< Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic
Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/-ga
Proto-Slavic
Etymology
The suffix is one of several similar suffixes, namely *-ba, *-da, which formed derivative nouns from verbal or nominal roots. When attached to nouns or adjectives, it got compounded to the primal suffix of the stem, extending it into *-ьdza for i-stem roots or -oga for o-stem roots.
Ultimately, the suffix descends from Proto-Indo-European *-gʰo-, *-gʰeh₂. Cognate with Proto-Germanic *-gô (e.g. *frauþaz (“jumper”) → *fruþgô (“frog”)).
Suffix 1
*-ga f
Declension
Declension of *-ga (hard a-stem)
Singular | Dual | Plural | |
---|---|---|---|
Nominative | *-ga | *-dzě | *-gy |
Accusative | *-gǫ | *-dzě | *-gy |
Genitive | *-gy | *-gu | *-gъ |
Locative | *-dzě | *-gu | *-gasъ, *-gaxъ* |
Dative | *-dzě | *-gama | *-gamъ |
Instrumental | *-gojǫ, *-gǫ** | *-gama | *-gami |
Vocative | *-go | *-dzě | *-gy |
* -asъ is the expected Balto-Slavic form but is found only in some Old Czech documents; -axъ is found everywhere else and is formed by analogy with other locative plurals in -xъ.
** The second form occurs in languages that contract early across /j/ (e.g. Czech), while the first form occurs in languages that do not (e.g. Russian).
** The second form occurs in languages that contract early across /j/ (e.g. Czech), while the first form occurs in languages that do not (e.g. Russian).
Alternative forms
- *-gъ m, *-go n
Suffix 2
*-gъ
Declension
Indefinite declension of *-ga (hard)
Singular | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter |
---|---|---|---|
Nominative | *-gъ | *-ga | *-go |
Accusative | *-gъ | *-gǫ | *-go |
Genitive | *-ga | *-gy | *-ga |
Locative | *-dzě | *-dzě | *-dzě |
Dative | *-gu | *-dzě | *-gu |
Instrumental | *-gomь | *-gojǫ | *-gomь |
Vocative | *-že | *-go | *-go |
Dual | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter |
Nominative | *-ga | *-dzě | *-dzě |
Accusative | *-ga | *-dzě | *-dzě |
Genitive | *-gu | *-gu | *-gu |
Locative | *-gu | *-gu | *-gu |
Dative | *-goma | *-gama | *-goma |
Instrumental | *-goma | *-gama | *-goma |
Vocative | *-ga | *-dzě | *-dzě |
Plural | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter |
Nominative | *-dzi | *-gy | *-ga |
Accusative | *-gy | *-gy | *-ga |
Genitive | *-gъ | *-gъ | *-gъ |
Locative | *-dzěxъ | *-gaxъ | *-dzěxъ |
Dative | *-gomъ | *-gamъ | *-gomъ |
Instrumental | *-gy | *-gami | *-gy |
Vocative | *-dzi | *-gy | *-ga |
Definite declension of *-ga (hard)
Singular | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter |
---|---|---|---|
Nominative | *-gъjь | *-gaja | *-goje |
Accusative | *-gъjь | *-gǫjǫ | *-goje |
Genitive | *-gajego | *-gyję | *-gajego |
Locative | *-dzějemь | *-dzěji | *-dzějemь |
Dative | *-gujemu | *-dzěji | *-gujemu |
Instrumental | *-gyjimi | *-gǫjǫ | *-gyjimi |
Vocative | *-gъjь | *-gaja | *-goje |
Dual | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter |
Nominative | *-gaja | *-dzěji | *-dzěji |
Accusative | *-gaja | *-dzěji | *-dzěji |
Genitive | *-guju | *-guju | *-guju |
Locative | *-guju | *-guju | *-guju |
Dative | *-gyjima | *-gyjima | *-gyjima |
Instrumental | *-gyjima | *-gyjima | *-gyjima |
Vocative | *-gaja | *-dzěji | *-dzěji |
Plural | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter |
Nominative | *-dziji | *-gyję | *-gaja |
Accusative | *-gyję | *-gyję | *-gaja |
Genitive | *-gъjixъ | *-gъjixъ | *-gъjixъ |
Locative | *-gyjixъ | *-gyjixъ | *-gyjixъ |
Dative | *-gyjimъ | *-gyjimъ | *-gyjimъ |
Instrumental | *-gyjimi | *-gyjimi | *-gyjimi |
Vocative | *-dziji | *-gyję | *-gaja |
Descendants
- East Slavic:
- Old East Slavic: -га (-ga)
- Belarusian: -га (-ha)
- Russian: -га (-ga)
- Ukrainian: -га (-ha)
- Old East Slavic: -га (-ga)
- South Slavic:
- West Slavic:
References
- G. Nandriş (1965) Handbook Of Old Church Slavonic Grammar, page 90
- Duridinov et al. (1991) Граматика на Старобългарския език, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, page 180
- Trubačóv, Oleg, editor (1974), “*batogъ”, in Etimologičeskij slovarʹ slavjanskix jazykov [Etymological dictionary of Slavic languages] (in Russian), volume 01, Moscow: Nauka, page 165
- Trubačóv, Oleg, editor (1979), “*gobьzъ(je), *gobьza”, in Etimologičeskij slovarʹ slavjanskix jazykov [Etymological dictionary of Slavic languages] (in Russian), volume 06, Moscow: Nauka, page 186
- Trubačóv, Oleg, editor (1992), “*matoga”, in Etimologičeskij slovarʹ slavjanskix jazykov [Etymological dictionary of Slavic languages] (in Russian), volume 18, Moscow: Nauka, page 5
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