LGBT rights in Finland

Registered partnerships (Finnish: rekisteröity parisuhde; Swedish: registrerat partnerskap) in Finland were created for same-sex couples in 2002. The legislation, granting similar rights and responsibilities to same-sex couples as to married opposite-sex couples, was passed by the Parliament in September 2001 with a vote of 99–84.[7] In May 2009, the Parliament revised the law allowing couples to adopt the biological children of their partner.[8] Registered partnerships, which were available only to same-sex couples, were registered and dissolved using a procedure similar to that for civil marriages. The legislation also granted immigration rights to a same-sex foreign partner of a Finnish citizen. The registered partnership law was repealed on 1 March 2017 after same-sex marriage legislation came into effect.

According to a survey conducted by the newspaper Kotimaa on 11 March 2010, the 2007 parliamentary election resulted in a split on the issue of same-sex marriage, with 54% of MPs opposing a gender-neutral marriage law and 46% supporting.[9] However, four of the eight parties in the Parliament — the Social Democrats,[10] the Greens,[11] the Left Alliance,[12] and the Swedish People's Party[13] — had declared their support for same-sex marriage in their general position papers. The National Coalition voted to support same-sex marriage at its party conference in June 2010,[14] though vice-chairman of its parliamentary group Ben Zyskowicz said that a majority of NCP MPs were against it.[15] The Centre Party had no general position on same-sex marriage,[13] though it opposed adoption rights for same-sex couples.[16] The Christian Democrats,[17] and the True Finns took a negative stance on same-sex marriage in their electoral platforms.[18]

Based on support by five of the eight parties in the Parliament elected in 2007,[14][10][11][12][13] it was considered possible that same-sex marriage would be legalized after the 2011 parliamentary elections. It was speculated that the issue of same-sex marriage would be a major theme,[13] however, in an August 2010 survey by Yle, only 20% of the respondents said the issue should be a major theme.[19] According to the voting advice application of Helsingin Sanomat, 90 MPs of the 200-seat Parliament elected in 2011 supported same-sex couples' eligibility for adoption, while 93 MPs opposed it.[20] As a result of the Christian Democratic inclusion in the cabinet – the Christian Democrats' chairperson, Päivi Räsänen, became the Minister of the Interior[21] – a bill legalizing same-sex marriage was not included in the government platform.[22] However, according to the Left Alliance, it was agreed upon during negotiations on government formation that, if proposed by individual MPs, such a bill would be endorsed by all the other parties in the Government Coalition (the National Coalition, the Social Democrats, the Left Alliance, the Green League and the Swedish People's Party).[23]

A work group for the bill, headed by National Coalition MP Lasse Männistö, was soon launched and began operating in September 2011.[24] A bill was subsequently presented to the Finnish Parliament on 8 February 2012, with 76 of the 199 voting MPs indicating their support.[25] The bill received full support from the Left Alliance and ex-Left Alliance MPs (12 and 2, respectively) and the Greens (10), while it enjoyed majority support within the Social Democrats (30–12) and the Swedish People's Party (7–3). Meanwhile, the marriage bill enjoyed minority support within the National Coalition (14–30) and very little support from the centre (1–34), while no MPs from either the True Finns nor the Christian Democrats voiced support.[26] According to state broadcaster Yle, the bill had a reduced chance of passing because it was submitted as a private member's bill and, therefore, had to have at least 100 signatories in order to qualify for the preparation process in a parliamentary committee – as opposed to a government proposal which goes directly to a committee and to a vote in a parliamentary plenary session.[27][28]

On 27 February 2013, the bill was voted down by the Legal Affairs Committee in a 9–8 vote.[29] Prior to the rejection, proponents of the bill accused the committee chair, Anne Holmlund (who personally opposed the bill), of delaying the process. Holmlund denied this, pointing to a number of government proposals and bills with over 100 signatory MPs which have precedence under the procedural rules. Finns Party MP Arja Juvonen, who had been expected to be more pro-gay than her predecessor on the committee (Johanna Jurva), also accused the Greens, the Social Democrats and the Left Alliance of pressuring her to endorse the bill against the Finns Party's group decision.[30] An amendment to the Finnish Constitution passed on 1 March 2012 allows for citizens' initiatives with at least 50,000 valid signatories to be considered by the Parliament.[28] As such, a civil campaign called "Tahdon2013" ("I do 2013")[31] quickly gathered pace and collected the necessary signatures for the bill by 19 March 2013,[29][32] gathering over 100,000 online signatures on the first day alone.[33] In total, the initiative was backed by over 166,000 by its deadline, 19 September, and was submitted to the Parliament in December 2013.[34][35] The bill was put for introductory debate (lähetekeskustelu) in plenary session on 20 February 2014, after which it was referred to the Legal Affairs Committee.[36][37] On 25 June, the bill was rejected by the Legal Affairs Committee by a vote of 10–6. The Committee recommended that Parliament reject the bill. Two members were not present, though both apologized for being absent and stated that it would have failed on a 9–8 count if everyone had attended.[38]

On 28 November 2014, the Finnish Parliament voted 105–92 to reject the Legal Affairs Committee's recommendation. The legalisation was then approved 101–90 by the Parliament on 12 December, making it the first citizens' initiative to be passed by Parliament.[39] It was signed into law by President Sauli Niinistö on 20 February 2015. Finnish Prime Minister Alexander Stubb showed support for the bill, boosting it as "a prime example of citizen power."[40] Following a number of legislative follow-ups, the law allowing same-sex marriage went into effect on 1 March 2017, making Finland the 12th European nation to legalise same-sex marriage.[2]

In Finland, people wishing to have their legal gender reassigned on official documents, such as passports, birth certificates and IDs, must be sterilized or "for some other reason infertile". In 2012, a possible change of the law was put under consideration by the Finnish Ministry of Social Affairs and Health.[52] A recommendation from the UN Human Rights Council to eliminate the sterilization requirement was rejected by the Finnish Government in 2017.[53] In October 2017, a bill to amend the law failed because not enough MPs supported the measure. Committee chair Tuula Haatainen said that only 8 out of the 17 committee members supported the bill. The bill was introduced by Left Alliance MP Silvia Modig in 2016 and had gathered 85 MP signatures in the Finnish Parliament.

Sakris Kupila, a transgender activist and medical student, was denied a legal gender reassignment after refusing to undergo this process, campaigning along with Amnesty International to demand a change to the law.[54] Transgender people must also receive a mental disorder diagnosis in order to have legal gender reassigned.[55]

In 2019, the newly elected Rinne Cabinet released their legislative plans for the next 4 years. It includes the removal of the sterilisation requirement for sex reassignment and banning surgeries on intersex infants.[56][57] However the Rinne cabinet resigned before this legislation could be introduced to parliament.

On April 6, 2021, a citizens' initiative suggesting changes to the transgender law, such as removing the sterilization requirement and giving the right for transgender people at least 15 years of age to change their legal gender with the permission of a guardian was proposed. It achieved the required 50,000 signatures 1 day after the submission, and was sent to parliament on the 24th of September with a total of 68,374 signatures.[58]

The act passed with amendments on 1 February 2023, with votes 113–69. Most government parties voted for and most opposition parties voted against; the government Centre Party and opposition National Coalition Party were divided. In amendments, the age limit for changing one's gender was increased to 18 years, and a limit of at most one change per year, unless a special reason is provided, was instituted. The law also included a 30-day "period of reflection".[59] The process was controversial as the Centre Party, who according to the Social Democrats had promised to vote for the law in committee, opposed it in the Social Affairs and Health Committee. According to the Centre Party, the law concerned a matter on which its representatives were allowed to vote freely based on their conscience.[60] In March 2023, the President of Finland formally signed the bill into law and it went into legal effect on April 3.[61]

In 2020, Finland overhauled its treatment standards for transgender adults to prioritize "psychosocial therapy", with medical transition only being allowed in the event that "the dysphoria associated with gender identity is persistent (> 2 years), that the person can consistently describe how the dysphoria is harmful to them in everyday situations and that it can be reliably established that the dysphoria is detrimental to their social life or professional career or causes significant suffering".[62] Finland also issued new guidelines for the treatment of transgender youth, defined as until age 25, stating that "the first-line intervention for gender variance during childhood and adolescent years is psychosocial support and, as necessary, gender-explorative therapy and treatment for comorbid psychiatric disorders" and that medical intervention can only be given on a "case-by-case basis".[63] All of the above regulations for both minors and adults are currently counter to the best practice recommendations set forth in the World Professional Association of Transgender Health's Standards of Care Version 8.[64]

A survey conducted by Seta found that over 40% of trans respondents were entirely unable to access the care they needed, with the majority of respondents reporting extended waiting times for care.[65]

In 2011, Pekka Haavisto, an openly gay member of the Finnish Parliament and former Environment Minister, was nominated as the Green League candidate for the Finnish presidential election of 2012. In the first round of the election on 22 January 2012, he finished second with 18.8 percent of the votes, but in the run-off on 5 February, he lost to the National Coalition Party candidate, former Finance Minister Sauli Niinistö with 37.4 percent of the votes.[89]

In February 2017, Haavisto announced that he would reprise his candidacy in the 2018 presidential election.[90] The decision came after Haavisto had been approached multiple times by the Green League.[91] In the election, Haavisto placed second with 12.4 percent of the votes, while President Niinistö went on to secure his second term with a majority of votes.[92]