Voiced alveolar implosive
The voiced alveolar implosive is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨ɗ ⟩. The IPA symbol is lowercase letter d with a rightward hook protruding from the upper right of the letter.
| Voiced alveolar implosive | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| ɗ | |||
| IPA Number | 162 | ||
| Audio sample | |||
|
source · help | |||
| Encoding | |||
| Entity (decimal) | ɗ | ||
| Unicode (hex) | U+0257 | ||
| X-SAMPA | d_< | ||
| Braille |   | ||
| |||
Features
Features of the voiced alveolar implosive:
- Its manner of articulation is occlusive, which means it is produced by obstructing airflow in the vocal tract. Since the consonant is also oral, with no nasal outlet, the airflow is blocked entirely, and the consonant is a plosive.
- Its place of articulation is alveolar, which means it is articulated with either the tip or the blade of the tongue at the alveolar ridge, termed respectively apical and laminal.
- Its phonation is voiced, which means the vocal cords vibrate during the articulation.
- It is an oral consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth only.
- It is a central consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream along the center of the tongue, rather than to the sides.
- The airstream mechanism is implosive (glottalic ingressive), which means it is produced by pulling air in by pumping the glottis downward. Since it is voiced, the glottis is not completely closed, but allows a pulmonic airstream to escape through it.
Occurrence
| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ega[1] | [ɗá] | 'hide' | |||
| Fula | ɗiɗi 𞤯𞤭𞤯𞤭 | [ɗiɗi] | 'two' | ||
| Goemai | ḍal | [ɗal] | 'to swallow' | ||
| Hausa | ɗaiɗai | [ɗei̯ɗei̯] | 'one at a time' | ||
| Jamaican Patois[2] | dem | [ɗem] | 'them' | Allophone of /d/ in the onset of prominent syllables | |
| Kalabari[3] | ḍa | [ɗà] | 'father' | ||
| Karajá | ti | [ɗi] | 'bone' | ||
| Khmer | ដប់ / dáb | [ɗɑp] | 'ten' | ||
| Konso[4] | bad | [ɓaɗ] | 'to hide' | ||
| Mono[5] | ku‘da | [kūɗā] | 'debt' | ||
| Ongota | [ɡaːɗa] | 'dull' | |||
| Paumarí[6] | 'bo'da | [ɓoɗa] | 'old' | ||
| Serer[7] | biɗ | [biɗ] | 'flower' | Contrasts /ɓ̥, ɗ̥, ʄ̊, ɓ, ɗ, ʄ/. | |
| Sindhi | ڏر | [ɗarʊ] | 'crevice' | ||
| Shona | kudada | [kuɗaɗa] | 'prideful and pompous' | ||
| Tera[8] | ɗana | [ɗàna] | 'to talk' | ||
| Tukang Besi | [piɗi] | 'rubbish' | |||
| Vietnamese[9] | đuôi | [ɗuəj] | 'tail' | See Vietnamese phonology | |
| Wambule | डि॒ | [ɗi] | 'name' | ||
Notes
- Connell, Ahoua & Gibbon (2002:100)
- Devonish & Harry (2004:456)
- Harry (2003:113)
- Orkaydo, Ongaye Oda (2013). A Grammar of Konso. p. 11.
- Olson (2004:233)
- Everett (2003:23)
- Mc Laughlin (2005:100)
- Tench (2007:228)
- Thompson (1959:458–461)
References
- Connell, Bruce; Ahoua, Firmin; Gibbon, Dafydd (2002), "Ega", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 32 (1): 99–104, doi:10.1017/S002510030200018X
- Devonish, H; Harry, Otelamate G. (2004), "Jamaican phonology", in Kortman, B; Shneider E. W. (eds.), A Handbook of Varieties of English, phonology, vol. 1, Berlin: Mouton De Gruyter, pp. 441–471
- Everett, Daniel L. (2003), "Iambic Feet in Paumari and the Theory of Foot Structure", Linguistic Discovery, 2 (1), doi:10.1349/ps1.1537-0852.a.263, ISSN 1537-0852
- Harry, Otelemate (2003), "Kalaḅarị-Ịjo", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 33 (1): 113–120, doi:10.1017/S002510030300121X
- Keer, Edward (1999), Geminates, The OCP and The Nature of CON, Rutgers University
- Mc Laughlin, Fiona (2005), "Voiceless implosives in Seereer-Siin", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 35 (2): 201–214, doi:10.1017/S0025100305002215, S2CID 145717014
- Olson, Kenneth S. (2004), "Mono" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 34 (2): 233–238, doi:10.1017/S0025100304001744
- Tench, Paul (2007), "Tera", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 37 (1): 228–234, doi:10.1017/s0025100307002952
- Thompson, Laurence (1959), "Saigon phonemics", Language, 35 (3): 454–476, doi:10.2307/411232, JSTOR 411232
External links
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