Tupian languages

The Tupi or Tupian language family comprises some 70 languages spoken in South America, of which the best known are Tupi proper and Guarani.

Tupian
Geographic
distribution
Brazil, Bolivia, Paraguay, Uruguay, North-East Argentina, Southern Colombia, Northern Peru
Linguistic classificationJe-Tupi-Carib?
  • Tupian
Proto-languageProto-Tupian
Subdivisions
ISO 639-2 / 5tup
Glottologtupi1275
Tupi–Guarani (medium pink), other Tupian (violet), and probable range ca. 1500 (pink-grey)

Homeland and urheimat

Rodrigues (2007) considers the Proto-Tupian urheimat to be somewhere between the Guaporé and Aripuanã rivers, in the Madeira River basin.[1] Much of this area corresponds to the modern-day state of Rondônia, Brazil. Five of the ten Tupian branches are found in this area, as well as some Tupi–Guarani languages (especially Kawahíb), making it the probable urheimat of these languages and maybe of its speaking peoples. Rodrigues believes the Proto-Tupian language dates back to around 3,000 BC.

Language contact

Tupian languages have extensively influenced many language families in South America. Jolkesky (2016) notes that there are lexical similarities with the Arawa, Bora-Muinane, Guato, Irantxe, Jivaro, Karib, Kayuvava, Mura-Matanawi, Taruma, Trumai, Yanomami, Harakmbet, Katukina-Katawixi, Arawak, Bororo, Karaja, Macro-Mataguayo-Guaykuru, Takana, Nadahup, and Puinave-Kak language families due to contact.[2]

History, members and classification

When the Portuguese arrived in Brazil, they found that wherever they went along the vast coast of South America, most of the indigenous peoples spoke similar languages. Jesuit missionaries took advantage of these similarities, systematizing common standards then named línguas gerais ("general languages"), which were spoken in that region until the 19th century. The best known and most widely spoken of these languages was Old Tupi, a modern descendant of which is still used today by indigenous peoples around the Rio Negro region, where it is known as Nheengatu ([ɲɛʔẽŋaˈtu]), or the "good language". However, the Tupi family also comprises other languages.

In the neighbouring Spanish colonies, Guarani, another Tupian language closely related to Old Tupi, had a similar history, but managed to resist the spread of Spanish more successfully than Tupi resisted Portuguese. Today, Guarani has seven million speakers, and is one of the official languages of Paraguay. The Tupian family also includes several other languages with fewer speakers. These share irregular morphology with the Je and Carib families, and Rodrigues connects them all as a Je–Tupi–Carib family.[3]

Rodrigues & Cabral (2012)

Rodrigues & Cabral (2012) list ten branches of Tupian, which cluster into Western Tupian and Eastern Tupian.[1] Within Western and Eastern Tupian, the most divergent branches are listed first, followed by the core branches.

Meira and Drude (2015) posit a branch uniting Mawé and Aweti with Tupi-Guarani, also known as Maweti-Guarani.[4] Purubora may form a branch together with Ramarama.

Jolkesky (2016)

Internal classification by Jolkesky (2016):[2]

(† = extinct)

Tupi family

Galucio et al. (2015)

Galucio et al. (2015) give the following phylogenetic tree of Tupian, based on a computational phylogenetic analysis.[5]

Tupian

Vocabulary

Loukotka (1968) lists the following basic vocabulary items.[6]

LanguageBranchheadeartoothhandonetwothree
TupiTupia-kangnambitáñapeteĩmokoĩmbohapüi
TupinambaTupia-kánnambüráñaangepémokoinmusaput
PotiguáraTupia-kanganambitañhain-bóoyepemokoymosapür
ÑeéngatuTupia-kanganamütañayepémokoinmusapeire
GuaraníGuaraníãkannambiapen-kunpeteímokóimbhápira
ApapokúvaGuaraníaépimokõimoapi
ChiripáGuaranírakãnambiaépi
CainguáGuaraníakánambipeteinmókoinmbohapi
MbyháGuaraníche-ahkáchen-nambühche-raincheh-pópeteímokoimboapü
CanoeirosGuaraníeaushmãde-pó
ShetáGuaranizedsh-akache-nambitienaiche-pómatinkammokoiñiiru
S. DouradosGuaranizedñ-ãkaelaːmenénaieː-pouaːimoːgaimágatei
GuayaquíGuaranizedni-akanambiãi-páeteyãmenotanã
TapirapéTapirapédzyane-akángadzyane-inamídzyane-roidzyane-póanchepémukúimãpít
KamayuráKamayuráye-akangye-namiye-naiye-poyepetemokoimoapit
AwitíKamayuráapotinte-yambeinte-ngui-pomayepetemonkóimunitaruka
ArawinéKamayuráne-namiye-po
AnambéParáa-kángahä-nambise-rañayanäpomukuẽmuhapi
TakuñapéPará
GuajajáraNorthernakãsane-inamúe-raisane-pómetéimukúinairúi
TembéNorthernhe-akãhe-namihe-ráihe-pópeteimokuimoãpi
ManajéNorthernhe-akühe-namíhe-rĩhe-póchipeimokúmoapi
TuriwáraNorthernne-akángane-namine-ráĩne-pópeteimokoimoapiri
KaaporNorthernne-kangnambine-roin-pópeteimukoinoapíre
MakiríCentral Iai-akángái-namíái-ráingái-póaipitémokoíngmoapét
KayabíCentral Iparmióoyepamokoi
KawahybCentral Iae-akángae-namíae-ráiae-pooyepémokõiirumaé
ParintintinCentral IIae-akángae-nambíae-raiae-poeyepémokoĩ
WirafédCentral IIai-akánai-namíai-raiaí-poayipemokoi
TakwatípCentral IIai-kángaai-namiai-rainai-póayepeːimokoːin
DawahibCentral IIay-akanay-nambíay-rãiay-põãpká
CatuquinarúCentral IItaka-súsañapunü
OyampiGuianaea-kangi-namie-ráñné-popesimukuguemapur
EmerillonGuianaé-ankangé-námié-raié-pomozepémokoñemaʔapuit
ApiakáGuianaai-kanaai-nembíaai-rañaai-poamayupémokõñboapui
OmaguaAmazonasyakónámisáypóawépimokwéshemosapröke
CocamaAmazonasyakönámidzáipúwawípimokoíkamotsapwöka
CocamillaAmazonasyákönámitsáipúauípimokuíkamotsapölika
ChiriguanoChiriguanoankãnámbihaide-pópentimbokuimbapui
GuarayoChiriguanoche-ãkache-nambíche-raíche-pónyepeĩnyueniómosapĩ
PausernaChiriguanoakánambirahüpóomonopedomokóehebü
TapietéChiriguanoy-ankaya-nimbiya-ninayya-ndepopentémonkémaʔap
ChanéChiriguanose-ãkáse-ndambíse-rãise-pómompetímokoimboapi
SirionoChiriguanoe-ãnkĩe-isae-rẽye-oekomiĩnedemudedemu
JokaChiriguanoãchadéchatu
YurunaYurunase-tabáyashiugáse-yanuváduáyonauánauámbo
ShipayaYurunatabáenshugáoayáuvuámemébidámévau
ManitsauáYurunanaibuáhuangá
MundurucúMundurucúwaáwa-naibéwoi-noiwo-ipopantáshepsheptáchebapitá
CuruayaMundurucúuásauampíñaibiporákãteboazem
MawéMawéu-yakídau-yahapéu-háĩu-ipóenduptépuimuén
ItogapúcItogapúcn-akán-akiribeyãiparobémutíremyagarekómpairóbtem
RamaramaItogapúcn-akiribéniãngi-pabé
UrumíItogapúcin-akáin-akurapei-pabeuenakaveuishirangeitamaiun
UrukúItogapúcóña-ákáon-aküravéi-pábemotíremyegárokumpagodnóbtem
AraraItogapúcmotüremyegárkomkoirẽm
ArikémArikémarisábañãyapumundápapatámmoyúm
CaritianaArikémrisoponoñno
MacurápMacurápwakaräteua-pishevétau-ñamñemowõteuéreːketnemtuté
KanuaMacurápki-aneːmuwa-pitátki-nyaio-pokitsätürükwaikärum
GuratégajaMacurápki-anämkí-apitátki-nyaiki-puanákitsäteːrekwaikiä
KabishianaMacurápniaíno-popí
WayoroMacurápne-vapápo-nyaino-pitabkiétderätwärehät
ApichumMacurápo-pitabo-nyono-nebo
TupariMacurápápabaábtsiñainpoːkíämhürühürünoːm
KepkeriwátKepkeriwátu-akãinu-apiái-ñãinbapanguexatétesete-pangue
MondéMondéa-ndaráu-nanimbéu-imamba-béamakimparasherámpaiwutwuy
SanamaicaMondéhũ-ndáanambiaph'-ĩnhũ-mábémúnpalisharúwaikun
AruáMondépan-atpan-itiwäpan-yĩnpan-awämiːnbusáwauːm
DigütMondépan-dátním-piabbabé
AruáshiMondésham-yakübshon-yainbu


LanguageBranchwomanwaterfirestonemaizetapir
TupiTupikuñáütatáitáabaitapüíra
TupinambaTupikuñáütatáitáauvatitapirusu
PotiguáraTupikuñaüütataːitaː
ÑeéngatuTupikuñanüügtatáitáauatitapira
GuaraníGuaraníkuñáütatáitáavatítapií
ApapokúvaGuaraníkuñaütatá
ChiripáGuaraníütataavatimborevi
CainguáGuaraníkoñáütatáitáavachimborevi
MbyháGuaraníkuñaütatáitáavachitapií
CanoeirosGuaraníuainviügitáavashi
ShetáGuaranizedkuñáütatăitáavachitapi
S. DouradosGuaranizedkoːñahoːñeagel'áiːtánutyatelaːgoi
GuayaquíGuaranizedkuñaüdadáitáwatémberevi
TapirapéTapirapékudzáütatáitáawachítapiíra
KamayuráKamayurákuñaütataitaavatsitapiít
AwitíKamayurákuñáütaraitaavachitapií
ArawinéKamayurá
AnambéParákuñaütataitaawattapiri
TakuñapéParákuñátatáikatapií
GuajajáraNorthernkuñãütatáitáawachítapiíra
TembéNorthernkuzáütatáitáawachitapihir
ManajéNorthernkuyiütatáitáawachítapihi
TuriwáraNorthernkuñáüatatáitáawachitapiíra
KaaporNorthernkuzaügtataitátapira
MakiríCentral Ikuñáihtatáavatítapiít
KayabíCentral Ikuñáauütatáuachi
KawahybCentral Ikuñáütatáabachitapiít
ParintintinCentral IIkuñátatáitakíavatétapiíd
WirafédCentral IIkuñáüütatáitáabasítapiít
TakwatípCentral IIkuñáüatatáabatítapi
DawahibCentral IIkunyaüütatáitátapiíra
CatuquinarúCentral IIuhehü
OyampiGuiananimeneheːtataitaabatitapiira
EmerillonGuianawaimidihtataauasi
ApiakáGuianakoñáihtataritaauasitapüra
OmaguaAmazonasuainúúnitátaitákeawátitapíra
CocamaAmazonaswáinaúnitátaitákiabatitapíra
CocamillaAmazonaswáinaúnidzataidzákiawáchitapíra
ChiriguanoChiriguanokúñaütatáitáavatímboreví
GuarayoChiriguanokuñáütatáitáavatímborevi
PausernaChiriguanoekúreütatáitáahuati
TapietéChiriguanotapipéötataitakíoatiorebi
ChanéChiriguanoarekóvaütatáítaavatíboreví
SirionoChiriguanokuñainetaténitaibashieãnkwãntoy
JokaChiriguanoetúintatáyiwityuáshingitíd
YurunaYurunakuñáiyáashíkoapámakatítõá
ShipayaYurunauamiáiyáashíkuapasámakatimasaká
ManitsauáYurunakuñáhidarúhadzúitamaidzú
MundurucúMundurucúawiyátashawitáamuirarápiho
CuruayaMundurucúáuütitiwítaʔamárabíu
MawéMawéoñañáüüärianoawatíwewató
ItogapúcItogapúcmapáiichichanáiyánayáiti
RamaramaItogapúcmapoiautiitianánaniannató
UrumíItogapúcshamonnoiábá
UrukúItogapúcvocháiichíchanáyáanáyanatoː
AraraItogapúc
ArikémArikémuspáraesésomiisoángiyóiruba
CaritianaArikémbisamseːisoːpomoirípo
MacurápMacuráparapíñamihiuchaékiatitiyahi
KanuaMacurápanamínaäküitaːtʔheːkatsitsikwayatsu
GuratégajaMacurápanaminaikiutaːtäk
KabishianaMacurápikí
WayoroMacuráparamiráögöagukápäkatitíikuáit
ApichumMacurápanaminaügükapäkügükabäk
TupariMacurápãramĩrãkoːbkaːbäkopabtakara
KepkeriwátKepkeriwátbuhiamãnigarämbiokzyaoːpáuíto
MondéMondémanzetükaingekmaikeːuasá
SanamaicaMondéchipakchíükaːiämaʔäwaːsaː
AruáMondéükaʔinäk
DigütMondémanzéyãipávapokáingdzábmáinkinwachá
AruáshiMondémansätükainäk

See also

References

  1. Rodrigues, Aryon Dall'Igna, and Ana Suelly Arruda Câmara Cabral (2012). "Tupían". In Campbell, Lyle, and Verónica Grondona (eds). The indigenous languages of South America: a comprehensive guide. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton.
  2. Jolkesky, Marcelo Pinho De Valhery. 2016. Estudo arqueo-ecolinguístico das terras tropicais sul-americanas. Ph.D. dissertation, University of Brasília.
  3. Rodrigues A. D., 2000, "‘Ge–Pano–Carib’ X ‘Jê–Tupí–Karib’: sobre relaciones lingüísticas prehistóricas en Sudamérica", in L. Miranda (ed.), Actas del I Congreso de Lenguas Indígenas de Sudamérica, Tome I, Lima, Universidad Ricardo Palma, Facultad de lenguas modernas, p. 95–104.
  4. Meira, Sérgio and Sebastian Drude (2015). "A preliminary reconstruction of proto-Maweti-Guarani segmental phonology". Boletim do Museu Paraense Emilio Goeldi, série Ciências Humanas, 10(2):275–296. doi:10.1590/1981-81222015000200005
  5. Galucio, Ana Vilacy; Meira, Sérgio; Birchall, Joshua; Moore, Denny; Gabas Júnior, Nilson; Drude, Sebastian; Storto, Luciana; Picanço, Gessiane; Rodrigues, Carmen Reis (2015). "Genealogical relations and lexical distances within the Tupian linguistic family" (PDF). Boletim do Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi. Ciências Humanas. 10 (2): 229–274. doi:10.1590/1981-81222015000200004. hdl:11858/00-001M-0000-0028-D677-B. ISSN 1981-8122. S2CID 85725271.
  6. Loukotka, Čestmír (1968). Classification of South American Indian languages. Los Angeles: UCLA Latin American Center.

Further reading

Lexicons
  • Alves, P. (2004). O léxico do Tupari: proposta de um dicionário bilíngüe. Doctoral dissertation. São Paulo: Universidade Estadual Paulista.
  • Corrêa Da Ssila, B. C. (2010). Mawé/Awetí/Tupí-Guaraní: Relações Linguísticas e Implicações Históricas. Brasília: Universidade de Brasília. (Doctoral dissertation).
  • Landin, D. J. (2005). Dicionário e léxico Karitiana / Português. Cuiabá: SIL.
  • Lévi-Strauss, C. (1950). Documents Rama-Rama. Journal de la Société des Américanistes, 39:73–84.
  • Mello, A. A. S. (2000). Estudo histórico da família lingüística Tupí-Guaraní: aspectos fonológicos e lexicais. Florianópolis: Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina. (Doctoral dissertation).
  • Monserrat, R. F. (2000). Vocabulário Amondawa-Português, Vocabulário e frases em Arara e Português, Vocabulário Gavião-Português, Vocabulário e frases em Karipuna e Português, Vocabulário e frases em Makurap e Português, Vocabulário e frases em Suruí e Português, Pequeno dicionário em Tupari e Português. Caixas do Sul: Universidade do Caixas do Sul.
  • Monserrat, R. F. (2005). Notícia sobre a língua Puruborá. In: A. D. Rodrigues & A. S. A. C. Cabral (eds.), Novos estudos sobre línguas indígenas, 9–22. Brasília: Brasilia: Editor UnB.
  • Pacheco Ribeiro, M. J. (2010). Dicionário Sateré-Mawé/Português. Guajará-Mirim: Universidade Federal de Rondônia.
  • Rodrigues, A. D. (2007). As consoantes do Proto-Tupí. In: A. S. A. C. Cabral & A. D. Rodrigues (eds.), Línguas e culturas tupí, 167–203. Campinas: Curt Nimuendaju.
  • Rodrigues, A. D.; Cabral, A. S. (2012). Tupían. In: L. CAMPBELL & V. GRONDONA, (eds.), The indigenous languages of South America: a comprehensive guide, 495–574. Berlin/ Boston: Walter de Gruyter.
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