Rade language

Rade (Rhade; Rade: klei Êđê; Vietnamese: tiếng Ê-đê or tiếng Ê Đê) is an Austronesian language of southern Vietnam. There may be some speakers in Cambodia. It is a member of the Chamic subgroup, and is closely related to the Cham language of central Vietnam.[2]

Not to be confused with Kru’ng language.
Rade
Klei Êđê
Native toVietnam
EthnicityRade
Native speakers
180,000 in Vietnam (2007)[1]
Latin
Language codes
ISO 639-3Either:
rad – Rade
ibh – Bih
Glottolograde1240  Rade
biha1246  Bih
ELPBih

Dialects

Đoàn Văn Phúc (1998:24)[3] lists nine dialects of Rade. They are spoken mostly in Đắk Lắk Province in the Central Highlands region of Vietnam.

Bih, which has about 1,000 speakers, may be a separate language.[4] Tam Nguyen (2015) reported that there are only 10 speakers of Bih out of an ethnic population of about 400 people.[5]

A patrilineal Rade subgroup known as the Hmok or Hmok Pai is found in the Buôn Ma Thuột area (Phạm 2005:212).[6]

Classification

Đoàn Văn Phúc (1998:23)[3] provides the following classification for the Rade dialects. Đoàn (1998) also provides a 1,000-word vocabulary list for all of the nine Rade dialects.

  • Area 1
    • Area 1.1: Krung, Kpă, Adham
    • Area 1.2: Drao. Êpan, Ktul
    • Blô (mixture of areas 1.1 and 1.2, as well as Mdhur)
  • Area 2
    • Mdhur
    • Bih

Đoàn Văn Phúc (1998:23)[3] assigns the following cognacy percentages for comparisons between Kpă and the other eight dialects of Rade, with Bih as the most divergent dialect.

  • Kpă – Krung: 85.5%
  • Kpă – Adham: 82%
  • Kpă – Ktul: 82%
  • Kpă – Mdhur: 80%
  • Kpă – Blô: 82%
  • Kpă – Êpan: 85%
  • Kpă – Drao: 81%
  • Kpă – Bih: 73%

Vocabulary
  • Khoa sang – the most senior in age and authority
  • Dega – Protestant of Christian (single word identity of E-de)
  • Ih – you
  • Ung – husband
  • Ñu – her/him
  • Diñu – they
  • Drei – we
  • Khăp – love
  • Bi êmut – hate
  • idai – younger sibling
  • ami – mom/mother
  • yah – grandma/grandmother
  • ae – grandma/grandfather
  • Ama – father, dad daddy
  • Jhat – ugly, bad
  • Siam – pretty
  • Siam mniê – beautiful girl
  • Jăk – good
  • Khăp – love
  • Brei – give
  • Djŏ – true
  • Nao – go
  • Kâo – I/me
  • anăn – name
  • Čar – country
  • Čiăng – want/like
  • Aê Diê – God
  • Blŭ – speak
  • Klei blŭ – language
  • Bur – rice porridge
  • Êmong – fat
  • Êwang – skinny
  • Jŭ – black
  • Hriê/hrê – to be from
  • Mơ̆ng – from
  • Sa, dua, klâo, pă, êma – 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
  • Năm, kjuh, sa-băn, dua-păn, pluh: 6, 7, 8, 9, 10
  • Čar Mi/čar amêrik – America
  • Čar Kŭr – Cambodia
  • Anak – person
  • Hriăm – learn
  • Roă/ruă – sound of displeasure/pain
  • Buôn Ama Y'Thuôt – Buôn Ma Thuôt
  • Čih – type/write
  • Klei Mi – English
  • Klei Êđê – Rade/Ede
  • loo – A lot
  • klei brang – French

Phonology

The spelling is shown in italics.

Vowels
Rade vowels
Front Central Back
shortlong shortlong shortlong
High ĭ /i/i /iː/ ư̆ /ɨ/ư /ɨː/ ŭ /u/u /uː/
Mid ê̆ /e/ê /eː/ ơ̆ /ə/ơ /əː/ ô̆ /o/ô /oː/
Low ĕ /ɛ/e /ɛː/ ă /a/a /aː/ ŏ /ɔ/o /ɔː/
  • Vowels /ɨ ɨː, ə əː/ can also be heard as more centralized-back [ɯ̈ ɯ̈ː, ɤ̈ ɤ̈ː].

Consonants
Rade consonants
Labial Alveolar Palatal Velar Glottal
Nasal m /m/ n /n/ ñ /ɲ/ ng /ŋ/
Stop voiceless p /p/ t /t/ č /c/ k /k/ /ʔ/
aspirated ph /pʰ/ th /tʰ/ čh /cʰ/ kh /kʰ/
voiced b /b/ d /d/ j /ɟ/ g /ɡ/
implosive ƀ /ɓ/ đ /ɗ/ dj /ʄ/
Fricative s /s/ h /h/
Approximant w /w/ l /l/ y /j/
Rhotic r /r/
  • /w/ can also be heard as a more bilabial [β̞].
  • Glottalized final consonant sounds /wʔ, jʔ, jh/ are heard only in final position.[7]

References
  1. Rade at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
    Bih at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
  2. "Rade (klei Êđê)". Omniglot.
  3. Đoàn, Văn Phúc (1998). Từ vựng các phương ngữ Êđê / Lexique des dialectes Êđê [Vocabulary of Rade Dialects] (in Vietnamese). Hanoi: Đại học quốc gia Hà Nội and École française d'Extrême-Orient.
  4. Nguyen, Tam (2013). A Grammar of Bih (PhD thesis). University of Oregon. hdl:1794/12996.
  5. Nguyen, Tam (2015). Language Endangerment Factors: A Case Study with Bih. Paper presented at SoLE-4, Payap University.
  6. Phâm, Côn Sơn (2005). Non nước Việt Nam: sắc nét trung bộ (in Vietnamese). Hanoi: Phương Đông Publishers.
  7. Đoàn 1993.

Further reading
  • Đoàn, Văn Phúc (1993). Ngữ âm tiếng Êđê [Ede language phonetics] (in Vietnamese). Hà Nội.
  • Sở giáo dục và đào tạo tỉnh Đắk Lắk – Viện ngôn ngữ học Việt Nam (2012). Ngữ pháp tiếng Êđê [Ede Grammar] (in Vietnamese). Hà Nội: Nhà xuất bản giáo dục Việt Nam.
  • Ủy ban nhân dân tỉnh Đăk Lăk – Sở giáo dục – Đào tạo – Viện ngôn ngữ học Việt Nam (1993). Từ điển Việt – Êđê [Vietnamese – Rade Dictionary] (in Vietnamese). Đăk Lăk: Nhà xuất bản giáo dục.
  • Linh, Nga Niê Kdam (2013). Nghệ thuật diễn xướng dân gian Ê Đê, Bih ở Dăk Lăk [Rade and Bih Folk Performing Arts in Dak Lak] (in Vietnamese). Hà Nội: Nhà xuất bản Thời Đại. ISBN 978-604-930-599-3.
  • Tharp, James A.; Buon-ya, Y.-Bham (1980). A Rhade–English Dictionary with English-Rhade Finderlist. Pacific Linguistics Series C – No. 58. Canberra: The Australian National University. doi:10.15144/PL-C58. hdl:1885/144435. ISBN 978-0-85883-217-6.
Rade language test of Wikipedia at Wikimedia Incubator
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