Management of hair loss

Management of hair loss
Specialtydermatology

The management of hair loss, also known as alopecia or baldness.

Treatments

Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC)

Humidifier

A humidifier can be used to prevent low indoor humidity during winter (especially with indoor heating), and dry season.[1]

Commonly, patients with seborrhoeic dermatitis experience mild redness, scaly skin lesions and in some cases hair loss.[2]

Low humidity can cause adverse health effects and may cause atopic dermatitis,[3] and seborrhoeic dermatitis.[4]

Medication

Add-hocs

The topical bioavailability of synthetic medicines such as antiandrogens, as well as phytochemicals such as quercetin, has been improved with incorporation of drugs in nanoparticles, or microneedling.[5]

Synthetic medicine

Treatments for the various forms of hair loss have only moderate success.[6] Three medications have evidence to support their use in male pattern hair loss: finasteride, dutasteride and minoxidil.[7] They typically work better to prevent further hair loss than to regrow lost hair.[7]

They may be used together when hair loss is progressive or further regrowth is desired after 12 months.[8] Other medications include ketoconazole, and in female androgenic alopecia spironolactone and flutamide.[9] Combinations of finasteride, minoxidil and ketoconazole are more effective than individual use.[10]

Minoxidil

Minoxidil, applied topically, is widely used for the treatment of hair loss. It may be effective in helping promote hair growth in both men and women with androgenic alopecia.[11][12] About 40% of men experience hair regrowth after 3–6 months.[13] It is the only topical product that is FDA approved in America for androgenic hair loss.[11] However, increased hair loss has been reported.[14][15]

Antiandrogens

Finasteride is used to treat male pattern hair loss.[16] Treatment provides about 30% improvement in hair loss after six months of treatment, and effectiveness only persists as long as the drug is taken.[17] There is no good evidence for its use in women.[6] It may cause gynecomastia, erectile dysfunction and depression.[18]

Dutasteride is also used in the treatment of male pattern hair loss and appears to have better effectiveness than finasteride for the condition.[19][20][21] While used off-label for male pattern hair loss in most of the world, dutasteride is specifically approved for this indication in South Korea and Japan.[22][23]

There is tentative support for spironolactone in women.[6] Due to its feminising side effects and risk of infertility it is not often used by men.[24][25] It can also cause low blood pressure, high blood potassium, and abnormal heart rhythms. Also, women who are pregnant or trying to become pregnant generally cannot use the medication as it is a teratogen, and can cause ambiguous genitalia in newborn children.[26]

There is tentative evidence for flutamide in women; however, it is associated with relatively high rates of liver problems and strong recommendations have been made against its use.[6][27] Like spironolactone, flutamide is typically only used by women.[28] Bicalutamide is another option for the treatment of female pattern hair loss.[29][30] It has a far lower risk of liver toxicity than flutamide and is said to have an excellent safety profile.[29][30][31] However, bicalutamide retains a small risk of liver toxicity and for this reason periodic liver monitoring is recommended during treatment.[29][31]

Ketoconazole

Ketoconazole may help in women.[32][33][6]

Alternative medicine

The scalp must be cleaned from sebum, sweat, and dirt, prior to topical application, for agents to penetrate it.

Prevention of hair loss

A 2020 systemic review on agents used to treat androgenic alopecia found that:[34]

  • Oral supplementation of vitamin A, B, C, D, E, and trace element iron, selenium, and zinc, will prevent androgenic alopecia caused by malnutrition. Multivitamins can be used.
  • Topical application of onion juice, rosemary oil, saw palmetto, pumpkin seed oil, procyanidin, garlic gel, capsaicin, caffeine, amino acids, and curcumin helped prevent hair loss.
Regrowth of hair
Topical

Some popular plant juices sold as hair serum may instead of growing human hair actually inhibit the growth, including 6-gingerol found in ginger.[35]

Topical crude onion juice
Topical crude onion juice from Australian brown onion was used in a 2002 study to regrow hair in bald people.[36]

A small 2002 study demonstrated that treatment twice daily for six weeks with crude onion juice from Australian brown onion, re-growth hair on alopecia areata (spot baldness) in 86.9% of the 23 participants.[36] Twice as many flavonols are found in red onion than in yellow onion.[37] Also, non-organic onions might contain pesticides on the peel and in the first scaly leaf. Compounds found in onion that stimulates hair growth:

  • Quercetin: A 2012 study demonstrated that alopecia areata could be used to prevent ant treated with quercetin in mice.[38] Quercetin is found in onions primarily in the peel and the first scaly leaf but not in the flesh.[39] Onion bulb size or weight does not appear to be affected by quercetin concentration.[37]
  • Quercitrin: A 2020 study demonstrated that quercitrin stimulated hair shaft growth in cultured human hair follicles.[40]
  • Volatile compounds responsible for pungency and tearing in onions when they are cut (eg syn-propanethial S-oxide gas). However, no formal studies have conducted to evaluate if these compounds promote hair growth or if they help other compounds to penetrate the skin to form hair follicles.
    • To use the volatile compounds: Onions must be extracted and applied topically quickly before the volatile compounds evaporates. The extract will cause tearing eyes, but it can be prevented with a shower cap, or a pair of swimming goggles.
    • To discard the volatile compounds: The onion juice is extracted and stored for a short while to evaporate the volatile compounds. The extract will not cause tearing eyes. Also, both genetically modified, and plant breed onions have been produced with significantly reduced levels of tear-inducing lachrymatory factor.[41][42]
Dietary supplements

Dietary supplements are not typically recommended.[43] Many people use unproven treatments,[7] but there is little evidence of the effectiveness of vitamins, minerals, or other dietary supplements regrowing hair or retaining hair.[6] There is no evidence for biotin (vitamin B7).[43] While lacking both evidence and expert recommendation, there is a large market for hair growth supplements, especially for products that contain biotin.

However, one small trial of saw palmetto which shows tentative benefit in those with mild to moderate androgenetic alopecia.[43] There was no good evidence for gingko, aloe vera, ginseng, bergamot, or hibiscus as of 2011.[44]

Quercetin (a flavanoid found in vegan food) supplements, has been suggested to treat baldness.[38]

Technological treatments

Low-level laser therapy

Low-level laser therapy is also referred to as red light therapy and cold laser therapy. It's less invasive than hair transplant surgery.

Both laser and lights appear to be safe.[43] However, 2008 and 2012 reviews found little evidence to support the use of special lights or lasers to treat hair loss.[6][43][45]

A 2014 and 2016 review found tentative evidence of benefit for lasers.[46][47] While another 2014 review concluded that the results are mixed, have a high risk of bias, and that its effectiveness is unclear.[48]

Surgical treatments

Hair transplantation

A man before and after a hair transplant.

Hair transplantation is a surgical technique that moves individual hair follicles from a part of the body called the donor site to bald or balding part of the body known as the recipient site. It is primarily used to treat male pattern baldness. In this condition, grafts containing hair follicles that are genetically resistant to balding are transplanted to bald scalp. It is also used to restore eyelashes, eyebrows, beard hair, chest hair, and pubic hair and to fill in scars caused by accidents or surgery such as face-lifts and previous hair transplants. Hair transplantation differs from skin grafting in that grafts contain almost all of the epidermis and dermis surrounding the hair follicle, and many tiny grafts are transplanted rather than a single strip of skin.

Since hair naturally grows in follicles in groups of 1 to 4 hairs, transplantation takes advantage of these naturally occurring follicular units. This achieves a more natural appearance by matching hair for hair through Follicular unit transplantation (FUT).

Donor hair can be harvested in two different ways. Small grafts of naturally-occurring units of one to four hairs, called follicular units, can be moved to balding areas of the hair restoration. These follicular units are surgically implanted in the scalp in very close proximity to one another and in large numbers. The grafts are obtained in one or both of the two primary methods of surgical extraction, follicular unit transplantation, colloquially referred to as "strip harvesting", or Follicular Unit Extraction (FUE), in which follicles are transplanted individually.

In FUT, a strip of skin containing many follicular units is extracted from the patient and dissected under a stereoscopic microscope. The site of the strip removal is stitched closed. Once divided into follicular unit grafts, each unit is individually inserted into small recipient sites made by an incision in the bald scalp. In the newer technique, roots are extracted from the donor area and divided into strips for transplantation. The strip, two to three millimeters thick, is isolated and transplanted to the bald scalp.[49] After surgery, a bandage is worn for two days to protect the stitched strip during healing. A small strip scar remains after healing, which can be covered by scalp hair growing over the scar.[50]

Scalp reduction

Scalp reduction is a surgical procedure in which the hairless region of the scalp of a bald man is reduced. This procedure can reduce the area of the scalp without hair.[51][52]

Radiation-induced hair loss

Radiation induces hair loss through damage to hair follicle stem cell progenitors and alteration of keratin expression.[53][54] Radiation therapy has been associated with increased mucin production in hair follicles.[55]

Studies have suggested electromagnetic radiation as a therapeutic growth stimulant in alopecia.[56]

Cosmeses

There have been advances in the fashion industry in wig design.

Certain hair shampoos and ointments visually thicken existing hair, without affecting the growth cycle.[57] There have also been developments in the fashion industry with wig design. The fashion accessory has also been shown to be a source of psychological support for women undergoing chemotherapy, with cancer survivors in one study describing their wig as a "constant companion".[58] Other studies in women have demonstrated a more mixed psychosocial impact of hairpiece use.[59]

Specialized tattoos, commonly known as scalp micropigmentation, can mimic the appearance of a short buzzed haircut.[60]

Human hair growth

Hair follicle with mesenchymal dermal papilla, labelled at top, location of hair follicle stem cells and thought to be site of action of DHT.

Type 1 and 2 5α reductase enzymes are present at pilosebaceous units in papillae of individual hair follicles. They catalyse formation of the androgens testosterone and DHT, which in turn regulate hair growth. Androgens have different effects at different follicles: they stimulate IGF-1 at facial hair, causing hair regrowth, but stimulate TGF β1, TGF β2, dickkopf1 and IL-6 at the scalp, causing hair follicle miniaturisation.[61]

Female androgenic alopecia is characterized by diffuse crown thinning without hairline recession, and like its male counterpart rarely leads to total hair loss.[62] Finasteride and minoxidil are usually first line therapy for its treatment. Other options include topical or systemic spironolactone or flutamide, although they have a high incidence of feminising side effects and are better tolerated in female androgenic hair loss.

More advanced cases may be resistant or unresponsive to medical therapy, however, and require hair transplantation. Naturally-occurring units of one to four hairs, called follicular units, are excised and moved to areas of hair restoration. These follicular units are surgically implanted in the scalp in close proximity and in large numbers. The grafts are obtained from either Follicular Unit Transplantation (FUT) – colloquially referred to as "strip harvesting" – or Follicular Unit Extraction (FUE). In the former, a strip of skin with follicular units is extracted and dissected into individual follicular unit grafts. The surgeon then implants the grafts into small incisions, called recipient sites.[50][63] Specialized scalp tattoos can also mimic the appearance of a short buzzed haircut.[64] Androgenic alopecia also occurs in women, and more often presents as diffuse thinning without hairline recession. Like its male counterpart, the condition rarely leads to total hair loss. Treatment options are similar to those for men, although topical or systemic estrogen is used more often.[62][65]

Research

Bimatoprost and latanoprost

Latanoprost and bimatoprost are specific PGF2a analogues applied topically, and have been found to lengthen eyelashes,[66][67] darken hair pigmentation[68] and elongate hair.[9] Bimatoprost is available as treatment for eyelash growth.[69] Latanoprost has shown ability to promote scalp hair density and pigmentation,[70] and is theorized to function at the dermal papilla.[71] A study found latanoprost ineffective on eyelashes in a patient with alopecia areata.[72] It has also been found ineffective in treatment of eyebrow hair loss.[73]

Hormones

Estrogens are indirect anti-androgens and can be used to treat androgenetic hair loss in women with oral contraceptives. Systemic estrogen increases SHBG, which binds androgens, including testosterone and DHT, in turn reducing their bioavailability. Topical formulations are available in Europe.[44] Hair follicles have estrogen receptors and it is theorized that topical compounds act on them directly to promote hair growth and antagonize androgen action. Large clinical studies showing effectiveness are absent. Topical treatment is also usually unavailable in North America.[9]

There is tentative evidence for cyproterone acetate in women.[6]

IGF-1

In December 2012, topical application of IGF-1 in a liposomal vehicle led to thicker and more rapid hair growth in transgenic mice with androgenic alopecia. The study did not show measurable systemic levels or hematopoietic side effects, suggesting potential for use in humans.[74] Low energy radiofrequency irradiation induces IGF-1 in cultured human dermal papilla cells.[75] Adenosine stimulates dermal papillae in vitro to induce IGF-1, along with fibroblast growth factors FGF7, FGF-2 and VEGF. β-catenin transcription increased, which promotes dermal papillae as well.[75] Dietary isoflavones increase IGF production in scalp dermal papillae in transgenic mice.[76] Topical capsaicin also stimulates IGF at hair follicles via release of vanilloid receptor-1, which in turn leads to more CGRP.[77] Ascorbic acid has led to increased IGF expression in vitro.[78]

Platelet-rich plasma

Reviews in 2013 and 2017 on the use of platelet-rich plasma (PRP) to regrow hair found insufficient evidence to draw clear conclusions.[79][80]

Stem cell therapy

Although follicles were previously thought gone in areas of complete baldness, they are more likely dormant, as recent studies have shown the scalp contains the stem cells from which the follicles arose.[81] Research on these follicular stem cells may lead to successes in treating baldness through hair multiplication (HM), also known as hair cloning.

Per a May 2015 review, no successful strategy to generate human hair follicles, for hair regrowth, from adult stem cells has yet been reported.[82] However, in April 2016, scientists from Japan published results of their work in which they created human skin from induced pluripotent stem cells; implanted into laboratory mice, the cells generated skin with hair and glands.[83]

Genetics

From 2005 to 2007, Curis and Procter & Gamble collaborated on developing a topical hedgehog agonist for hair loss; the agent did not meet safety standards, and the program was terminated.[84][85] In 2008, researchers at the University of Bonn announced they have found the genetic basis of two distinct forms of inherited hair loss. They found the gene P2RY5 causes a rare, inherited form of hair loss called hypotrichosis simplex. It is the first receptor in humans known to play a role in hair growth.[86][87][88] Researchers found that disruption of the gene SOX21 in mice caused cyclical hair loss. Research has suggested SOX21 as a master regulator of hair shaft cuticle differentiation, with its disruption causing cyclical alopecia in mice models.[89] Deletion of SOX21 dramatically affects hair lipids.[90]

References

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  45. ↑ Rangwala, Sophia; Rashid, Rashid M. (February 2012). "Alopecia: a review of laser and light therapies". Dermatology Online Journal. 18 (2): 3. doi:10.5070/D31JT041T2. ISSN 1087-2108. PMID 22398224. Since then, a number of studies have suggested the use of lasers as an effective way to treat alopecia, particularly androgenetic alopecia and alopecia areata, but there is still a paucity of independent, peer-reviewed blinded clinical trials.
  46. ↑ Avci, Pinar; Gupta, Gaurav K.; Clark, Jason; Wikonkal, Norbert; Hamblin, Michael R. (2014). "Low-Level Laser (Light) Therapy (LLLT) for Treatment of Hair Loss". Lasers in Surgery and Medicine. 46 (2): 144–151. doi:10.1002/lsm.22170. ISSN 0196-8092. PMC 3944668. PMID 23970445.
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