Visa requirements for European Union citizens
Visa requirements for European Union citizens are administrative entry restrictions by the authorities of other countries placed on citizens of the European Union. They differ among countries. The European Union has achieved full reciprocity with certain countries.
Current member states of the European Union are Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czechia, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain and Sweden.
Member states' citizens enjoy freedom of movement in each other's territories. European Union citizens and European Free Trade Association (EFTA) nationals are not only visa-exempt but are legally entitled to enter and reside in each other's countries. The United Kingdom and the EU continued to maintain the same mutual policy until 31 December 2020.
The freedom of movement provisions do not apply to the overseas countries and territories (except Saint Barthélemy)[1] and the Faroe Islands.
Visa requirements map
![](../I/Visa_requirements_for_the_European_Union_citizens.png.webp)
Visa free access
This table lists all countries, with source information as it is cited inline, which citizens of at least one EU member state may enter without a visa on an ordinary passport. Information regarding visas on arrival and on exit fees is not listed in the table, regarding which, see the relevant section below.
Africa | |||
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Country | Visa not required | Visa required | Notes |
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All states.[2] | 90 days within 12 months. | |
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All states.[3] | 30 days. | |
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All others | Bulgaria, Romania.[4] | 30 days. |
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All others | Estonia, Portugal, Slovakia.[5] | 90 days. |
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Cyprus.[6][7] | All others | 90 days. |
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All others | Bulgaria, Croatia, Estonia, Greece, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia.[8] | 14 days (90 days for Ireland and Malta). |
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All states.[9] | 90 days. | |
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All states.[10][11] | 90 days. | |
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Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Portugal, Spain, Sweden.[12] | All others | 3 months. |
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All states.[13] | 15 days. | |
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All states.[14] | 90 days. | |
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All states.[15] | 3 months. | |
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All others | Bulgaria, Croatia, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia.[16] | 90 days (30 days for Cyprus, Hungary, Poland). |
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Cyprus, Malta, Romania.[17] | All others | 30 days. |
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All others | Cyprus.[18][19] | 90 days (4 months for Germany, 2 months for Bulgaria, 1 month for Greece). |
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Cyprus, Ireland, Malta.[20] | All others | 3 months. |
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All states.[21] | 90 days for tourism, 30 days for business. | |
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Cyprus, Malta.[22] | All others | 3 months. |
Caribbean | |||
Country | Visa not required | Visa required | Notes |
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All states.[23] | 3 months (1 month for Ireland). | |
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All states.[24] | 3 months (8 months for Belgium, Denmark, Greece, Italy, Luxembourg and the Netherlands). | |
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All states.[25] | 3 months (6 months for Ireland). | |
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All states.[26][27][28] | 90 days. | |
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All states.[29] | 90 days. | |
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All states.[30][31] | 3 months. | |
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All states.[32] | 3 months. | |
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All others | Bulgaria, Estonia, Romania.[33] | 90 days for Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Finland, Germany, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Sweden; 30 days for others. |
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All states.[34] | 3 months. | |
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All states[35][36] | 90 days. | |
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All states.[37][38] | 90 days. | |
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All states.[39][40] | 90 days. | |
Central and North America | |||
Country | Visa not required | Visa required | Notes |
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All states.[41] | ||
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All states.[42] | 6 months, eTA required if arriving by air.[43] | |
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All states.[44] | 90 days. | |
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All states.[45] | 90 days. | |
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All states.[46] | 90 days. | |
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All states.[47] | 90 days. | |
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All states.[48] | 180 days. | |
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All states.[49] | 90 days (30-day tourist cards required). | |
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All states.[50] | 180 days. | |
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All others (VWP) | Bulgaria, Cyprus, Romania.[51] | 90 days on every arrival from overseas, ESTA (issued for 2 years) required when arriving by air and cruise ship. |
South America | |||
Country | Visa not required | Visa required | Notes |
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All states.[52] | 90 days. | |
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All others | Bulgaria, Cyprus, Malta, Romania.[53] | 90 days. |
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All states.[54][55] | 90 days. | |
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All states.[56] | 90 days. | |
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All states.[57] | 90 days. | |
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All states.[58] | 90 days. | |
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Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Italy, Ireland, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Portugal, Spain, Sweden.[59] | All others | 3 months. |
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All states.[60] | 90 days. | |
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All states.[61] | 90 days(183 for Ireland).[62][63] | |
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All states.[64] | 90 days, extendable once. | |
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All states.[65] | 90 days, extendable once. | |
Asia | |||
Country | Visa not required | Visa required | Notes |
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All states.[66] | 90 days. | |
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All states.[67] | 90 days, extendable once for Austria, Germany and Ireland. | |
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All states.[68] | 30 days. | |
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All states.[21] | 60 days. | |
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Luxembourg.[69] | All others | 15 days. |
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All states.[70] | 90 days. | |
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All states.[21] | 30 days. | |
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All states.[71] | 30 days. | |
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All states.[21] (K-ETA) | 90 days. (30 days for Cyprus). | |
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All states.[72] | 90 days. | |
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All others[73] | Bulgaria, Cyprus, Ireland, Malta, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia. | 30 days |
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All others | Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Malta, Romania.[74] | 30 days, extendable once. |
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All others | Ireland[75] | 90 days. |
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All states.[76] | 30 days. | |
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Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Italy, Spain, Sweden.[77][78] | All others | 15 days. |
Middle East and Caucasus | |||
Country | Visa not required | Visa required | Notes |
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All states.[79][80] | 180 days. | |
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All states.[81][82] | 365 days / 1 year. | |
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All states.[83][84] | 3 months. | |
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All states.[85] | 90 days (30 days for Ireland). | |
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All others[86] | 90 days (30 days for Ireland). | |
Europe | |||
Country | Visa not required | Visa required | Notes |
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All states.[87] | 90 days. | |
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All states.[88] | ||
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All states.[89] | 30 days. Must enter through the Minsk National Airport. | |
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All states.[90] | 90 days within 180 days. | |
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All states[91] | Freedom of movement. | |
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All states.[92] | ||
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All states[93] | Freedom of movement. | |
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All states.[94] | 90 days within 180 days. | |
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All states.[95] | 90 days within 180 days. | |
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All states.[96] | ||
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All states.[97] | 90 days within 180 days. | |
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All states[98] | Freedom of movement. | |
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All states.[99] | ||
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All states.[100] | 90 days within 180 days. | |
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All states[101] | Freedom of movement. | |
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All others | Cyprus.[102] | 90 days in any 180-day period. |
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All states.[103] | 90 days. | |
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All states.[104] | 6 months. ID cards valid until 1 October 2021[105] (Freedom of movement under Common Travel Area for Ireland)[106] | |
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All states. | ||
Oceania | |||
Country | Visa not required | Visa required | Notes |
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All states (eVisitor).[107] | 90 days on each visit in 12-month period if granted. | |
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All states.[108] | 4 months. | |
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All states.[109] | 90 days (30 days for Ireland). | |
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All states.[110] | 90 days. | |
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All states.[111] | 90 days (30 days for Ireland). | |
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All states (NZeTA).[112] | 90 days. | |
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All others[113] | Ireland | 90 days. |
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All states.[114] | 90 days (60 days for Ireland). | |
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All others[115][116] | Ireland[117] | 90 days. |
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All others[114] | Ireland[118] | 90 days. |
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All others[119][120] | Ireland | 90 days. |
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All states.[121] | 90 days. |
All European Union citizens can visit the following partially recognised countries or territories with autonomous immigration policies without a visa — in Europe: Kosovo,[122] Transnistria,[123][124] in Asia: Hong Kong,[125] Macau,[126] Palestine,[127] Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus,[128] South Ossetia,[129][130] Taiwan.[131]
All European Union citizens always must arrange the visa prior to travel to (as of October 2019) Afghanistan, Algeria, Angola, Azerbaijan, Bhutan, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, China (except short term visits in transit and Hainan), Republic of the Congo, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Côte d'Ivoire, Cuba (can be obtained in travel agencies or airlines), Djibouti, Equatorial Guinea, Eritrea, Ghana, Guinea, India, Iraq (outside Iraqi Kurdistan), North Korea, Liberia, Libya, Mali, Nauru, Niger, Nigeria, Oman, Russia, South Sudan, Sudan, Suriname, Syria, Turkmenistan and Yemen.
Reciprocity
As per Regulation No 539/2001 (amended by Regulation No 1289/2013)[132] reciprocity is required from all Annex II countries and territories. That means that these countries must offer visa-free access for 90 days to all EU citizens (except citizens of Ireland) and to the citizens of Iceland, Liechtenstein, Norway and Switzerland. When this is not the case, the affected EU or Schengen member state is expected to notify the European Commission. Starting six months after the notification, the Commission may adopt an implementing act to suspend the visa-free regime for certain categories of nationals of the third country concerned, for a period of up to six months, with a possible prolongation by further periods of up to six months. If the Commission decides not to adopt such an act, it has to present a report explaining the reasons why it did not propose the measure. If after two years from the notification the third country is still requiring visas from citizens of one or more Member States, the Commission shall adopt a delegated act to re-impose the visa obligation on all citizens of the third country, for a period of 12 months. Either the European Parliament or the Council could oppose the entry into force of the delegated acts.[133] All of the states that implement the common visa rules – including Iceland, Liechtenstein, Norway, Switzerland, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus and Romania – may notify the European Commission about non-compliant third states.[134]
The EU has achieved full reciprocity with the following countries (meaning the citizens of those countries may travel to all EU member states visa-free) — Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, Australia, Bahamas, Barbados, Brazil, Brunei, Canada, Chile, Costa Rica, Dominica, El Salvador, Grenada, Guatemala, Honduras, Kiribati, Malaysia, Mexico, New Zealand, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Samoa, Singapore, Solomon Islands, South Korea, Tonga, Trinidad and Tobago, Tuvalu, United Kingdom,[135] Uruguay, Vanuatu.
Following countries are not implementing visa reciprocity fully:
- Japan: For Romanian citizens a temporary waiver is in effect until 31 December 2018.[136] The new policy also allows holders of temporary or provisional passports to travel to Japan without a visa.[137]
- United States: As of September 2021, Bulgarian, Cypriot and Romanian citizens are still required to apply for a visa to enter the US. Nonetheless, the US refuses to lift the requirements. On 3 March 2017, the European Parliament voted in favor to impose visa requirements on U.S. citizens in the future.[136]
According to a report from April 2015,[138] the Commission dismissed notifications by both Bulgaria and Romania of a general visa requirement by Australia.[139] It concluded that the Australian electronic visa 'manual processing' treatment should not be considered as equivalent to the Schengen visa application procedures and consequently will not be covered by the reciprocity mechanism.[138] In its previous report[140] the Commission also committed to assessing certain provisions of the US ESTA system — such as the application fee — and the Australian eVisitor system.
In October 2014, it was reported that the Comprehensive Economic and Trade Agreement with Canada might not be ratified by Bulgaria and Romania unless visa requirements were lifted for their citizens.[141][142][143] In November 2014 Bulgarian Government also announced that it will not ratify the Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership unless the United States lifted visas for its citizens.[144]
Special requirements
The following countries require electronic registrations for all citizens of the European Union who don't need a visa:
- Australia requires EU citizens to obtain an eVisitor, which is issued free of charge.
- Canada requires EU citizens to obtain an eTA if arriving by air. The application fee is 7 CAD.
- New Zealand requires EU citizens to obtain an NZeTA and IVL if arriving by air. The application fee is NZD 9 or 12 and NZD 35.
- United States requires eligible EU citizens to obtain an ESTA for arrivals by air and sea. The application fee is US$21.
- Visa policy of the Schengen Area
- Visa policy of Ireland
Visa on arrival
The following countries provide visa on arrival to the citizens of the European Union. Some of these countries may be available for visa free access to some (*) or all other EU nationals (**) – for details see above. Some countries may not provide visa on arrival facilities at all entry points.
Visa on arrival for citizens of all states |
Notes |
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14 days. 90 days for Irish citizens. BD 25.[146] |
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30 days. Fees vary widely by country (US$0–65).[149] Extensions are possible.[150] |
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8 days. EUR 15[152] |
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1 month.[21] |
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30 days. USD 20.[153] |
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50 USD. EUR 30.[155] |
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30 days. USD 25.[156] |
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90 days.[156] |
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90 days. EUR 85.[159] |
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30 days. USD 35.[160] |
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2 months. USD 75.[161] |
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30 days. Free of charge.[164][165] |
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3 months. KWD 3.[166] |
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30 days. USD 30.[169] |
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1 month extendable for 2 additional months.[172] |
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30 days. Free of charge.[174] |
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Fees vary. |
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30 days. Free of charge. Extendable up to 90 days, MVR 750.[177] |
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|
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30 days, extendable up to 60 days. |
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90 days. USD 25-100.[182] |
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60 days. Free of charge.[183][184] |
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59 days. USD 50.[185] |
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30 days. USD 30.[186] |
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90 days. SAR 440.[187] |
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USD 80.[188] |
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30 days. USD 60.[190][191] |
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30 days, extendable up to 150 days. Fees vary.[192] |
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USD 50 - USD 100.[195] |
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7 days, extendable for 90 days. XOF 10,000-90,000.[196] |
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USD 100.[198] |
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90 days. USD 50 - USD 80.[196] |
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3 months. USD 30 - USD 70.[200] |
Visa on arrival available to the citizens of some EU countries. Some of these countries may be available for visa free access to some (*) or all other EU nationals (**) – for details see above. Some countries may not provide visa on arrival facilities at all entry points. | ||
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Country | Visa on arrival available to citizens of | Notes |
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Bulgaria, Cyprus, Malta, Romania[201] | 90 days. USD 52.[202] |
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All except Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, and Romania[203] | 1 month, extension possible. XOF 47,000 to XOF 61,000.[203] |
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Austria, Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Slovakia, Spain, Sweden[205] | USD 20.[206] |
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France, Portugal, Spain[207] | |
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Bulgaria, Croatia, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Romania, Slovenia[208] | USD 20.[209] |
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Croatia, Cyprus, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Greece, Ireland, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia and Spain | 30 days[210] |
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Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Luxembourg and Spain | 30 days. US$50. |
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Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland, Romania, Slovakia[211] | 3 months[212] |
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Ireland | 30 days. Free of charge. Extension possible, US$50.[214] |
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Bulgaria, Cyprus, Malta, Romania[74] | 15 days. THB 2,000.[215] |
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Ireland[75] | 30 days. USD 30.[217] |
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Ireland[218] | 3 months. Free of charge. |
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Ireland[219] | 31 days, extendable for further 6 months. Free of charge.[219] |
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Ireland[220] | 1 month. Free of charge.[220] |
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Ireland[221] | 30 days. Free of charge.[222] |
Limited visa on arrival
Burundi - Visas are issued on arrival if an Entry Authorisation letter was issued by the authorities of Burundi.[223]
Iraq – Holders of ordinary passports of all EU member states may obtain a visa on arrival for Iraqi Kurdistan valid for 15 days when arriving through the Erbil International Airport or Sulaimaniyah International Airport.[224]
Pakistan - All EU nationals may obtain visa on arrival when travelling on business. They must have a local sponsor who must obtain an approval from the immigration authorities at the port of arrival (Islamabad, Lahore, Peshawar, Quetta or Karachi airports) and a recommendation letter from country of residence or invitation letter from Pakistan.[225] Nationals of Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Portugal, Spain, Sweden and the United Kingdom may obtain a visa on arrival for a maximum stay of 30 days, if they are travelling as part of a group through a designated tour operator.[226]
Vietnam - Visitors can obtain a visa on arrival for a maximum stay of 1 or 3 months if they are holders of an approval letter issued and stamped by the Vietnamese Immigration Department (obtainable online through travel agencies for a fee) and if arriving only at airports in Hanoi, Ho Chi Minh City or Da Nang.[227] All travellers can visit Phú Quốc without a visa for up to 30 days.[228][229]
Online visas
The following countries provide electronic visas to the citizens of the European Union.
Country | Notes |
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Available to all EU citizens. |
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ETA 601 online visa still available to citizens of Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Portugal, Spain and Sweden. More recent and free eVisitor authorisation is available to all. Online Visitor visa e600 for stays over 90 days is also available to all EU citizens. |
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Available to all EU citizens. |
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Available to all EU citizens. Visa on arrival also available. |
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Available to all EU citizens. |
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Available to all EU citizens. Visa on arrival also available. |
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Available to all EU citizens. |
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Available to all EU citizens. Visa on arrival also available. |
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Available to all EU citizens. Visa on arrival also available. |
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Available to all EU citizens. |
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Available to all EU citizens. |
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Available to all EU citizens. |
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Available to all EU citizens. Additionally, passengers arriving at the international airports of Bandar Abbas, Isfahan, Kish Island, Mashad, Qeshm Island,[243] Shiraz, Tabriz, Tehran,[244] Urmia,[245] Ahvaz,[246] Kerman[247] or Lar, who already have made an application, at least two days before arrival, at the Iranian Ministry of Foreign Affair's E-Visa website, and present the submission notification at the airport's visa desk, may obtain a visa on arrival.[248] |
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Available to all EU citizens. |
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Available to all EU citizens. |
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Available to all EU citizens. Visa on arrival also available. |
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Available to all EU citizens. Visa on arrival also available. |
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Available to all EU citizens. Some of the eVisa eligible nationals do not require a visa for visits up to 14 days. |
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Available to all EU citizens. Visa on arrival also available. |
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Available to all EU citizens. Visa on arrival also available. |
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Available to all EU citizens. |
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Available to all EU citizens. Visa on arrival also available. |
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Available to all EU citizens. |
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Available to all EU citizens. |
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Available to all EU citizens. |
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Available to all EU citizens. Visa on arrival also available. |
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Available to all EU citizens. |
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Available to all EU citizens. |
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Available to all EU citizens. Visa on arrival also available. |
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Available to all EU citizens. E-Tourist Card also available to some EU citizens. |
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Available to all EU citizens. Visa on arrival also available. |
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Available to all EU citizens. |
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Available to the citizens of Cyprus. Other EU citizens do not require a visa. |
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Available to all EU citizens. Visa on arrival also available. |
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Available to all EU citizens. Some of the eVisa eligible nationals do not require a visa for visits up to 15 days. |
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Available to all EU citizens. Visa on arrival also available. |
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Available to all EU citizens. Visa on arrival also available to some EU citizens. |
Other
Mainland China – As of 2013 all EU citizens transiting through People's Republic of China at one of the following airports may leave the terminal and visit the city for up to 72 hours – Beijing, Chengdu, Chongqing, Guangzhou, Guilin, Shanghai, Dalian, Shenyang, Xi'an.[273][274][275][276][277][278][279][280][281][282] Visa-free access to Hainan Island as long as the visit lasts 15 days or less and is part of a tour group organised by a National Tourism Administration of China-approved travel agency based in Hainan is granted to the following EU nationals - Austria, Denmark, France, Finland, Germany, Italy, Netherlands, Spain and Sweden .[283]
Zambia /
Zimbabwe - a universal KAZA visa that is valid for both countries can be issued on arrival to citizens of Austria, Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain and Sweden.[284][285][286]
Kenya /
Rwanda /
Uganda - an East Africa Borderless Visa: Travelers from any country can obtain a multiple entry visa that allows entry to these three countries for tourism over period of 90 days. Visa must be first used in the country that issued it.[287]
Non-ordinary passports
In addition to visa requirements for normal passport holders certain countries have specific visa requirements towards diplomatic and various official passport holders:
Country | Visa-free access |
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Azerbaijan (diplomatic or service passports), Egypt (diplomatic or service passports), Indonesia (diplomatic or service passports), Ivory Coast (diplomatic or service passports), Pakistan (diplomatic or service passports), Russia (diplomatic passports), Turkey (diplomatic, official, service or special passports) |
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Pakistan (diplomatic or service passports), Russia (diplomatic passports), Turkey (diplomatic, official, service or special passports) |
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Azerbaijan (diplomatic or service passports), China (diplomatic or service passports), India (diplomatic or official passports), Indonesia (diplomatic or official passports), Iran (diplomatic or service passports), Kazakhstan (diplomatic or service passports), Kuwait (diplomatic or service passports), Mauritania (diplomatic and service passports), Mongolia (diplomatic or official passports), North Korea (diplomatic or service passports), Qatar (diplomatic passports), Russia (diplomatic and service passports), South Africa (diplomatic, official or service passports), Turkmenistan (diplomatic or service passports), Vietnam (diplomatic, official, service or special passports) |
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Algeria (diplomatic passports), Azerbaijan (diplomatic or service passports), China (diplomatic, official or service passports), Cuba (diplomatic, official or service passports), Egypt (diplomatic, official, service or special passports), India (diplomatic or official passports), Indonesia (diplomatic or service passports), Iran (diplomatic or service passports), Kazakhstan (diplomatic or service passports), Russia (diplomatic and service passports), South Africa (diplomatic, official or service passports), Vietnam (diplomatic or service passports) |
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China (diplomatic or service passports), Cuba (diplomatic or service passports), Guyana (diplomatic or service passports), Egypt (diplomatic, official, service or special passports), India (diplomatic or official passports), Iran (diplomatic or service passports), Kazakhstan (diplomatic or service passports), Kuwait (diplomatic or service passports), Mongolia (diplomatic or official passports), Qatar (diplomatic passports), Russia (diplomatic and service passports), South Africa (diplomatic, official or service passports), United Arab Emirates (diplomatic, service or special passports), Vietnam (diplomatic or service passports) |
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Egypt (diplomatic, official, service or special passports), Laos (diplomatic or official passports), Mongolia (diplomatic or official passports), Pakistan (diplomatic or service passports), Russia (diplomatic passports), Tunisia (diplomatic passports), Vietnam (diplomatic passports), Yemen (diplomatic, official, service or special passports) |
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Egypt (diplomatic or service passports), India (diplomatic or official passports), Kazakhstan (diplomatic passports), Pakistan (diplomatic or service passports), Russia (diplomatic passports) |
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Azerbaijan (diplomatic passports), Bangladesh (diplomatic or official passports), Kazakhstan (diplomatic passports), Russia (diplomatic passports) |
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Kazakhstan (diplomatic passports), Pakistan (diplomatic or service passports), Russia (diplomatic passports) |
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Algeria (diplomatic passports), Angola (diplomatic or service passports), Azerbaijan (diplomatic passports), Kazakhstan (diplomatic passports), Mongolia (diplomatic or official passports), Qatar (diplomatic or service passports), Russia (diplomatic passports), Vietnam (diplomatic passports) |
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Algeria (diplomatic passports), Ghana (diplomatic, official, or service passports), India (diplomatic passports), Kazakhstan (diplomatic passports), Pakistan (diplomatic passports), Qatar (diplomatic passports), Russia (diplomatic passports), Vietnam (diplomatic passports) |
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Algeria (diplomatic or service passports), India (diplomatic passports), Iran (diplomatic passports), Pakistan (diplomatic passports), Russia (diplomatic passports) |
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Algeria (diplomatic passports), Azerbaijan (diplomatic or service passports), Belarus (diplomatic or service passports), China (diplomatic or service passports), Cuba (diplomatic or service passports), Egypt (diplomatic passports), India (diplomatic or official passports), Indonesia (diplomatic or service passports), Iran (diplomatic passports), Kazakhstan (diplomatic or service passports), Laos (diplomatic or official passports), Mongolia (diplomatic or official passports), Russia (diplomatic and service passports), South Africa (diplomatic, official or service passports), Tajikistan (diplomatic or service passports), Turkmenistan (diplomatic or service passports), Uzbekistan (diplomatic passports), Vietnam (diplomatic, official, service or special passports), Yemen (diplomatic passports) |
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Kuwait (diplomatic or official passports) |
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Algeria (diplomatic or service passports), Angola (diplomatic or service passports), Azerbaijan (diplomatic or service passports), Cameroon (diplomatic or official passports), Egypt (diplomatic, official, service or special passports), Kazakhstan (diplomatic passports), Kuwait (diplomatic passports), Libya (diplomatic, official or service passports), Niger (diplomatic passports), Qatar (diplomatic, service or special passports), Uganda (diplomatic passports), Russia (diplomatic passports), Vietnam (diplomatic passports) |
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Mongolia (diplomatic or service passports), Russia (diplomatic passports) |
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Azerbaijan (diplomatic passports), China (diplomatic or service passports), India (diplomatic passports), Kazakhstan (diplomatic passports), Russia (diplomatic passports) |
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Pakistan (diplomatic passports), Russia (diplomatic passports) |
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China (diplomatic or service passports), Kazakhstan (diplomatic passports), Libya (diplomatic, official or service passports), Russia (diplomatic passports) |
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Pakistan (diplomatic passports), Russia (diplomatic passports), Turkey (diplomatic, official, service or special passports) |
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Azerbaijan (diplomatic passports), Belarus (diplomatic passports), China (diplomatic or service passports), Indonesia (diplomatic or service passports), Iran (diplomatic passports), Mongolia (diplomatic or official passports), Kazakhstan (diplomatic passports), Laos (diplomatic or official passports), Russia (diplomatic passports), South Africa (diplomatic, official or service passports), Turkey (diplomatic, official, service or special passports), United Arab Emirates (diplomatic passports), Vietnam (diplomatic passports) |
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Algeria (diplomatic, service or special passports), Angola (diplomatic, service or special passports), Azerbaijan (diplomatic, service or special passports), Republic of the Congo (diplomatic passports), Indonesia (diplomatic, official or service passports), Kazakhstan (diplomatic passports), Kuwait (diplomatic, service or special passports), Mozambique (diplomatic, official or service passports), Qatar (diplomatic or special passports), Russia (diplomatic passports), São Tomé and Príncipe (diplomatic or service passports), Turkey (diplomatic or service passports) |
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Algeria (diplomatic or service passports), Azerbaijan (diplomatic or service passports), Belarus (diplomatic or service passports), China (diplomatic or service passports), Ghana (diplomatic, official or service passports), India (diplomatic passports), Iran (diplomatic passports), Kazakhstan (diplomatic or service passports), Mongolia (diplomatic or official passports), Pakistan (diplomatic or official passports), Russia (diplomatic and service passports), South Africa (diplomatic, official or service passports), Tajikistan (diplomatic or service passports), Thailand (diplomatic or official passports), Turkmenistan (diplomatic or service passports), Uzbekistan (diplomatic, official or service passports), Vietnam (diplomatic or service passports) |
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Algeria (diplomatic or service passports), Azerbaijan (diplomatic or service passports), Belarus (diplomatic or service passports), China (diplomatic, service or special passports), Egypt (diplomatic, official, service or special passports), Indonesia (diplomatic or service passports), Kazakhstan (diplomatic or service passports), Mongolia (diplomatic or official passports), Russia (diplomatic and service passports), South Africa (diplomatic, official or service passports), Uzbekistan (diplomatic or service passports), Vietnam (diplomatic passports) |
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Azerbaijan (diplomatic passports), Cuba (diplomatic or service passports), Egypt (diplomatic, official, service or special passports), Indonesia (diplomatic or service passports), Kazakhstan (diplomatic passports), Libya (diplomatic, official or service passports), Russia (diplomatic passports), South Africa (diplomatic, official or service passports), Vietnam (diplomatic or service passports) |
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Algeria (diplomatic or service passports), Egypt (diplomatic, official, service or special passports), Kazakhstan (diplomatic passports), Kuwait (diplomatic passports), Russia (diplomatic passports), Turkey (diplomatic, official, service or special passports), Vietnam (diplomatic passports) |
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Russia (diplomatic passports) |
Cape Verde, Ethiopia, Mali and Zimbabwe grant visa-free access to holders of diplomatic or service passports issued to nationals of any country. Mauritania and Senegal grant visa-free access to holders of diplomatic passports issued to nationals of any country (except Italy for Mauritania). Bahrain, Bangladesh, Burkina Faso, Cambodia and South Sudan allow holders of diplomatic, official, service and special passports issued to nationals of any country to obtain a visa on arrival.
Non-visa restrictions
Blank passport pages
Many countries require a minimum number of blank pages to be available in the passport being presented, typically one or two pages.[288] Endorsement pages, which often appear after the visa pages, are not counted as being valid or available.
Vaccination
![](../I/The_New_Cover_of_the_International_Certificate_of_Vaccination_issued_by_the_Philippines.jpg.webp)
Many African countries, including Angola, Benin, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Republic of the Congo, Côte d'Ivoire, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea-Bissau, Kenya, Liberia, Mali, Mauritania, Niger, Rwanda, São Tomé and Príncipe, Senegal, Sierra Leone and Togo, South Sudan, Uganda, and Zambia, require all incoming passengers older than nine months to one year[289] to have a current International Certificate of Vaccination or Prophylaxis, as does the South American territory of French Guiana.[290]
Some other countries require vaccination only if the passenger is coming from an infected area or has visited one recently or has transited for 12 hours in those countries: Algeria, Botswana, Cabo Verde, Chad, Djibouti, Egypt, Eswatini, Ethiopia, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Lesotho, Libya, Equatorial Guinea, Eritrea, Madagascar, Malawi, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mozambique, Namibia, Nigeria, Papua New Guinea, Seychelles, Somalia, South Africa, Sudan, Tunisia, Uganda, United Republic of Tanzania, Zambia and Zimbabwe.[291][292]
An increasing number of countries have been imposing additional COVID-19 related health restrictions such as quarantine measures and testing requirements. Many countries increasingly consider the vaccination status of travellers with regard to quarantine requirements or when deciding to allow them entry at all.[293]
Passport validity length
Very few countries, such as Paraguay, just require a valid passport on arrival.
However many countries and groupings now require only an identity card – especially from their neighbours. Other countries may have special bilateral arrangements that depart from the generality of their passport validity length policies to shorten the period of passport validity required for each other's citizens[294][295] or even accept passports that have already expired (but not been cancelled).[296]
Some countries, such as Japan,[297] Ireland and the United Kingdom,[298] require a passport valid throughout the period of the intended stay.
In the absence of specific bilateral agreements, countries requiring passports to be valid for at least 6 more months on arrival include Afghanistan, Algeria, Anguilla, Bahrain,[299] Bhutan, Botswana, British Virgin Islands, Brunei, Cambodia, Cameroon, Cape Verde, Cayman Islands, Central African Republic, Chad, Comoros, Costa Rica, Côte d'Ivoire, Curaçao, Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, Equatorial Guinea, Fiji, Gabon, Guinea Bissau, Guyana, Haiti, India, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Israel,[300] Jordan, Kenya, Kiribati, Kuwait, Laos, Madagascar, Malaysia, Marshall Islands, Mongolia, Myanmar, Namibia, Nepal, Nicaragua, Nigeria, Oman, Palau, Papua New Guinea, Peru,[301] Philippines,[302] Qatar, Rwanda, Samoa, Saudi Arabia, Singapore, Solomon Islands, Somalia, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Suriname, Tanzania, Thailand, Timor-Leste, Tokelau, Tonga, Turkey, Tuvalu, Uganda, United Arab Emirates, Vanuatu, Venezuela, and Vietnam.[303]
Countries requiring passports valid for at least 4 months on arrival include Micronesia and Zambia.
Countries requiring passports with a validity of at least 3 months beyond the date of intended departure include Azerbaijan, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Honduras, Montenegro, Nauru, Moldova and New Zealand. Similarly, the EEA countries of Iceland, Liechtenstein, Norway, all European Union countries (except the Republic of Ireland) together with Switzerland also require 3 months validity beyond the date of the bearer's intended departure unless the bearer is an EEA or Swiss national.
Countries requiring passports valid for at least 3 months on arrival include Albania, North Macedonia, Panama, and Senegal.
Bermuda requires passports to be valid for at least 45 days upon entry.
Countries that require a passport validity of at least one month beyond the date of intended departure include Eritrea, Hong Kong, Lebanon, Macau, the Maldives[304] and South Africa.
Criminal record
Some countries, including Australia, Canada, Fiji, New Zealand and the United States,[305] routinely deny entry to non-citizens who have a criminal record while others impose restrictions depending on the type of conviction and the length of the sentence.
Persona non grata
![](../I/Visa-NagornoKarabach-2013.jpg.webp)
The government of a country can declare a diplomat persona non grata, banning entry into that country. In non-diplomatic use, the authorities of a country may also declare a foreigner persona non grata permanently or temporarily, usually because of unlawful activity.[306]
For example, Azerbaijan bans visits by foreign citizens that have previously entered Azerbaijan through non-Azerbaijani controlled borders. This includes the illegal entry into the separatist region of Nagorno-Karabakh[307] (the de facto independent Republic of Artsakh), its surrounding Armenian-occupied territories, and the Azerbaijani exclaves of Karki, Yuxarı Əskipara, Barxudarlı, and Sofulu which are de jure part of Azerbaijan but under the control of Armenia. Foreign citizens who enter these territories will be permanently banned from entering the Republic of Azerbaijan[308] and will be included in their "list of personae non gratae".[309] As of 2 September 2019, the list mentioned 852 people.
Israeli stamps
![](../I/Border_Control_Entry_Permit_Israel.jpg.webp)
Kuwait,[310] Lebanon,[311] Libya,[312] Syria,[313] and Yemen[314] do not allow entry to people with passport stamps from Israel or whose passports have either a used or an unused Israeli visa, or where there is evidence of previous travel to Israel such as entry or exit stamps from neighbouring border posts in transit countries such as Jordan and Egypt.
To circumvent this Arab League boycott of Israel, the Israeli immigration services have now mostly ceased to stamp foreign nationals' passports on either entry to or exit from Israel (unless the entry is for some work-related purposes). Since 15 January 2013, Israel no longer stamps foreign passports at Ben Gurion Airport. Passports are still (as of 22 June 2017) stamped at Erez when passing into and out of Gaza.
Iran refuses admission to holders of passports containing an Israeli visa or stamp that is less than 12 months old.
Biometrics
Several countries mandate that all travellers, or all foreign travellers, be fingerprinted on arrival and will refuse admission to or even arrest travellers who refuse to comply. In some countries, such as the United States, this may apply even to transit passengers who merely wish to change planes rather than go landside.[315]
Fingerprinting countries/regions include Afghanistan,[316][317] Argentina,[318] Brunei, Cambodia,[319] China,[320] Ethiopia,[321] Ghana, Guinea,[322] India, Japan,[323][324] Kenya (both fingerprints and a photo are taken),[325] Malaysia upon entry and departure,[326] Mongolia, Paraguay, Saudi Arabia,[327] Singapore, South Korea,[328] Taiwan, Thailand,[329] Uganda,[330] the United Arab Emirates and the United States.
Many countries also require a photo be taken of people entering the country. The United States, which does not fully implement exit control formalities at its land frontiers (although long mandated by domestic legislation),[331][332][333] intends to implement facial recognition for passengers departing from international airports to identify people who overstay their visa.[334]
Together with fingerprint and face recognition, iris scanning is one of three biometric identification technologies internationally standardised since 2006 by the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) for use in e-passports[335] and the United Arab Emirates conducts iris scanning on visitors who need to apply for a visa.[336][337] The United States Department of Homeland Security has announced plans to greatly increase the biometric data it collects at US borders.[338] In 2018, Singapore began trials of iris scanning at three land and maritime immigration checkpoints.[339][340]
Passport rankings
Passport rankings by the number of countries and territories their holders could visit without a visa or by obtaining visa on arrival in January 2022 according to the Henley Passport Index were as follows (ranked[341]): German — 190 countries and territories (2nd); Finnish, Italian, Luxembourgish, Spanish, — 189 (3rd); French, Swedish — 186 (4th); Austrian, Dutch, Portuguese — 185 (5th); Belgian, Greek, Irish — 184 (6th); Czech, Maltese — 183 (7th); Lithuanian, Slovak — 181 (9th); Hungarian, Latvian, Slovenian — 180 (10th); Estonian — 179 (11th); Polish — 174 (13th); Cypriot — 173 (14th); Romanian — 171 (16th); Bulgarian — 170 (17th); Croatian — 168 (18th). All EU passports are ranked within the top 20 positions. Passports of the European Free Trade Association countries rank similarly, Norwegian, Swiss — 184 (6th); Icelandic — 180 (10th) and Liechtenstein — 177 (12th), while the passports of the candidate states rank lower Serbian — 131 (39th); North Macedonian — 123 (45th); Montenegrin — 122 (46th); Albanian — 113 (51st) and Turkish — 112 (52nd). European microstates rank high: Monaco — 173 (14th); San Marino — 167 (19th); Andorra — 166 (20th) and Vatican City — 148 (29th).[342]
Future
European Commission proposed a visa-free travel for 16 island nations in 2012. This proposal foresees that the visa exemption will be reciprocated through visa waiver agreements, ensuring a visa free regime for all EU citizens who wish to travel to these countries. The island nations in question are Caribbean island nations – Dominica, Grenada, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines and Trinidad and Tobago, and Pacific island nations – Kiribati, the Marshall Islands, Micronesia, Nauru, Palau, Samoa, the Solomon Islands, Timor-Leste, Tonga, Tuvalu and Vanuatu.[343] The list was expanded in 2013 with Colombia, Peru and the United Arab Emirates.[344] Most of these countries already provide visa-free or visa on arrival access in some form to the EU citizens. As of 2020, visa-free agreements have been concluded with all listed nations except Nauru.
Freedom of movement within the EEA and Switzerland
Directive 2004/38/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 29 April 2004 recognises the right of citizens of the Union and their family members to move and reside freely within the territory of the Member States[345][346][347] defines the right of free movement for citizens of the European Economic Area (EEA), which includes the European Union (EU) and the three European Free Trade Association (EFTA) members Iceland, Norway and Liechtenstein. Switzerland, which is a member of EFTA but not of the EEA, is not bound by the Directive but rather has a separate bilateral agreement on the free movement with the EU.
Citizens of all European Economic Area (EEA) member states and Switzerland holding a valid passport or national identity card[348][349][350] enjoy freedom of movement rights in each other's territory and can enter and reside in the each other's territory without a visa.
If EU, EEA and Swiss nationals are unable to present a valid passport or national identity card at the border, they must nonetheless be afforded every reasonable opportunity to obtain the necessary documents or have them brought to them within a reasonable period of time or corroborate or prove by other means that he/she is covered by the right of free movement.[351][352]
However, EU, EEA member states and Switzerland can refuse entry to an EU/EEA/Swiss national on public policy, public security or public health grounds where the person presents a "genuine, present and sufficiently serious threat affecting one of the fundamental interests of society".[353] If the person has obtained permanent residence in the country where he/she seeks entry (a status which is normally attained after 5 years of residence), the member state can only expel him/her on serious grounds of public policy or public security. Where the person has resided for 10 years or is a minor, the member state can only expel him/her on imperative grounds of public security (and, in the case of minors, if expulsion is necessary in the best interests of the child, as provided for in the Convention on the Rights of the Child).[354] Expulsion on public health grounds must relate to diseases with 'epidemic potential' which have occurred less than 3 months from the person's the date of arrival in the Member State where he/she seeks entry.[355]
A family member of an EU/EEA/Swiss citizen who is in possession of a residence permit indicating their status is exempt from the requirement to hold a visa when entering the European Union, European Economic Area or Switzerland when they are accompanying their EU/EEA/Swiss family member or are seeking to join them.[356]
Right to consular protection
When in a non-EU country, EU citizens whose country maintains no embassy there have the right to get consular protection from the embassy of any other EU country present there.[357]
As of 2014, there are 16 non-EU countries where there is only one embassy of an EU country: Barbados (EU delegation), Belize (EU office), Central African Republic (France, EU delegation), Comoros (France), Gambia (EU office), Guyana (EU delegation), San Marino (Italy), São Tomé and Príncipe (Portugal), Timor-Leste (Portugal, EU delegation), and Vanuatu (France, EU delegation).
As of 2014, the following 18 non-EU countries have no embassy of an EU country: Bahamas, Bhutan (Denmark Liaison office), Dominica, Grenada, Kiribati, Lesotho (EU delegation), Liechtenstein, Maldives, Marshall Islands, Micronesia, Nauru, Palau, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Samoa (EU office), Swaziland (EU office), Tonga, and Tuvalu.
See also
References
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Travellers heading west from the UK to New Zealand may soon be able to avoid the onerous requirement to clear US border control during the refuelling stop at Los Angeles airport (LAX). Unlike almost every other country in the world, the US insists on a full immigration check even for passengers who simply intend to re-board their plane to continue onwards to a foreign destination. Air New Zealand, which flies daily from Heathrow via Los Angeles to Auckland, says there are currently "strict requirements for travellers" in transit at LAX. Through passengers to Auckland on flight NZ1 or Heathrow on NZ2 must apply in advance for an ESTA (online visa) even though they have no intention of staying in the US. They also have to undergo screening by the Transportation Security Administration.
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Effective April 27, 2018, border control authorities at all of China's ports of entry, including its airports, will start collecting the fingerprints of all foreign visitors aged between 14 and 70. Diplomatic passport holders and beneficiaries of reciprocal agreements are exempted..
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Will visitors still have their digital photo and fingerprints taken at the immigration desk on arrival? Yes, the need to have photos and fingerprints taken upon arrival is to authenticate that the person who applied for the Visa is the same person at the port of entry
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While a requirement for a biometric entry-exit system has been in law for over a decade, it is not yet a reality. Many reasons for the long gestating development have been documented in BPC's 2014 report Entry-Exit System: Progress, Challenges, and Outlook, including the technological, operational, and cost challenges of creating exit systems and infrastructure where none exist today. However, many critics, especially in Congress, simply accused the Department of Homeland security of dragging its feet... the major operational, logistical, and technical challenge in implementing exit capability at our ports has been the land borders. Unlike airports and seaports, the land border environment is not physically controlled, there is no means to get advance information on who is arriving, and the sheer volume of travel—both vehicular and pedestrian—creates challenges in any system to not further exacerbate delays. While biometric exit for land vehicular traffic is still in the "what if" stage, CBP is moving ahead and piloting systems and technology to use with the large population of pedestrian crossers at the U.S.-Mexico border.
- Lipton, Eric (21 May 2013). "U.S. Quietly Monitors Foreigners' Departures at the Canadian Border". The New York Times. Retrieved 25 April 2019.
Long demanded by lawmakers in Congress, it is considered a critical step to developing a coherent program to curb illegal immigration, as historically about 30 percent to 40 percent of illegal immigrants in the United States arrived on tourist visas or other legal means and then never left, according to estimates by Homeland Security officials.
- Lipton, Eric (15 December 2006). "Administration to Drop Effort to Track if Visitors Leave". The New York Times. Retrieved 25 April 2019.
Efforts to determine whether visitors actually leave have faltered. Departure monitoring would help officials hunt for foreigners who have not left, if necessary. Domestic security officials say, however, it would be too expensive to conduct fingerprint or facial recognition scans for land departures.
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The breach of privacy is probably the biggest threat to the biometric technique of iris recognition. Secondly, a device error can false reject or false accept the identity which can also have some heinous consequences. Lastly, the method isn't the most cost-effective one. It is complex and therefore expensive. Furthermore, the maintenance of devices and data can also be relatively burdensome. However, thanks to the oil money and spending ability of Dubai, they are economically equipped to effectively embrace this system.
- Roberts, Jeff John (12 September 2016). "Homeland Security Plans to Expand Fingerprint and Eye Scanning at Borders". Fortune. Fortune Media IP Limited. Retrieved 24 April 2019.
Unlike with documents, it's very hard for a traveler to present a forged copy of a fingerprint or iris. That's why the U.S. Department of Homeland Security plans to vastly expand the amount of biometric data it collects at the borders. According to Passcode, a new program will ramp up a process to scan fingers and eyes in order to stop people entering and exiting the country on someone else's passport.
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Singapore has started scanning travellers' eyes at some of its border checkpoints, its immigration authority said on Monday, in a trial of expensive technology that could one day replace fingerprint verification.
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The iris technology could potentially scan irises covertly, as opposed to the scanning of thumbprints which necessitates active participation.
- Using dense ranking.
- "The Henley Passport Index" (PDF). Henley & Partners Holdings Ltd. 29 January 2022. Retrieved 29 January 2022.
This graph shows the full Global Ranking of the 2022 Henley Passport Index. As the index uses dense ranking, in certain cases, a rank is shared by multiple countries because these countries all have the same level of visa-free or visa-on-arrival access.
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- Article 6.3.2 of the Practical Handbook for Border Guards (C (2006) 5186)
- Judgement of the European Court of Justice of 17 February 2005, Case C 215/03, Salah Oulane vs. Minister voor Vreemdelingenzaken en Integratie
- Article 27 of Directive 2004/38/EC (Directive 2004/38/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 29 April 2004 on the right of citizens of the Union and their family members to move and reside freely within the territory of the Member States).
- Article 28 of Directive 2004/38/EC (Directive 2004/38/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 29 April 2004 on the right of citizens of the Union and their family members to move and reside freely within the territory of the Member States).
- Article 29 of Directive 2004/38/EC (Directive 2004/38/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 29 April 2004 on the right of citizens of the Union and their family members to move and reside freely within the territory of the Member States).
- Articles 3(1) and 5(2) of the Directive 2004/38/EC (Directive 2004/38/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 29 April 2004 on the right of citizens of the Union and their family members to move and reside freely within the territory of the Member States).
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External links
- Timatic service giving subscribers up-to-date information on visa requirements(subscription required) Archived 2021-08-11 at the Wayback Machine