1410s

The 1410s decade ran from January 1, 1410, to December 31, 1419.

Millennium: 2nd millennium
Centuries:
Decades:
Years:
Categories:
  • Births
  • Deaths
  • By country
  • By topic
  • Establishments
  • Disestablishments

Events

1410

January–December
  • March 25 – The first of the Yongle Emperor's campaigns against the Mongols is launched, leading to the fall of Öljei Temür Khan.
  • March 29 – The Aragonese capture Oristano, capital of the Giudicato di Arborea in Sardinia.
  • June 15 – Ottoman Interregnum: Süleyman Çelebi defeats his brother Musa Çelebi outside the Byzantine capital, Constantinople.[1]
  • July 11 – Ottoman Interregnum: Süleyman Çelebi defeats his brother Musa Çelebi outside the Ottoman capital, Edirne.[2]
  • July 15 – Battle of Grunwald (Žalgiris), also known as Battle of Tannenberg: Polish and Lithuanian forces under cousins Jogaila and Vytautas the Great decisively defeat the forces of the Teutonic Knights, whose power is broken.

Date unknown

1411

January–December

Date unknown
  • Under the Yongle Emperor of Ming China, work begins to reinstate the ancient Grand Canal of China, which fell into disuse and dilapidation during the previous Yuan dynasty. Between 1411 and 1415, a total of 165,000 laborers dredge the canal bed in Shandong, build new channels, embankments, and canal locks. Four large reservoirs in Shandong are also dug, in order to regulate water levels, instead of resorting to pumping water from local tables. A large dam is also constructed, to divert water from the Wen River southwest into the Grand Canal.
  • Constantinople is briefly besieged by the Ottoman pretender Musa Çelebi, due to Byzantine support for Süleyman Çelebi during the Ottoman Interregnum.
  • (possibly early 1412) The Battle of İnceğiz between the rival brothers Mehmed Çelebi and Musa Çelebi, during the Ottoman Interregnum.

1412

January–December

Date unknown
  • The first mention is made of Wallachian knights competing in a jousting tournament, in Buda.
  • John II of Castile declares the Valladolid laws, that restrict the social rights of Jews. Among many other restrictions, the laws force Jews to wear distinctive clothes, and deny them administrative positions.
  • Years after its publication in the 14th century, the Ming Dynasty Chinese artillery officer Jiao Yu adds the preface to his classic book on gunpowder warfare, the Huolongjing.

1413

January–December

Date unknown
  • Samogitia becomes the last region in Europe to be Christianized.[8]
  • The Annals of the Joseon Dynasty begin in Korea.

1414

January–December

Date unknown
  • Ernest, Duke of Austria (head of the Leopoldian line of the House of Habsburg) is the last duke to be enthroned in the Duchy of Carinthia, according to the ancient Carantanian ritual of installing dukes at the Prince's Stone; he adopts the title of Archduke.
  • Alien priory cells are suppressed in England.[9]
  • The Tibetan lama Je Tsongkhapa, of the Gelug school of Buddhism, declines the offer of the Yongle Emperor of China to appear in the capital at Nanjing, although he sends his disciple Chosrje Shākya Yeshes, who is given the title "State Teacher". The later Xuande Emperor will grant Yeshes the title of a king, upon a return visit to China (to the new capital at Beijing).
  • Durham School is founded as a grammar school in the city of Durham, England by Thomas Langley, Prince-Bishop of Durham; it continues in existence as an independent school 600 years later.

1415

January–December

Date unknown
  • Avignon Pope Benedict XIII orders all Talmuds to be delivered to the diocese, and held until further notice.
  • The Swiss Confederation takes the territory of Aargau from the house of Habsburg.
  • The Grand Canal of China is reinstated by this year after it had fallen out of use; restoration began in 1411, and was a response by the Yongle Emperor of the Ming Dynasty to improve the grain shipment system of tribute traveling from south to north, towards his new capital at Beijing. With this action, the food supply crisis is solved by the end of the year.

1416

January–December

Date unknown
  • The Trezzo sull'Adda Bridge (the longest arch bridge in the world at the time) is destroyed.
  • The Hussite Bible is completed by Tamás Pécsi and Bálint Újlaki.

1417

January–December
  • June 29 – An English fleet, led by the Earl of Huntingdon, defeats a fleet of Genoese carracks and captures their admiral, the "Bastard of Bourbon".[11]
  • July 27 – Avignon Pope Benedict XIII is deposed, bringing to an end the Great Western Schism.
  • August 12 – King Henry V of England begins using English in correspondence (back to England from France whilst on campaign), marking the beginning of this king's continuous usage of English in prose, and the beginning of the restoration of English as an official language for the first time since the Norman Conquest, some 350 years earlier.
  • September 20 – Henry V of England captures Caen, Normandy, which remains in English hands until 1450.
  • November 14 – Pope Martin V succeeds Pope Gregory XII (who abdicated in 1415), as the 206th pope.

Date unknown
  • The earliest extant description of Tynwald Day; the annual meeting of the Isle of Man's parliament (Tynwald) is written down in law.[12]
  • The use of street lighting is first recorded in London, England when Sir Henry Barton, the mayor, orders lanterns with lights to be hung out on the winter evenings, between Hallowtide and Candlemas.
  • Mircea cel Bătrân loses Dobruja to the Ottomans and pays them tribute, thus preventing Wallachia from becoming an Ottoman province.
  • Chimalpopoca, son of Huitzilihuitl, succeeds his father as Tlatoani (monarch) of Tenochtitlan (modern Mexico City)[13]

1418

January–December
  • January 31 – Mircea I of Wallachia is succeeded by Michael I of Wallachia.
  • April 22 – The Council of Constance ends.
  • May 29 – John the Fearless, Duke of Burgundy, captures Paris.
  • September 18 – King Taejong (r. 1400-1418) of the Joseon dynasty abdicates the throne. King Sejong ascends to the throne.

Date unknown
  • João Gonçalves Zarco leads one of the first Portuguese expeditions to the Madeira Islands.

1419

January–December

Date unknown
  • Portuguese sea captains João Gonçalves Zarco and Tristão Vaz Teixeira, at the service of Prince Henry the Navigator, discover the Madeira Islands.
  • The University of Rostock is established as the oldest university of northern Europe.
  • The Timurid ruler of Persia, Mirza Shahrukh (r. 1404–1447), sends a large embassy to the court of the Yongle Emperor of China. One of the Persian envoys, Ghiyāth al-dīn Naqqāsh, keeps a diary of his travels throughout China, which soon becomes widely known throughout Iranian and the Turkic Middle East, thanks to its inclusion into historical works by Hafiz-i Abru, and Abdur Razzaq. Naqqash writes about China's wealthy economy and huge urban markets, its efficient courier system as compared to that in Persia, the hospitality of his hosts at the courier stations in providing comfortable lodging and food, and the fine luxurious goods and craftsmanship of the Chinese.
  • Mihail I defends Wallachia against the Ottomans, with Hungarian help.

Significant people

Births

1410

  • January 30 – William Calthorpe, English knight (d. 1494)[14]
  • July 14 – Arnold, Duke of Guelders, Duke of Guelders (1423–1465 and 1471–1473) (d. 1473)
  • August 1 – John IV, Count of Nassau-Siegen (1442–1475) (d. 1475)
  • date unknown
    • Masuccio Salernitano, Italian poet (d. 1475)
    • William Sinclair, 1st Earl of Caithness (d. 1484)
  • probable
    • Johannes Ockeghem, Dutch composer (d. 1497)
    • Ólöf Loftsdóttir, politically active Icelandic woman (d. 1479)
    • Conrad Paumann, German organist and composer (d. 1473)
    • Vecchietta, Sienese painter, sculptor and architect (d. 1480)

1411

1412

  • January 6 – Joan of Arc, French soldier and saint (tradition holds that she was born on the Feast of the Epiphany, but there is no documentary evidence) (d. 1431)
  • January 26 – William IV, Lord of Egmont, IJsselstein, Schoonderwoerd and Haastrecht and Stadtholder of Guelders (d. 1483)
  • April 22 – Reinhard III, Count of Hanau (1451–1452) (d. 1452)
  • June 5 – Ludovico III Gonzaga, Marquis of Mantua (d. 1478)
  • August 22 – Frederick II, Elector of Saxony and Margrave of Meissen (1428–1464) and Landgrave of Thuringia (1440–1445) (d. 1464)
  • November 17 – Zanobi Strozzi, Italian painter (d. 1468)
  • December 8 – Astorre II Manfredi, Italian noble (d. 1468)

1413

1414

  • March 25 – Thomas Clifford, 8th Baron de Clifford, English noble (d. 1455)
  • May 11 – Francis I, Duke of Brittany (d. 1450)[17]
  • July 7 – Henry II, Count of Nassau-Dillenburg, Co-ruler of Nassau-Dillenburg (1442–1450) (d. 1451)
  • July 21 – Pope Sixtus IV (d. 1484)[18]
  • November 7 – Jami, Persian poet (d. 1492)
  • November 9 – Albrecht III Achilles, Elector of Brandenburg, Prince-elector of the Margraviate of Brandenburg (d. 1486)
  • date unknown
    • Charles I, Count of Nevers, Count of Nevers and Rethel (d. 1464)
    • Tenshō Shūbun, Japanese painter in the Muromachi period and Zen Buddhist monk (d. 1463)
  • probable – Narsinh Mehta, poet-saint of Gujarat (d. 1481)

1415

1416

  • February 26 – Christopher of Bavaria (d. 1448)
  • March 27 – Antonio Squarcialupi, Italian organist and composer (d. 1480)
  • March 28 – Jodha of Mandore, Ruler of Marwar (d. 1489)
  • May 25 – Jakobus, nobleman from Lichtenberg in the northern part of Alsace (d. 1480)
  • October 26 – Edmund Grey, 1st Earl of Kent (d. 1490)
  • date unknown
    • Benedetto Cotrugli, Ragusan/Croatian merchant, economist, scientist, diplomat and humanist (d. 1469)
    • Pal Engjëlli, Albanian Catholic clergyman (d. 1470)
    • Francis of Paola, founder of the Order of the Minims (d. 1507)
    • Piero di Cosimo de' Medici, ruler of Florence (d. 1469)
  • probable – Jacquetta of Luxembourg, English duchess and countess (d. 1472)

1417

  • February 23
  • May 25 – Catherine of Cleves, Duchess consort regent of Guelders (d. 1479)
  • June 19 – Sigismondo Pandolfo Malatesta, lord of Rimini (d. 1468)
  • November 8 – Philipp I, Count of Hanau-Lichtenberg (1458–1480) (d. 1480)
  • November 19 – Frederick I, Count Palatine of Simmern from 1459 until 1480 (d. 1480)
  • November 23 – William FitzAlan, 16th Earl of Arundel, English politician (d. 1487)
  • date unknown
    • Jöns Bengtsson Oxenstierna, regent of Sweden 1457 and 1465–1466, archbishop of Uppsala 1448–1467
    • Nicholas of Flüe, Swiss hermit and saint (d. 1487)

1418

  • January 9 – Juan Ramón Folch III de Cardona, Aragonese admiral (d. 1485)
  • March 14 – Philip II, Count of Nassau-Weilburg (1429–1492) (d. 1492)
  • April 20 – Earl David of Rookwood
  • May 16 – John II of Cyprus, King of Cyprus and Armenia and also titular King of Jerusalem from 1432 to 1458 (d. 1458)
  • August 5 – Malatesta Novello, Italian condottiero (d. 1465)
  • September 24 – Anne of Cyprus, Italian noble (d. 1462)
  • November 2 – Gaspare Nadi, Italian builder famous for his diary (diario) (d. 1504)
  • November 20 – Robert de Morley, 6th Baron Morley, Lord of Morley Saint Botolph (d. 1442)
  • December 8 – Queen Jeonghui, Queen consort of Korea (d. 1483)
  • December 12 – Archduke Albert VI of Austria (d. 1463)
  • date unknown – Peter II, Duke of Brittany (d. 1457)
    • Isotta Nogarola, Italian writer and intellectual (d. 1466)

1419

  • February – Abu 'Amr 'Uthman, Hafsid caliph of Ifriqiya (d. 1488)
  • February 16 – John I, Duke of Cleves (d. 1481)
  • March 24 – Ginevra d'Este (d. 1440)
  • June 24 – John of Sahagún, Spanish Augustinian friar, priest and saint (d. 1479)
  • July 10 – Emperor Go-Hanazono of Japan (d. 1471)
  • November 1 – Albert II, Duke of Brunswick-Grubenhagen (d. 1485)
  • date unknown
    • Abd al-Haqq II, last Marinid Sultan of Morocco (d. 1465)
    • Barbara Fugger, German banker (d. 1497)

Deaths

1410

  • March 5 – Matthew of Kraków, Polish reformer (b. 1335)[21]
  • March 16 – John Beaufort, 1st Earl of Somerset (b. 1373)[22]
  • May 3 – Antipope Alexander V, (b. 1339)[23]
  • May 18 – Rupert of Germany, Count Palatine of the Rhine (b. 1352)
  • May 31 – Martin of Aragon (b. 1356)
  • July 15 – Ulrich von Jungingen, German Grand Master of the Teutonic Knights (in battle) (b. 1360)
  • August – Matthew I of Constantinople
  • August 10 – Louis II, Duke of Bourbon (b. 1337)
  • date unknown
    • Margareta Dume, influential Swedish-Finnish noble
    • John Badby, English martyr

1411

  • January 18 – Jobst of Moravia, ruler of Moravia, King of the Romans
  • February 6 – Esau de' Buondelmonti, ruler of Epirus
  • June 3 –Leopold IV, Duke of Austria (b. 1371)
  • September – Anne de Mortimer, Countess of Cambridge (b. 1390)
  • November 4 – Khalil Sultan, ruler of Transoxiana (b. 1384)
  • probable – Hasdai Crescas, Jewish philosopher

1412

  • March – Albrekt of Mecklenburg, king of Sweden 1364–1389 (b. 1336)
  • April 2 – Ruy Gonzáles de Clavijo, Castilian traveller and writer
  • May 16 – Gian Maria Visconti, Duke of Milan
  • August 6 – Margherita of Durazzo, Queen consort of Charles III of Naples (b. 1347)
  • September 14 – Ingegerd Knutsdotter, Swedish abbess (b. 1356)
  • October 28 – Margaret I of Denmark, queen regnant of Denmark of Norway since 1387 and of Sweden since 1389 (b. 1353)[24]
  • date unknown – Ignatius Abraham bar Garib, Syriac Orthodox Patriarch of Mardin[25]
  • date unknown – Jalal ad-Din khan, khan of the Golden Horde

1413

1414

  • February 19 – Thomas Arundel, Archbishop of Canterbury (b. 1353)
  • March 28 – Jeanne-Marie de Maille, French Roman Catholic saint (b. 1331)
  • August 6 – King Ladislaus of Naples (b. 1377)
  • September 1 – William de Ros, 6th Baron de Ros, Lord Treasurer of England (b. 1369)
  • date unknown
    • Tewodros I, Emperor of Ethiopia
    • Fairuzabadi, Persian lexicographer (b. 1329)
    • Ali ibn Mohammed al-Jurjani, Persian encyclopaedic writer (b. 1339)
    • John I Stanley of the Isle of Man, Lord Lieutenant of Ireland, King of the Isle of Man (b. 1350)
  • probable – Zyndram of Maszkowice, Polish 14th- and 15th-century knight (b. 1355)

1415

  • April 15 – Manuel Chrysoloras, Greek humanist
  • July 6 – Jan Hus, Bohemian reformer (burned at the stake) (b. 1369)
  • July 19 – Philippa of Lancaster, queen of John I of Portugal (plague) (b. 1359)
  • August 2 – Thomas Grey, conspirator against King Henry V (executed) (b. 1384)
  • August 5
    • Richard of Conisburgh, 3rd Earl of Cambridge (executed) (b. 1375)
    • Henry Scrope, 3rd Baron Scrope of Masham (executed) (b. 1370)
  • September 17 – Michael de la Pole, 2nd Earl of Suffolk (killed in battle) (b. 1367)
  • October 13 – Thomas FitzAlan, 12th Earl of Arundel, English military leader (b. 1381)
  • October 25 (killed in Battle of Agincourt)
    • John I of Alençon (b. 1385)
    • Charles d'Albret, Count of Dreux and Constable of France
    • Antoine, Duke of Brabant (b. 1384)
    • Michael de la Pole, 3rd Earl of Suffolk (b. 1394)
    • Frederick of Lorraine, Count of Vaudémont (b. 1371)
    • Philip II, Count of Nevers (b. 1389)
    • Edward of Norwich, 2nd Duke of York (b. 1373)
    • Dafydd Gam, Welsh nobleman (b. c. 1380)[26]

1416

  • February 2 – Racek Kobyla of Dvorce, Bohemian Hetman and Burgrave.
  • February 27 – Eleanor of Castile, queen consort of Navarre (b. c. 1363)
  • April 2 – King Ferdinand I of Aragon (b. 1379)[27]
  • May 21 – Anna of Celje, queen consort of Poland (b. c. 1381)
  • May 30 – Jerome of Prague, Czech theologian (executed) (b. 1379)
  • June 15 – John, Duke of Berry, son of John II of France (b. 1340)
  • October 1 – Yaqub Spata, lord of Arta
  • October 14 – Henry the Mild, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg
  • December 29 – Mathew Swetenham, bowbearer of Henry IV
  • date unknown – The Limbourg brothers, painters of the Très Riches Heures du Duc de Berry.
  • probable
    • Owain Glyndŵr, Welsh prince and leader of the Welsh Revolt
    • Julian of Norwich, English anchoress, mystic and author

1417

1418

  • January 31 – Mircea I of Wallachia, ruler of Wallachia (b. 1355)
  • March 22 – Dietrich of Nieheim, German historian
  • June 2 – Katherine of Lancaster, queen of Henry III of Castile
  • June 12 – Bernard VII, Count of Armagnac, Constable of France (b. 1360)
  • November 25 – Henry Beaufort, 2nd Earl of Somerset (b. 1401)
  • December 11 – Louis of Piedmont (b. 1364)
  • date unknown
    • Ixtlilxochitl I, ruler of the Mesoamerican city-state of Texcoco, and ally of the Aztecs
    • Foelke Kampana, Frisian lady and regent (b. 1355)

1419

References
  1. Kastritsis, Dimitris (2007). The Sons of Bayezid: Empire Building and Representation in the Ottoman Civil War of 1402-13. BRILL. pp. 149–150. ISBN 978-90-04-15836-8.
  2. Kastritsis, Dimitris (2007). The Sons of Bayezid: Empire Building and Representation in the Ottoman Civil War of 1402-13. BRILL. pp. 152–153. ISBN 978-90-04-15836-8.
  3. Kastritsis, Dimitris (2007). The Sons of Bayezid: Empire Building and Representation in the Ottoman Civil War of 1402-13. BRILL. pp. 153–158. ISBN 978-90-04-15836-8.
  4. "Mediaeval university" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-07-22. Retrieved 2022-07-24.
  5. Barsoum, Ephrem (2003). The Scattered Pearls: A History of Syriac Literature and Sciences. Translated by Matti Moosa (2nd ed.). Gorgias Press. p. 497.
  6. "Henry V". Oxford Reference. Oxford University Press. Retrieved 2020-02-15.
  7. Great Britain. Commission for Visiting the Universities and Colleges of Scotland (1837). University of St. Andrews. London: W. Clowes and Sons. p. 173.
  8. Bojtár, Endre (1999). Foreword to the Past: A Cultural History of the Baltic People. CEU Press. p. 140. ISBN 963-9116-42-4.
  9. "Priory". All Web Hunt. Archived from the original on June 28, 2013. Retrieved July 1, 2013.
  10. Michael Jones (4 August 2016). 24 Hours at Agincourt: 25 October 1415. Ebury Publishing. p. 315. ISBN 978-0-7535-5546-0.
  11. David Charles Douglas (1969). English historical documents. 4. [Late medieval]. 1327 - 1485. Psychology Press. p. 214. ISBN 978-0-415-60467-3.
  12. "p001-004 Lex Scripta, 1819". www.isle-of-man.com.
  13. "Huitzilíhuitl, "Pluma de colibrí" (1396-1417)" [Huitzilíhuitl, "Hummingbird Feather" (1396-1417)]. Archeologia Mexicana (in Spanish). July 2, 2016. Retrieved June 3, 2019.
  14. Josiah Clement Wedgwood; Anne Holt (1936). History of Parliament...: 1439-1509. H.M. Stationery Office. pp. 149–.
  15. "Richard, 3rd duke of York | English noble". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 29 September 2018.
  16. "Saint Catherine of Bologna | Italian mystic". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 15 February 2020.
  17. "Francis I | duke of Brittany". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 19 July 2020.
  18. "Sixtus IV | pope". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 3 May 2019.
  19. James G. Wood (1910). The Lordship, Castle & Town of Chepstow, Otherwise Striguil. Mullock. p. 31.
  20. "Paul II | pope". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 22 August 2020.
  21. Phillip H. Stump (1994). "The" Reforms of the Council of Constance: (1414 - 1418). BRILL. pp. 14–. ISBN 90-04-09930-1.
  22. Sir Nicholas Harris Nicolas (1842). History of the Orders of Knighthood of the British Empire; of the Order of the Guelphs of Hanover; and of the Medals, Clasps, and Crosses, Conferred for Naval and Military Services. J. Hunter. pp. 384–.
  23. "Alexander (V) | antipope". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 22 July 2018.
  24. Edward A. Thomas (1888). Comprehensive Dictionary of Biography: Containing Succinct Accounts of the Most Eminent Persons in All Ages, Countries, and Professions. Porter & Coates. p. 379.
  25. Barsoum, Ephrem (2003). The Scattered Pearls: A History of Syriac Literature and Sciences. Translated by Matti Moosa (2nd ed.). Gorgias Press. p. 495.
  26. Michael Linkletter; Diana Luft (31 January 2007). Proceedings of the Harvard Celtic Colloquium. Harvard University Press. p. 47. ISBN 978-0-674-02384-0.
  27. "Ferdinand I | king of Aragon". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 31 March 2019.
  28. The Genealogist. The Association. 1994. p. 81.
  29. Ludwig Freiherr von Pastor (1891). The History of the Popes, from the Close of the Middle Ages: Drawn from the Secret Archives of the Vatican and Other Original Sources. J. Hodges. p. 202.
  30. E H. Thompson (1890). From the Thames to the Trosachs: Impressions of Travel in England and Scotland. Cranston and Stowe. p. 14.
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