1430s

The 1430s decade ran from January 1, 1430, to December 31, 1439.

Millennium: 2nd millennium
Centuries:
Decades:
Years:
Categories:
  • Births
  • Deaths
  • By country
  • By topic
  • Establishments
  • Disestablishments

Events

1430

January–December

Date unknown
  • With the surrender of Chalandritsa and the citadel of Patras to the Byzantine Despotate of the Morea, the Principality of Achaea comes to an end.
  • Bratislava Castle is converted to a fortress under Sigismund of Luxemburg.
  • Optical methods are first used in the creation of art.

1431

January–December

Date unknown

1432

January–December
  • January 1 – Iliaș succeeds his father as Prince of Moldavia.
  • Spring – An Albanian revolt, led by Gjergj Arianit Komneni, breaks out against the Ottoman Empire, and spreads through most of Albania.
  • April – At the end of the Hook and Cod wars, Jacqueline, Countess of Hainaut and Countess of Holland and Zeeland, is forced by Philip the Good, Duke of Burgundy, to abdicate all her estates in his favour, ending Hainaut and Holland as independent counties.
  • May 6 – Jan van Eyck's Ghent Altarpiece is first presented to the public.
  • June 1 – Battle of San Romano: Florence defeats Siena.
  • August 31 – Sigismund Kęstutaitis attempts the capture or murder of Švitrigaila, his rival for the throne of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. Švitrigaila manages to escape.
  • December 8 – Lithuanian Civil War (1432–1438): The first battle between the forces of Švitrigaila and Sigismund Kęstutaitis is fought near the town of Oszmiana (Ashmyany), launching the most active phase of the civil war in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania.

Date unknown
  • The Université de Caen is founded.
  • The first baccalaureate service is believed to have originated at the University of Oxford.

1433

January–December

Date unknown
  • The Ming Dynasty in China completes its last great maritime expedition, led by Admiral Zheng He;[6] the fleet would be dispersed, altering the balance of power in the Indian Ocean, and making it easier for Portugal and other Western naval powers to gain dominance over the seas.
  • In Ming Dynasty China, cotton is listed as a permanent item of trade, on the tax registers of Songjiang prefecture.[7]

1434

January–December
  • April 14 – The foundation stone of Nantes Cathedral in Nantes, France, is laid.[8]
  • May 30 – Hussite Wars – Battle of Lipany: The Catholics and Ultraquists defeat the Taborites, ending the Hussite Wars.[9]
  • June 19 or 20 – Zara Yaqob becomes Emperor of Ethiopia.[10]
  • Late June – Miner Engelbrekt Engelbrektsson begins a Swedish rebellion against King Eric of Pomerania (named the Engelbrekt rebellion after him), eventually leading to the deposition of the king.
  • July 10–August 9 – Suero de Quiñones and his companions stage the Passo Honroso, at the Órbigo in León.
  • August 16 – King Eric of Pomerania is deposed from the Swedish throne at a meeting in Vadstena. He still retains power in Denmark and Norway, though.
  • September – Cosimo de' Medici returns to Florence, one year after being exiled by the Albizzi and Strozzi faction.[11]
  • October 21 – The University of Catania is founded in Italy.[12]

Date unknown

1435

January–December

Date unknown
  • Francis of Paola founds the Order of the Minims in Italy.
  • China returns to a policy of isolation.
  • Gil Eanes and Afonso Gonçalves Baldaia explore the coast of Africa, as far as the Angra dos Ruivos (in modern-day Western Sahara).
  • Enea Piccolomini, the future Pope Pius II, is sent by Cardinal Albergati on a secret mission to Scotland and Northern England.

1436

January–December
  • January 11 – Eric of Pomerania is deposed from the Swedish throne for the second time, only three months after having been reinstated. Engelbrekt Engelbrektsson remains the leader of the land, in his capacity of rikshövitsman (military commander of the realm).
  • February – Charles Knutsson becomes joint rikshövitsman with Engelbrekt (the two will share the title until Engelbrekt's death).
  • April – Paris is recaptured from the English by French forces during the Hundred Years War.
  • May 4 – Following the murderer of Engelbrekt Engelbrektsson, while on his way to Stockholm for negotiations. Charles Knutsson temporarily holds the position of leader of Sweden alone. The probable first meeting of the Riksdag of the Estates takes place afterwards, in Uppsala, Sweden.
  • June 25
  • July 5 – The Hussite Wars effectively end in Bohemia. Sigismund is accepted as King.
  • July 29 – French forces abandon their Siege of Calais.
  • August 30 – Brunelleschi's Dome at Florence Cathedral is dedicated.[15]
  • September 1 – Eric of Pomerania is once again reinstated as king of Sweden. Charles Knutsson, at the same time, resigns the post of rikshövitsman.
  • September 10 – Battle of Piperdean: The Scottish defeat the English.

Date unknown
  • Vlad II Dracul seizes the recently vacated throne of Wallachia, with Hungarian support.
  • The Bosnian language is first mentioned in a document.
  • Date of the Visokom papers, the last direct sources on the old town of Visoki.
  • In Ming dynasty China, the inauguration of the Zhengtong Emperor takes place.
  • In Ming dynasty China, a significant portion of the southern grain tax is commuted to payments in silver, known as the Gold Floral Silver (jinhuayin). This comes about due to officials' and military generals' increasing demands to be paid in silver instead of grain, as commercial transactions draw more silver into nationwide circulation. Some counties have trouble transporting all the required grain to meet their tax quotas, so it makes sense to pay the government in silver, a medium of exchange that is already abundant amongst landowners, through their own private commercial affairs.
  • The Florentine polymath Leon Battista Alberti begins writing the treatise On Painting, in which he argues for the importance of mathematical perspective, in the creation of three-dimensional vision on a two-dimensional plane. This follows the ideas of Masaccio, and his concepts of linear perspective and vanishing point in artwork.
  • Afonso Gonçalves Baldaia becomes the first European to explore the western coast of Africa, past the Tropic of Cancer.
  • Johannes Gutenberg begins work on the printing press.

1437

January–December

Date unknown
  • Sandside Chase in the north of Scotland: Clan Mackay defeat the Clan Gunn of Caithness.
  • The Kazan Khanate is established.
  • Ulugh Beg's Zij-i Sultani star catalogue is published.

1438

January–December

Date unknown
  • Pachacuti becomes ruler of the Kingdom of Cusco and begins its expansion into the Inca Empire (Tahuantinsuyu).[19]
  • At 95 years of age, Nang Keo Phimpha becomes queen of Lan Xang for a few months before being deposed and killed.
  • Just two years after the Ming dynasty court of China allowed landowners paying the grain tax to pay their tax in silver instead, the Ming court now decides to close all silver mines and prohibit all private silver mining in Zhejiang and Fujian provinces. This is a concerted effort to halt the increase of silver circulating into the market. The illegal mining of silver is now an offense punishable by death; although it becomes a dangerous affair, the high demand for silver also makes it very lucrative, and so many chose to defy the government and continue to mine.
  • The Sukhothai Kingdom merges with the Ayutthaya Kingdom.

1439

January–December

Date unknown
  • Johannes Gutenberg develops printing with movable type at Mainz at about this date.
  • The Great Ordinance is adopted by the French Estates-General. This measure grants the king the exclusive right to raise troops, and establishes the taxation measure known as the taille, in support of a standing army.
  • The Council of Florence is moved to Florence.
  • At the Portuguese Cortes, Peter, Duke of Coimbra is appointed Regent of the Kingdom.

Significant people

Births

1430

  • March 10 – Oliviero Carafa, Italian Catholic cardinal (d. 1511)
  • March 23 – Margaret of Anjou, queen of Henry VI of England (d. 1482)[20]
  • June 13 – Beatrice, Duchess of Viseu, Portuguese infante (d. 1506)
  • June 27 – Henry Holland, 3rd Duke of Exeter, Lancastrian leader during the English Wars of the Roses (d. 1475)
  • October 16 – King James II of Scotland (d. 1460) and his twin Alexander Stewart, Duke of Rothesay (d. 1430)
  • October 28 – Richard West, 7th Baron De La Warr, English soldier, son of Reginald West (d. 1475)
  • November 11 – Jošt of Rožmberk, Bishop of Breslau, Grand Prior of the Order of St. John (d. 1467)
  • date unknown
    • Hosokawa Katsumoto, Japanese warlord
    • Barbara von Ottenheim, German alleged witch and sculpture model (d. 1484)
    • Isabel Bras Williamson, Scottish merchant (d. 1493)
    • Joana de Castre, Catalan noble (d. 1480)
  • probable – Heinrich Kramer, German churchman and inquisitor (d. 1505)
  • approximate – Clara Hätzlerin, German scribe (d. 1476)

1431

1432

Mehmed II, the Conqueror

1433

1434

1435

  • February 1 – Amadeus IX, Duke of Savoy (d. 1472)
  • April 8 – John Clifford, 9th Baron de Clifford, English noble (d. 1461)
  • April 16 – Jan II the Mad, Duke of Żagań (1439–1449 and 1461–1468 and again in 1472) (d. 1504)
  • May 4 – Joan of France, Duchess of Bourbon, French princess (d. 1482)
  • October 24 – Andrea della Robbia, Italian artist (d. 1525)
  • date unknown
    • Jean Molinet, French poet and chronicler (d. 1507)
    • Kim Si-seup, Korean scholar and author (d. 1493)
    • Sophie of Pomerania, Duchess of Pomerania (d. 1497)
    • Thomas Stanley, 1st Earl of Derby (d. 1504)[30]
  • probable
    • Johannes Tinctoris, Flemish music theorist and composer (approximate date; d. 1511)
    • Andrea del Verrocchio, Florentine sculptor (approximate date; d. 1488)

1436

  • January 20 – Ashikaga Yoshimasa, Japanese shōgun (d. 1490)
  • January 26 – Henry Beaufort, 3rd Duke of Somerset, Lancastrian military commander during the English Wars of the Roses (d. 1464)
  • February 26 – Imagawa Yoshitada, 9th head of the Imagawa clan in Japan (d. 1476)
  • April 4 – Amalia of Saxony, Duchess of Bavaria-Landshut (d. 1501)
  • June 6 – Regiomontanus, German astronomer (d. 1476)
  • November 5 – Richard Grey, 3rd Earl of Tankerville, English nobleman, attainted as a Yorkist supporter during the Wars of the Roses (d. 1466)
  • November 16 – Leonardo Loredan, Doge of Venice (d. 1521)
  • November 26 – Princess Catherine of Portugal, nun and writer (d. 1463)
  • date unknown
    • Sheikh Hamdullah, Anatolian Islamic calligrapher (d. 1520)
    • Francisco Jiménez de Cisneros, Spanish cardinal and statesman (d. 1517)
    • Hernando del Pulgar, Spanish writer (d. c. 1492)
    • Abi Ahmet Celebi, chief physician of the Ottoman Empire (writer of a study on kidney and bladder stones; supporter of the research of Jewish doctor Musa Colinus ul-Israil on the application of drugs; founder of the first Ottoman medical school)

1437

1438

  • February 5
    • Margaret of Bourbon, French noble (d. 1483)
    • Philip II, Duke of Savoy (d. 1497)
  • February 12 – Adolf, Duke of Guelders and Count of Zutphen (1465–1471) (d. 1477)
  • March 23 – Ludovico II, Marquess of Saluzzo, Italian noble (d. 1504)
  • April 3 – John III of Egmont, Dutch noble (d. 1516)
  • September 7 – Louis II, Landgrave of Lower Hesse (1458–1471) (d. 1471)
  • December 1 – Peter II, Duke of Bourbon, son of Charles I (d. 1503)
  • date unknown – Husayn Bayqarah, Timurid ruler of Herat (d. 1506)
  • probable – Edmund Beaufort, 4th Duke of Somerset, English nobleman and military commander during the Wars of the Roses (d. 1471)[31]

1439

  • March 3 – Ashikaga Yoshimi, brother of Shōgun Ashikaga Yoshimasa (d. 1491)
  • April 3 – Ludwig II, Count of Württemberg-Urach, German noble (d. 1457)
  • May 29 – Pope Pius III (d. 1503)
  • July 18 – John V, Duke of Saxe-Lauenburg, German duke (d. 1507)
  • July 26 – Sigismund, Duke of Bavaria, member of the Wittelsbach dynasty (d. 1501)
  • August 10 – Anne of York, Duchess of Exeter, Duchess of York, second child of Richard Plantagenet (d. 1476)[32]
  • date unknown – Hua Sui, Chinese inventor and printer (d. 1513)

Deaths

1430

1431

1432

  • January 1 – Alexandru cel Bun, Prince of Moldavia
  • January 22 – John of Schoonhoven, Flemish theologian (b. 1356)
  • May 5 – Francesco Bussone da Carmagnola, Italian adventurer (executed)
  • May 19 – Joan of Valois, Duchess of Alençon, French duchess (b. 1409)
  • June 1 – Dan II, former Prince of Wallachia (killed in battle against Ottomans)
  • June 13 – Uko Fockena, East Frisian chieftain (b. c. 1408)
  • June 29 – Janus of Cyprus (b. 1375)
  • October 19 – John de Mowbray, 2nd Duke of Norfolk, English politician (b. 1392)
  • November 14 – Anne of Burgundy, Duchess of Bedford (b. 1404)
  • date unknown
    • Gyaltsab Je, throne holder of the Gelug tradition of Buddhism (b. 1364)
    • Art Mac Cathmhaoil, Bishop of Clogher
    • Centurione II Zaccaria, last Prince of Achaea, Baron of Arcadia

1433

1434

1435

1436

  • Winter – Alexander I Aldea, Prince of Wallachia (probably of illness) (b.1397)
  • May 4 – Engelbrekt Engelbrektsson, Swedish statesman and rebel leader (murdered) (b. c. 1390)[48]
  • October 8 – Jacqueline, Countess of Hainaut, Dutch sovereign (b. 1401)
  • December 30 – Louis III, Elector Palatine (b. 1378)
  • date unknown – Qāḍī Zāda al-Rūmī, Persian mathematician (b. 1364)

1437

1438

1439

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