1440s

The 1440s decade ran from January 1, 1440, to December 31, 1449.

Millennium: 2nd millennium
Centuries:
Decades:
Years:
Categories:
  • Births
  • Deaths
  • By country
  • By topic
  • Establishments
  • Disestablishments

Events

1440

January–December
  • February 21 – The Prussian Confederation is formed.
  • April 9 – Christopher of Bavaria is elected King of Denmark.
  • April – Murad II lays siege to Belgrade. The city is heavily damaged, but the defenders' use of artillery prevents the Turks from capturing the city.
  • September 13 – Breton knight Gilles de Rais is taken into custody, upon an accusation of murdering children brought against him by the Bishop of Nantes.
  • September – The term of Regent of Sweden Karl Knutsson Bonde ends, as newly elected king of Denmark Christopher of Bavaria is also elected king of Sweden.
  • October 22 – Gilles de Rais confesses, and is sentenced to death.

Date unknown
  • Itzcóatl, Aztec ruler of Tenochtitlan, dies and is succeeded by Moctezuma I (Moctezuma Ilhuicamina).
  • Lorenzo Valla's De falso credita et ementita Constantini Donatione declamatio demonstrates that the Donation of Constantine is a forgery.
  • Eton College is founded by Henry VI of England.
  • Sir Richard Molyneux is appointed constable of Liverpool Castle, in England.
  • The Ming Dynasty government of China begins a decade-long series of issuing harsh edicts towards those who illegally mine silver, the latter known as 'miner bandits' (kuangzei), a trend begun in 1438. The government wants to cap the amount of silver circulating into the market, as more grain taxes are converted into silver taxes. The government establishes community night watches known as 'watches and tithings' (baojia), who ensure that illegal mining activities are brought to a halt. However, these are desperate measures, as illegal silver mining continues to thrive as a dangerous but lucrative venture.
  • Zhu Quan writes the Cha Pu ("Tea manual") in China.

1441

January–December

Date unknown
  • Ouagadougou becomes the capital of the Mossi Kingdoms.
  • Two subjects of the Ethiopian Empire attend a Christian ecclesiastical council at Florence as part of negotiations concerning a possible union of Coptic Orthodoxy and the Latin Church. This is the earliest recorded contact of the Ethiopian branch of the Coptic Church with Europe.
  • A revolt occurs in the Mayan nation of Mayapan; the Maya civilization splits into warring city-states.
  • With the help of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, governor Hacı I Giray declares his province independent of the Golden Horde and establishes the Crimean Khanate.
  • Nuno Tristão reaches the Ras Nouadhibou (Cabo Branco) on the western coast of Africa. This is probably the first voyage where a caravel is used for maritime exploration.
  • The first enslaved black Africans are brought to Europe at Lagos in the Kingdom of Portugal.

1442

January–December

Date unknown
  • The community of Rauma, Finland is granted its town rights.
  • The municipality of Juva, Finland is founded.
  • The national law of Kristofers landslag is introduced in Sweden.
  • After being imprisoned (before September) by the Sultan, Vlad II Dracul is temporarily replaced, as ruler of Wallachia, by his son Mircea II.
  • A fourth tower is added to Liverpool Castle in England.
  • Jelena Balšić completes writing the Gorički zbornik manuscripts at her church of St. Mary, on the island of Beška in the Serbian Despotate.
  • Portuguese sailors first arrive at the Senegal River.[3]

1443

January–December

Date unknown
  • In Moldavia, the conflict between brothers and co-rulers Iliaș and Stephen II reignites, and Stephen captures Iliaș and blinds him, thus remaining sole ruler of the country.
  • Portuguese explorer Nuno Tristão penetrates the Arguin Gulf, off the west coast of Africa.
  • King Sejong the Great establishes Hangul, as the native alphabet of the Korean language.
  • Vlad II Dracul begins his second term as ruler of Wallachia, succeeding Basarab II.
  • The Buddhist Zhihua Temple (智化寺) is built in Beijing, at the order of Wang Zhen, chief eunuch at the court of the Zhengtong Emperor of Ming Dynasty China.
  • A powerful earthquake destroys the Timișoara Fortress in the Kingdom of Hungary

1444

January–December

Date unknown
  • Constantine XI Palaiologos, as ruler of the Despotate of the Morea, invades the Duchy of Athens (at this time under Florentine control), and forces it to pay tribute and return Thebes to the Byzantine Empire.
  • Forces of the Sultan of Egypt fail to take Rhodes from the Knights of Rhodes.
  • Portuguese explorers reach the mouth of the rivers Senegal and Gambia.
  • The first European slave market for the sale of African slaves, the Mercado de Escravos, opens in Lagos, Portugal.
  • A serious fire occurs at Old St Paul's Cathedral in London.
  • The Iguvine Tablets are discovered at Gubbio, Italy.
  • Stephen II of Moldavia takes as co-ruler his step brother Petru, also brother-in-law to John Hunyadi.

1445

January–December
  • October 10 – Battle of Mokra: The Albanian forces under Skanderbeg defeat the Ottoman forces (Pope Eugene IV raises a hymn of praise, that Christendom has been provided with a new defender, after he hears of the battle).[5]

Date unknown
  • The Portuguese set up their first trading post (Feitoria) in Africa, on the island of Arguin.
  • Portuguese explorer Dinis Dias discovers the Cap-Vert, on the western coast of Africa.
  • Battle of Gomit: Emperor Zara Yaqob of Ethiopia defeats and kills Sultan Arwe Badlay, of Adal.
  • Vlad II Dracul, aided by a crusaders' fleet from Burgundy, attacks Giurgiu, and massacres the Ottoman garrison after their surrender.
  • Stephen II remains sole ruler of Moldavia.

1446

January–December

Date unknown
  • Nuno Tristão is killed by natives on the coast of Senegal.
  • Portuguese navigator Álvaro Fernandes reaches the mouth of the Casamance River in Senegal.
  • The Precious Belt Bridge in China is fully reconstructed.
  • In Italy, the siege of Cremona, by the condottieri troops of Francesco Piccinino and Luigi dal Verme, is raised after the arrival of Scaramuccia da Forlì.
  • The Blarney Stone is set into a tower of Blarney Castle in Blarney, County Cork in Ireland.

1447

January–December

Date unknown
  • Roman II seizes the throne of Moldavia after killing his uncle, Stephen II, and will have his other uncle, Petru as co-ruler.
  • The Siege of Soest occurs, in the course of the Soest Feud.
  • According to Ryū's own sources, Iizasa Ienao founds Tenshin Shōden Katori Shintō-ryū, the earliest historically verifiable Japanese koryū martial art, that is still extant in modern times.

1448

January–December
  • January 6 – Christopher of Bavaria, King of Denmark, Norway and Sweden, dies with no designated heir, leaving all three kingdoms with vacant thrones. Brothers Bengt Jönsson Oxenstierna and Nils Jönsson Oxenstierna are selected to serve as co-regents of Sweden.
  • August 14 – Battle of Oronichea: Albania is victorious over Venice.
  • June 20 – The Regency period of Sweden ends with the election of Karl Knutsson Bonde, as King Charles VIII of Sweden.
  • June 28 – Charles VIII of Sweden is publicly hailed as king at Mora Stones, and is crowned in Uppsala Cathedral the following day.
  • September 28 – Christian of Oldenburg, betrothed to Queen Dowager Dorothea of Brandenburg, becomes King Christian I of Denmark.
  • October 4 – Peace between Albania and Venice is established.
  • October 17 – Battle of Kosovo: Hungarian forces under John Hunyadi are defeated by the Turks, due to Ottoman superiority.
  • December 20 – Pope Nicholas V appoints Rudolf of Diepholt, Bishop of Utrecht, as cardinal.
  • December – Jonas, a Russian bishop, is installed by the Council of Russian Bishops in Moscow, as Metropolitan of Kiev and All Rus;[10] as this is without the consent of the Patriarch of Constantinople, it signifies the beginning of an effectively independent church structure in the Grand Duchy of Moscow.

Date unknown
  • Queens' College, Cambridge is founded by Margaret of Anjou.[11]
  • The Vatican Library is founded by Pope Nicholas V.
  • Vlad III the Impaler becomes reigning Prince of Wallachia for two months, before being deposed by Vladislav II of Wallachia.
  • After a long episode of drought, flood, locust infestation, and famine in Ming Dynasty China since the year 1434, these natural afflictions finally wane, and agriculture and commerce return to a state of normality.
  • Roman II flees to Poland, when an army sent by John Hunyadi, and led by Csupor de Monoszló, comes to put Petru on the throne of Moldavia. Petru dies suddenly, and Csupor takes on the throne for two months, as Ciubăr Vodă.

1449

January–December
  • January 6 – Constantine XI Palaiologos is crowned Byzantine Emperor at Mistra; he will be the last in a line of rulers that can be traced to the founding of Rome.
  • February – Alexăndrel seizes the throne of Moldavia, with the support of the boyars.
  • March 24 – Hundred Years' War: English capture Fougères in Brittany.[12]
  • April 7 – The last Antipope, Felix V, abdicates.
  • April 19 – Pope Nicholas V is elected by the Council of Basel.[13]
  • April 25 – The Council of Basel dissolves itself.
  • May – An English privateering fleet led by Robert Wennington challenges ships of the Hanseatic League.[14]
  • May 14 – Second Siege of Sfetigrad (1449): The Albanian garrison surrenders and the Ottomans seize the fortress.
  • May 20 – Battle of Alfarrobeira: King Afonso V of Portugal defeats the forces of Peter, Duke of Coimbra.
  • July – Hundred Years' War: The French invade Normandy.[12]
  • August 13 – First Margrave War: Albrecht III Achilles, Elector of Brandenburg takes Lichtenau Fortress from Nuremberg.
  • September 1 – Battle of Tumu Fortress: The Oirat Mongols defeat the Ming dynasty army, and capture the Zhengtong Emperor of China; the latter is officially deposed, while his brother ascends as the Jingtai Emperor the next year.
  • October – Bogdan II of Moldavia enters the country with troops from John Hunyadi, and takes the throne after Alexăndrel flees.
  • October 29 – The French recapture Rouen from the English.[12]

Significant people

Births

1440

1441

  • February 9 – Ali-Shir Nava'i, Central Asian poet, politician and writer (d. 1501)
  • March 24 – Ernest, Elector of Saxony, German ruler of Saxony (d. 1486)
  • June 25 – Federico I Gonzaga, Marquess of Mantua (1478–1484) (d. 1484)
  • June 27 – John III, Count of Nassau-Weilburg, German nobleman (d. 1480)
  • July 23 – Danjong of Joseon, King of Joseon (d. 1457)
  • November 11 – Charlotte of Savoy, French queen (d. 1483)

1442

  • April 13 – Henry IV of Neuhaus, High Treasurer of Bohemia (1485–1503), Burgrave of Prague Castle (1503–1507) (d. 1507)
  • April 15 – John Paston, English noble (d. 1479)[15]
  • April 28 – King Edward IV of England, King of England from 4 March 1461 until 3 October 1470, and again from 11 April 1471 to 3 October 1480 (d. 1483)[16]
  • July 3 – Emperor Go-Tsuchimikado of Japan (d. 1500)
  • July 15 – Boček IV of Poděbrady, Bohemian nobleman, eldest son of King George of Podebrady (d. 1496)
  • September 8 – John de Vere, 13th Earl of Oxford (d. 1513)
  • September 27 – John de la Pole, 2nd Duke of Suffolk (d. 1492)
  • date unknown
    • Ahmad Zarruq, Moroccan scholar and Sufi sheikh (d. 1493)
    • Tamás Bakócz, Hungarian archbishop (d. 1521)
    • Vannozza dei Cattanei, mistress of Pope Alexander VI

1443

1444

  • January 24 – Galeazzo Maria Sforza, Duke of Milan (d. 1476)
  • March 15 – Francesco Gonzaga, Catholic cardinal (d. 1483)
  • April 22 – Elizabeth of York, Duchess of Suffolk (d. 1503)
  • May 29 – Otto III, Duke of Pomerania-Stettin (1460–1464) (d. 1464)
  • June 14 – Nilakantha Somayaji, Indian astronomer-mathematician (d. 1544)
  • June 28 – Charlotte, Queen of Cyprus (d. 1487)
  • October 18 – John de Mowbray, 4th Duke of Norfolk (d. 1476)

1445

  • March 16 – Johann Geiler von Kaisersberg, Swiss-born priest (d. 1510)
  • April 4 – Wiguleus Fröschl of Marzoll, Bishop of Passau (1500–1517) (d. 1517)
  • October 25 – Fulk Bourchier, 10th Baron FitzWarin, English baron (d. 1479)
  • October 31 – Hedwig, Abbess of Quedlinburg, Princess-Abbess of Quedlinburg (d. 1511)
  • December 11 – Eberhard I, Duke of Württemberg (d. 1496)
  • date unknown – Albert Brudzewski, Polish astronomer (d. 1497)
  • probable – Nicolas Chuquet, French mathematician
  • approximate – Sandro Botticelli, Italian painter (d. 1510)[20]

1446

  • April 18 – Ippolita Maria Sforza, Italian noble (d. 1484)
  • May 3
    • Frederick I of Liegnitz, Duke of Chojnów and Strzelin from 1453 (d. 1488)
    • Margaret of York, duchess consort of Burgundy by marriage to Charles the Bold (d. 1503)[21]
  • August 14 – Andrey Bolshoy, Russian royal (d. 1493)
  • December 26 – Charles de Valois, Duke de Berry, French noble (d. 1472)
  • date unknown – Edmund de Ros, 10th Baron de Ros, English politician (d. 1508)
  • probable

1447

1448

  • February 14 – Nannina de' Medici, Florentine member of the de' Medici family (d. 1493)
  • March 20 – Marie of Savoy, Countess of Saint-Pol, Luxembourgian noble (d. 1475)
  • July 14 – Philip, Elector Palatine (d. 1508)
  • September 7 – Henry, Count of Württemberg-Montbéliard (1473–1482) (d. 1519)
  • October 31 – Władysław II of Płock, Polish noble (d. 1462)
  • November 4 – King Alphonso II of Naples (d. 1495)
  • December 12 – John Talbot, 3rd Earl of Shrewsbury, English Earl (d. 1473)
  • date unknown
    • Baeda Maryam of Ethiopia (d. 1478)
    • Nicholas I, Duke of Lorraine (d. 1473)
    • Suor Barbara Ragnoni, Italian painter (d. 1533)

1449

Deaths

1440

Saint Frances of Rome
Sigismund Kęstutaitis
Giovanni Vitelleschi

1441

  • March 8 – Margaret of Burgundy, Duchess of Bavaria
  • April 1 – Blanche I of Navarre, Queen of Navarre (1425–1441) and Regent of Sicily (1404–1405 and 1408–1415)
  • June 14 – Corrado IV Trinci, former lord of Foligno
  • July 9 – Jan van Eyck, Dutch painter[26]
  • July 12 – Kyōgoku Takakazu, Japanese noble and vassal of Ashikaga Yoshinori
  • July 12 – Ashikaga Yoshinori, Japanese shōgun (b. 1394)
  • September 25 – Akamatsu Mitsusuke, Japanese samurai
  • October 24 – Adolf, Duke of Bavaria (b. 1434)
  • October 27 – Margery Jourdemayne, Englishwoman executed for treasonable witchcraft
  • November 18 – Roger Bolingbroke, English cleric, astronomer, astrologer, magister and alleged necromancer[27]
  • December 26 – Niccolò III d'Este, Marquis of Ferrara (b. 1383)

1442

  • August 29 – John VI, Duke of Brittany (b. 1389)
  • September 25 – Robert de Morley, 6th Baron Morley, Lord of Morley Saint Botolph (b. 1418)
  • October 18 – Infante João of Portugal (b. 1400)
  • November 14 – Yolande of Aragon, politically active French noblewoman (b. 1384)
  • December 18 – Pierre Cauchon, French Catholic bishop (b. 1371)
  • December 19 – Elizabeth of Luxembourg (b. 1409)
  • date unknown
    • Al-Maqrizi, Egyptian Arab historian
    • Ahmed Shah, Sultan of Gujarat
    • Nguyễn Trãi, Vietnamese Confucian scholar.

1443

  • January 16 – Erasmo of Narni, Italian mercenary (b. 1370)
  • January 28 – Robert le Maçon, Chancellor of France
  • February – Guidantonio da Montefeltro, count of Urbino (b. 1377)
  • March 24 – James Douglas, 7th Earl of Douglas (b. 1371)
  • April 12 – Henry Chichele, Archbishop of Canterbury[28]
  • May 9 – Niccolò Albergati, Italian cardinal and diplomat (b. 1373)
  • June 5 – Ferdinand the Holy Prince of Portugal (b. 1402)
  • August 16 – Ashikaga Yoshikatsu, Japanese shōgun (b. 1434)
  • September 18 – Lewis of Luxembourg, Archbishop of Rouen
  • date unknown – Infante Diogo, Constable of Portugal
    • Jelena Balšić, Serbian duchess (b. 1366)
  • probable – Zeami Motokiyo, Japanese actor and playwright (b. 1363)

1444

1445

  • January 19 – Antonio Correr, Spanish cardinal (b. 1359)[32]
  • February 19 – Leonor of Aragon, queen of Portugal (b. 1402)
  • April 7 – Louis VIII, Duke of Bavaria, German noble (b. 1403)
  • May 15 – Johanna van Polanen, Dutch noblewoman (b. 1392)
  • June 5 – Leonel Power, English composer
  • July 15 – Joan Beaufort, Queen of Scotland[33]
  • August 2 – Oswald von Wolkenstein, Austrian composer (b. 1377)
  • date unknown – Olug Moxammat of Kazan, Khan of Kazan

1446

1447

  • February 23
  • March 6 – Colette of Corbie, French abbess and saint in the Catholic Church (b. 1381)[36]
  • March 13 – Shahrukh Mirza, ruler of Persia and Transoxonia (b. 1377)
  • March 31 – Robert Long, English politician (b. 1390)
  • April 11 – Henry Beaufort, Cardinal, Lord Chancellor of England (b. 1377)
  • April 22 – Yaqub al-Charkhi, Sufism (b. 1359)
  • May 1 – Louis VII, Duke of Bavaria-Ingolstadt (b. 1368)
  • May 12 – Hein Hoyer, German politician (13__-1447) (b. 1380)
  • July 6 – António Martins de Chaves, Catholic cardinal (b. 1390)
  • July 9 – Gruffudd Vychan, Welsh knight (b. 1390)
  • July 22 – Stephen II of Moldavia, Prince of Moldavia (b. 1410)
  • August 5 – John Holland, 2nd Duke of Exeter (b. 1395)
  • August 9 – Konrad IV the Older, Polish priest (b. 1380)
  • August 13 – Filippo Maria Visconti, Duke of Milan (b. 1392)
  • October 31 – Tommaso Bellacci, Italian Roman Catholic professed member of the Third Order of Saint Francis (b. 1370)
  • November 17 – Euphemia of Münsterberg, German sovereign (b. 1385)[37]
  • November 21 – Biagio Molino, Roman Catholic patriarch (b. 1380)
  • December – Vlad II Dracul, Prince of Wallachia, and his son Mircea II[38]
  • unknown – Stephen II of Moldavia

1448

  • January 6 – Christopher of Bavaria, King of Denmark, Norway and Sweden (b. 1418)
  • June 18 – Elizabeth de Beauchamp, Baroness Bergavenny, English baroness (b. 1415)
  • September 23 – Adolph I, Duke of Cleves (b. 1373)
  • October – Carlo II Tocco, ruler of Epirus
  • October 12 – Zhu Quan, Prince of Ning, Chinese military commander, historian and playwright (b. 1378)
  • October 31 – John VIII Palaeologus, Byzantine Emperor (b. 1390)
  • date unknown
    • Petru III of Moldavia

1449

  • January 4 – Cecilia of Brandenburg, Duchess of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel (b. c.1405)
  • January 21 – Giovanni Berardi, Archbishop of Taranto (b. 1380)
  • February 2 – Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani, Islamic scholar (b. 1372)
  • March – Dolce dell'Anguillara, Italian condottiero (b. 1401)
  • May – Alexander of Islay, Earl of Ross, Lord of the Isles
  • May 20 (at the Battle of Alfarrobeira)
    • Álvaro Vaz de Almada, 1st Count of Avranches
    • Peter, Duke of Coimbra (b. 1392)
  • June 1 – Polissena Sforza, Lady of Rimini (b. 1428)[39]
  • August 13 – Louis IV, Elector Palatine (b. 1424)
  • October 27 – Ulugh Beg, Timurid ruler and astronomer (b. 1394)[40]
  • October 31 – Elisabeth of Brandenburg, Duchess of Brzeg-Legnica and Cieszyn, German princess (b. 1403)
  • November 19 – Kunigunde of Sternberg, first spouse of the King George of Podebrady (b. 1425)
  • December 24 – Walter Bower, Scottish chronicler (b. 1385)[41]

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