Acephate

Acephate is an organophosphate foliar and soil insecticide of moderate persistence with residual systemic activity of about 10–15 days at the recommended use rate. It is used primarily for control of aphids, including resistant species, in vegetables (e.g. potatoes, carrots, greenhouse tomatoes, and lettuce) and in horticulture (e.g. on roses and greenhouse ornamentals). It also controls leaf miners, caterpillars, sawflies, thrips, and spider mites in the previously stated crops as well as turf, and forestry. By direct application to mounds, it is effective in destroying imported fire ants.

Acephate
Names
Preferred IUPAC name
Dimethyl N-acetylphosphoramidothioate
Identifiers
CAS Number
3D model (JSmol)
ChEBI
ChEMBL
ChemSpider
ECHA InfoCard 100.045.659
KEGG
PubChem CID
RTECS number
  • TB4760000
UNII
InChI
  • InChI=1S/C4H10NO3PS/c1-4(6)5-9(7,8-2)10-3/h1-3H3,(H,5,6,7) Y
    Key: YASYVMFAVPKPKE-UHFFFAOYSA-N Y
  • InChI=1/C4H10NO3PS/c1-4(6)5-9(7,8-2)10-3/h1-3H3,(H,5,6,7)
    Key: YASYVMFAVPKPKE-UHFFFAOYAG
SMILES
  • O=C(NP(=O)(OC)SC)C
Properties
Chemical formula
 C4H10NO3PS
Molar mass 183.16 g·mol−1
Appearance colourless to white solid
Density 1.35 g/cm3
Melting point 88–90 °C (190–194 °F; 361–363 K)
Solubility in water
 79 g/100 mL
Solubility very soluble in acetone
soluble in ethanol
Vapor pressure 2x10−6 mmHg
Hazards
GHS labelling:[1]
Pictograms
Signal word
 Warning
Hazard statements
 H302
Precautionary statements
 P264, P270, P301+P312, P330, P501
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
N verify (what is YN ?)
Infobox references

Acephate is sold as a soluble powder, as emulsifiable concentrates, as pressurized aerosol, and in tree injection systems and granular formulations.

As of 2012, the EPA no longer allows the usage of acephate on green beans grown in the United States.[2]

Toxicology

It is considered non-phytotoxic on many crop plants. Acephate and its primary metabolite, methamidophos, are toxic to Heliothis spp. that are considered resistant to other organophosphate insecticides. Acephate emits toxic fumes of various oxides of phosphorus, nitrogen, and sulfur when heated to decomposition. Symptoms of exposure to acephate include a slight irritation of eyes and skin.

The U.S. annually uses 4–5 million pounds of acephate. The author of one book states that acephate throws off the navigation systems of white-throated sparrows and other songbirds, making them unable to tell north from south.[3]

References
  1. "Acephate". PubChem. Retrieved 2021-03-17.
  2. "Food and Pesticides". 21 February 2013.
  3. Bridget Stutchbury (2007) Silence of the Songbirds, Walker & Company, ISBN 978-0-8027-1691-0
  • U.S. EPA Office of Pesticide Programs.
  • Extension Toxicology Network. Pesticide Information Profiles.
  • Cooperative Extension Offices of Cornell University, Oregon State University, the University of Idaho, and the University of California at Davis.
  • Institute for Environmental Toxicology, Michigan State University.
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