弩

弩 U+5F29, 弩
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-5F29
← 弨
[U+5F28] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 弪 →
[U+5F2A]

Translingual

Han character

弩 (radical 57, 弓+5, 8 strokes, cangjie input 女水弓 (VEN), four-corner 47207, composition ⿱奴弓)

References
  • KangXi: page 358, character 3
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 9760
  • Dae Jaweon: page 674, character 17
  • Hanyu Da Zidian: volume 2, page 994, character 5
  • Unihan data for U+5F29

Chinese
simp. and trad.
 弩

Glyph origin
Characters in the same phonetic series (女) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
拿 *rnaː
拏 *rnaː
詉 *rnaː
蒘 *rnaː, *na
笯 *rnaː, *naː, *naːs
挐 *rnaː, *na
絮 *rnaːs, *nas, *snas, *nas
呶 *rnaːw
怓 *rnaːw
帑 *n̥ʰaːŋʔ, *naː
奴 *naː
砮 *naː, *naːʔ
駑 *naː
孥 *naː
努 *naːʔ
弩 *naːʔ
怒 *naːʔ, *naːs
袽 *na
帤 *na
女 *naʔ, *nas
籹 *naʔ
恕 *hnjas
如 *nja, *njas
茹 *nja, *njaʔ, *njas
洳 *nja, *njas
鴽 *nja
蕠 *nja
汝 *njaʔ
肗 *njaʔ

Etymology

Compare Proto-Tibeto-Burman *s-na (“crossbow”), whence Drung tana, Naxi daqna.

Unger (1990) suggests a derivation from 努 (OC *naːʔ, “to tense; to exert”), as the crossbow shoots arrows by releasing elastic potential energy stored in its limbs and string. Ferlus (1999) cites Gernet's opinion that 砮 (OC *naː, *naːʔ, “stone arrow-tip”) had been semantically extended to mean the whole crossbow.

More likely, 弩 (OC *naːʔ) and Proto-Tibeto-Burman *s-na were Sinitic and Tibeto-Burman renditions of a Mainland Southeast Asian Wanderwort (Ratliff, 2010), possibly of Austroasiatic origin (Norman and Mei, 1976; Benedict, 1990; Schuessler, 2007). Compare other MSEA lexical items meaning "crossbow":

Also compare Proto-Austronesian *panaq (“to shoot (an arrow)”) (cf. Proto-Mon-Khmer *paɲʔ).

Pronunciation
Rime
Character 弩
Reading # 1/1
Initial (聲) 泥 (8)
Final (韻) 模 (23)
Tone (調) Rising (X)
Openness (開合) Open
Division (等) I
Fanqie 奴古切
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang		 /nuoX/
Pan
Wuyun		 /nuoX/
Shao
Rongfen		 /noX/
Edwin
Pulleyblank		 /nɔX/
Li
Rong		 /noX/
Wang
Li		 /nuX/
Bernard
Karlgren		 /nuoX/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex		 nǔ
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 弩
Reading # 1/1
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin)		 nǔ
Middle
Chinese		 ‹ nuX ›
Old
Chinese		 /*C.nˁaʔ/
English crossbow

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 弩
Reading # 1/1
No. 9607
Phonetic
component		 女
Rime
group		 魚
Rime
subdivision		 0
Corresponding
MC rime		 怒
Old
Chinese		 /*naːʔ/

Definitions

弩

  1. crossbow

Compounds
  • 強弩之末／强弩之末
  • 彊弩之末／强弩之末
  • 搭弩張弓／搭弩张弓
  • 璅弩
  • 硬弩強弓／硬弩强弓
  • 負弩／负弩
  • 負弩先驅／负弩先驱
  • 踏弩

Japanese

Kanji
弩

(uncommon “Hyōgai” kanji)

  1. crossbow
  2. one of abbreviations for loanwords whose transcription begin with the syllable ド (Do). Especially, dreadnought.
    • 1916, Machida Shiro, 獨逸戰前の真相, Waseda University Press, page 129:
      獨逸に於ける最初の弩級戦艦はナッサウ、エストファーレンの二艦である
      The first dreadnought-class battleships in Germany are Nassau and Westfalen

Readings
  • Go-on: ぬ (nu); の (no)
  • Kan-on: ど (do)
  • Kun: いしゆみ (ishiyumi, 弩); おおゆみ (ōyumi, 弩)←おほゆみ (ofoyumi, historical)

Korean

Hanja

弩 • (no) (hangeul 노, revised no, McCune–Reischauer no, Yale no)

  1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

Vietnamese

Han character

弩 (nỏ, nỗ, ná, nõ)

  1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.
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