壟斷

See also: 垄断

Chinese

	monopolize	to break; to judge; absolutely to break; to judge; absolutely; decidedly
trad. (壟斷)	壟	斷
simp. (垄断)	垄	断
variant forms	龍斷／龙断隴斷／陇断

Etymology

From the book Mencius:

人亦孰不欲富貴？而獨於富貴之中，有私龍斷焉。……有賤丈夫焉，必求龍斷而登之，以左右望而罔市利。 [Classical Chinese, trad.][▼ expand/hide]

人亦孰不欲富贵？而独于富贵之中，有私龙断焉。……有贱丈夫焉，必求龙断而登之，以左右望而罔市利。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]

From: Mencius, circa 4^th century BCE

Rén yì shú bù yù fùguì? Ér dú yú fùguì zhī zhōng, yǒu sī lǒngduàn yān....... Yǒu jiànzhàngfū yān, bì qiú lǒngduàn ér dēng zhī, yǐ zuǒyòu wàng ér wǎng shìlì. [Pinyin]

Who indeed is there of men but wishes for riches and honour? But he only, among the seekers of these, tried to monopolize the conspicuous mound. […] It happened that there was a mean fellow, who made it a point to look out for a conspicuous mound, and get up upon it. Thence he looked right and left, to catch in his net the whole gain of the market.

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Pinyin): lǒngduàn

(Zhuyin): ㄌㄨㄥˇ ㄉㄨㄢˋ
Cantonese (Jyutping): lung⁵ dyun⁶
Min Nan (POJ): lóng-toǎn / lióng-tn̄g / lióng-toān / lóng-toān

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Pinyin: lǒngduàn
  - Zhuyin: ㄌㄨㄥˇ ㄉㄨㄢˋ
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: loongduann
  - IPA ^(key): /lʊŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹¹ tu̯än⁵¹/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou)⁺
  - Jyutping: lung⁵ dyun⁶
  - Yale: lúhng dyuhn
  - Cantonese Pinyin: lung⁵ dyn⁶
  - Guangdong Romanization: lung⁵ dün⁶
  - IPA ^(key): /lʊŋ¹³ tyːn²²/
Min Nan
- (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: lóng-toǎn
  - Tâi-lô: lóng-tuǎn
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /lɔŋ⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ tuan²²/
- (Hokkien: General Taiwanese)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: lióng-tn̄g
  - Tâi-lô: lióng-tn̄g
  - Phofsit Daibuun: liofngd'ng
  - IPA (Taipei): /liɔŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ tŋ̍³³/
  - IPA (Kaohsiung): /liɔŋ⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ tŋ̍³³/
- (Hokkien: Xiamen)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: lióng-toān
  - Tâi-lô: lióng-tuān
  - Phofsit Daibuun: liofngdoan
  - IPA (Xiamen): /liɔŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ tuan²²/
- (Hokkien: Zhangzhou)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: lóng-toān
  - Tâi-lô: lóng-tuān
  - Phofsit Daibuun: lofngdoan
  - IPA (Zhangzhou): /lɔŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ tuan²²/

Verb

壟斷

(archaic) to trade in a market located on higher ground
(figuratively) to monopolize; to corner (the market)

Derived terms

壟斷市場／垄断市场
壟斷獨登／垄断独登

壟斷資本／垄断资本

Noun

壟斷

(archaic) higher ground
(figuratively) monopoly; monopolization

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