I of Wallachia and Polish king Władysław II Jagiełło sign their first treaty, to protect their countries against Ottoman expansion.
  • Goryeo Revolution in Korea (1388–1392): King Chang of Goryeo is forced from power and replaced by King Gongyang. The ten-year-old Chang and his predecessor, U, are both assassinated later in the year.
  • Hadji II is restored as Mamluk Sultan of Egypt, after overthrowing Sultan Barquq.
  • With the backing of Antipope John XXIII, supporters of Louis II overthrow the underage King Ladislaus as King of Naples. The new Pope Boniface IX recognises Ladislaus's claim to the throne.
  • Wikramawardhana succeeds Hayam Wuruk, as ruler of the Majapahit Empire.
  • The unpopular Sultan Tughluq Khan of Delhi is murdered and succeeded by his brother, Abu Bakr Shah.
  • Biri II succeeds Kade Alunu as King of the Kanem-Bornu Empire (now eastern Chad and Nigeria), and the Empire loses its land in present-day Chad to the Bilala.
  • Sandaki overthrows Magha II, as Mansa of the Mali Empire.
  • Abd ar-Rahmân II succeeds Musa II as ruler of the Ziyanid Dynasty, in present-day western Algeria.
  • Abu Tashufin II succeeds his nephew, Abu Hammu II, as ruler of the Abdalwadid Dynasty in present-day eastern Algeria.
  • Carmo Convent is built in Lisbon, Portugal.

Significant people

Births

1380

  • February 11 – Gian Francesco Poggio Bracciolini, Italian humanist (d. 1459)
  • September 8 – Saint Bernardino of Siena, Italian Franciscan missionary (d. 1444)
  • November 27 – King Ferdinand I of Aragon (d. 1416)
  • date unknown
    • Giovanni Berardi, Archbishop of Tarentum (d. 1449)
    • Nguyễn Trãi, Confucian scholar (d. 1442)
    • Anne de Bourbon, French noble (d. 1408)
    • Jan Želivský, Hussite priest (d. 1422)
  • probable
    • Huitzilihuitl II, 2nd Tlatoani (king) of Tenochtitlan (modern Mexico City), 1396–1417, father of Moctezuma I (d. c. 1417)[10]
    • Jamshīd al-Kāshī, Persian astronomer and mathematician (d. 1429)
    • King Lukeni lua Nimi of the Kingdom of Kongo (d. 1420)
    • Thomas à Kempis, German monk and writer (d. 1471)
    • Parameshvara, Indian mathematician (d. 1425)

1381

  • January 13 – Colette of Corbie, French abbess and saint in the Catholic Church (d. 1447)[11]
  • October 13 – Thomas FitzAlan, 12th Earl of Arundel, English politician (d. 1415)
  • date unknown
    • Anna of Celje, Queen consort of Poland (d. 1416)
    • Johann Schiltberger, German traveller and writer (d. 1440)
    • John I, Duke of Bourbon (d. 1434)
    • Saint Rita of Cascia (d. 1457)
    • Itzcóatl, fourth Tlatoani for the Mexica Empire (d. 1440)

1382

  • January 23 – Richard de Beauchamp, 13th Earl of Warwick (d. 1439)
  • date unknown
    • Frederick IV, Duke of Austria (d. 1439)
    • Joan, princess regent of Navarre (d. 1413)
    • Lope de Barrientos, powerful bishop in Castile
    • Dawit I of Ethiopia (d. 1413)
  • probable – Eric of Pomerania, King of Norway, Sweden and Denmark (d. 1459)

1383

1384

  • January 6 – Edmund Holland, 4th Earl of Kent (d. 1408)
  • August – Antoine, Duke of Brabant (d. 1415)
  • August 11 – Yolande of Aragon (d. 1442)
  • date unknown
    • St Frances of Rome (d. 1440)
    • Khalil Sultan, ruler of Transoxiana (d. 1411)
    • Sigismondo Polcastro, Italian physician and natural philosopher (d. 1473)

1385

  • June 23 – Stephen, Count Palatine of Simmern-Zweibrücken (d. 1459)
  • August 1 – John FitzAlan, 13th Earl of Arundel, English noble (d. 1421)
  • August 15 – Richard de Vere, 11th Earl of Oxford, English noble (d. 1417)
  • date unknown
    • Jean I, Duke of Alençon (d. 1415)
    • Jan van Eyck, Flemish painter (approximate date; d. 1441)
    • Margaret Holland, Duchess of Clarence, English noble (d. 1429)
    • Mircea I of Wallachia (d. 1418)

1386

1387

  • July 6 – Queen Blanche I of Navarre (d. 1441)
  • date unknown – Henriette, Countess of Montbéliard, regent of Württemberg (d. 1444)

1388

  • September 14 – Claudius Clavus, Danish geographer
  • date unknown
    • Juliana Berners, English writer
    • Thomas of Lancaster, 1st Duke of Clarence, second son of Henry IV of England (d. 1421)
    • Thomas Montagu, 4th Earl of Salisbury (d. 1428)
    • Dai Jin, Chinese painter (d. 1462)

1389

Deaths

1380

1381

  • March 24 – Catherine of Vadstena, Swedish saint (b. 1331 or 1332)[15]
  • May 15 – Eppelein von Gailingen, German robber baron
  • June 14 – Simon Sudbury, Archbishop of Canterbury (murdered)
  • June 15
    • John Cavendish, Lord Chief Justice of England (murdered)
    • Wat Tyler, English rebel (murdered)
  • July 15 – John Ball, renegade priest (executed)
  • December 2 – John of Ruysbroeck, Flemish mystic
  • December 27 – Edmund Mortimer, 3rd Earl of March, English politician

1382

1383

  • March 1 – Amadeus VI, Count of Savoy (b. 1334)
  • March 3 – Hugh III of Arborea
  • June 5 – Dmitry Konstantinovich, Russian prince (b. 1324)
  • June 8 – Thomas de Ros, 4th Baron de Ros, English Crusader (b. 1338)
  • June 15 – John VI Kantakouzenos, Byzantine Emperor (b. 1292)
  • July 7   James of Baux, titular Latin Emperor
  • October 22 – King Fernando I of Portugal (b. 1345)
  • December 7 – Wenceslaus I, Duke of Luxembourg (b. 1337)
  • December 23 – Beatrice of Bourbon, Queen of Bohemia (b. 1320)
  • date unknown
    • Radu I, Prince of Wallachia

1384

  • January 30 – Louis II, Count of Flanders (b. 1330)
  • May – William Douglas, 1st Earl of Douglas, Scottish magnate (b.c. 1327)
  • June 8 – Kan'ami, Japanese actor and playwright (b. 1333)
  • August 6 – Francesco I of Lesbos
  • August 20 – Geert Groote, Dutch founder of the Brethren of the Common Life (b. 1340)
  • September 10 – Joanna of Dreux, Countess of Penthievre and nominal Duchess of Brittany (b. 1319)
  • September 20 – Louis I, Duke of Anjou (b. 1339)
  • October – Joan Holland, Duchess of Brittany (b. 1350)
  • December 23 – Thomas Preljubović, ruler of Epirus
  • December 31 – John Wycliffe, English theologian, Bible translator and Catholic reform campaigner
  • date unknown
    • John of Fordun, Scottish chronicler
    • Peter of Enghien, Count of Lecce
    • Ruaidri mac Tairdelbach Ó Conchobair, King of Connacht
  • probable – Liubartas, King of Galicia
  • Muhammad Jamaluddin al-Makki al-Amili al-Jizzini known as al-Shahid al-Awwal. Author of Al-Lum'a al-Dimashqiyya (book) (b. ca1334)

1385

1386

  • July 9 – Leopold III, Duke of Austria (in battle) (b. 1351)
  • August 20 – Bo Jonsson (Grip), royal marshal of Sweden
  • September 23 – Dan I of Wallachia (in battle)
  • December 31 – Johanna of Bavaria, Queen of Bohemia (b. c. 1362)
  • date unknown
    • Al-Wathiq II, caliph of Cairo
    • Takatsukasa Fuyumichi, Japanese nobleman (b. 1330)
  • probable – William Langland, English poet (b. 1332)

1387

1388

  • March 4 – Thomas Usk, English author
  • August 14 – James Douglas, 2nd Earl of Douglas (killed in battle)
  • July 15 – Agnes of Durazzo, titular Latin empress consort of Constantinople (d. 1313)
  • August 15 – Adalbertus Ranconis de Ericinio, Bohemian theologian
  • date unknown
    • Simon de Burley, Lord Warden of the Cinque Ports
    • Sultan Firuz Shah Tughlaq of Delhi
    • Uskhal Khan, Emperor Tianyuan of Northern Yuan

1389

References
  1. "Fires, Great", in The Insurance Cyclopeadia: Being an Historical Treasury of Events and Circumstances Connected with the Origin and Progress of Insurance, Cornelius Walford, ed. (C. and E. Layton, 1876) p27
  2. Brook, Timothy (1998). The Confusions of Pleasure: Commerce and Culture in Ming China. Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-22154-3.
    • "Earthquake Synod." In Cross, F. L. and E. A. Livingstone, eds. The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church. London: Oxford UP, 1974. p. 437.
  4. Barsoum, Ephrem (2003). The Scattered Pearls: A History of Syriac Literature and Sciences. Translated by Matti Moosa (2nd ed.). Gorgias Press. p. 495.
  5. Lock, Peter (2013). The Routledge Companion to the Crusades. Routledge. p. 130. ISBN 9781135131371.
  6. Penguin Pocket On This Day. Penguin Reference Library. 2006. ISBN 0-14-102715-0.
  7. Palmer, Alan; Palmer, Veronica (1992). The Chronology of British History. London: Century Ltd. pp. 109–113. ISBN 0-7126-5616-2.
  8. Mayson, Richard (2012). Port and the Douro. Infinite Ideas. p. 4. ISBN 9781908474711.
  9. Woodward, Bernard Bolingbroke; Cates, William Leist Readwin (1872). Encyclopaedia of Chronology: Historical and Biographical. Lee and Shepard. p. 313.
  10. "Huitzilihuitl II" (in Spanish). Biografias y Vidas. Retrieved June 1, 2019.
  11. "Saint Colette | Biography & Facts | Britannica". www.britannica.com. Retrieved 29 April 2022.
  12. "Eugenius IV | pope". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 10 May 2021.
  13. "Donatello | Italian sculptor". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 22 July 2018.
  14. "Charles V | king of France". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 22 August 2018.
  15. "Saint Catherine of Sweden | Swedish saint". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 18 March 2019.
  16. "Louis I | king of Hungary". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 14 March 2019.
  17. "Charles II | king of Navarre". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 21 March 2019.
  18. Kiraz, George A. (2011). "Sobo, Ignatius". In Sebastian P. Brock; Aaron M. Butts; George A. Kiraz; Lucas Van Rompay (eds.). Gorgias Encyclopedic Dictionary of the Syriac Heritage: Electronic Edition. Gorgias Press. pp. 381–382. Retrieved 26 December 2020.
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