Exiguobacterium

Exiguobacterium is a genus of bacilli and a member of the low GC phyla of Bacillota. Collins et al. first described the genus Exiguobacterium with the characterization of E. aurantiacum strain DSM6208T from an alkaline potato processing plant.[2] It has been found in areas covering a wide range of temperatures (-12 °C—55 °C) including glaciers in Greenland and hot springs in Yellowstone, and has been isolated from ancient permafrost in Siberia.[3] This ability to survive in varying temperature extremes makes them an important area of study. Some strains in addition to dynamic thermal adaption are also halotolerant (up to 13% added NaCl added to the medium), can grow within a wide range of pH values (5-11), tolerate high levels of UV radiation, and heavy metal stress (including arsenic).[4]

Exiguobacterium
Scientific classification
Domain: Bacteria
Phylum: Bacillota
Class: Bacilli
Order: Bacillales
Family: Bacillaceae
Genus: Exiguobacterium
Collins et al. 1983[1]
Type species
Exiguobacterium aurantiacum
Collins et al. 1984
Species

Exiguobacterium are globally diverse organisms that are found in a variety of environments including microbialites (Thrombolite[5] from Pavilion Lake, BC and Stromatolites[6] from Laguna Socompa, Argentina), ocean,[7] freshwater lakes,[8] Himalayan ice,[9] Himalayan soil,[10] hydrothermal vents,[11] brine shrimp,[12] gastrointestinal tract of marine fish[13] and in microbial biofilms [14]

Seven genomes from the genus have been completed as either complete (one circular chromosome, with plasmids) or in a draft format (containing multiple unassembled contigs). A new species of Exiguobacterium chiriqhucha has been found to have global distribution in cold lakes from Greenland, Pavilion Lake BC, and Laguna Negra, Argentina.[15] The 'Chiri qhucha' in Quechua means 'cold lake.' The study of Gutiérrez-Preciado et al. was confirmed by the completion of genomes two strains of Exiguobacterium chiriqhucha RW2 and GIC31.[16] Phospholipid fatty acid analysis (PLFA) of varying temperatures in Exiguobacterium chiriqhucha strain RW2 results in major rearrangements of cellular membrane function which may allow for its temperature, pH and salinity adaptation.[17]

Biodegradation of plastic

According to an article in the Stanford News Service,[18] senior research engineer Wei-Min Wu reported in his article "Biodegradation and Mineralization of Polystyrene by Plastic-Eating Mealworms. 2. Role of Gut Microorganisms."[19] that mealworms can survive on a diet of polystyrene when aided by strain YT2 of Exiguobacterium living in their gut.

Phylogeny

The currently accepted taxonomy is based on the List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature (LPSN)[1] and National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI)[20]

16S rRNA based LTP_01_2022[21][22][23] 120 marker proteins based GTDB 07-RS207[24][25][26]
 
 
 
 

E. enclense Dastager et al. 2015

 
 
 

E. acetylicum (Levine & Soppeland 1926) Farrow, Wallbanks & Collins 1994

 
 

E. indicum Chaturvedi & Shivaji 2006

 
 
 
 
 
 

E. antarcticum Frühling et al. 2002

 
 

E. soli Chaturvedi et al. 2008

 
 
 
 

E. oxidotolerans Yumoto et al. 2004

 
 
 

E. undae Frühling et al. 2002

 
 
 

E. artemiae López-Cortés et al. 2006

 
 

E. sibiricum Rodrigues et al. 2006

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

E. flavidum Meng et al. 2020

 
 
 
 

E. aestuarii Kim et al. 2005

 
 
 

E. qingdaonense Liu et al. 2022

 
 
 

E. marinum Kim et al. 2005

 
 

E. profundum Crapart et al. 2007

 
 
 
 
 
 

E. algae Liu et al. 2022

 
 
 
 

E. alkaliphilum Kulshreshtha et al. 2013

 
 

E. aurantiacum Collins et al. 1984

 
 
 
 

"E. aquaticum" Raichand et al. 2012

 
 

E. mexicanum López-Cortés et al. 2006

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

E. marinum

 
 

E. profundum

 
 
 
 
 

"E. chiriqhucha" Gutierrez-Preciado et al. 2017

 
 

E. mexicanum

 
 
 
 

E. alkaliphilum

 
 

E. aurantiacum

 
 
 
 
 
 

E. flavidum

 
 
 
 

E. acetylicum

 
 

E. indicum (incl. Exiguobacterium enclense)

 
 
 
 

E. oxidotolerans

 
 
 

E. undae

 
 
 

E. antarcticum

 
 

E. sibiricum

 
 
 
 
 
 
 

See also

References
  1. A.C. Parte; et al. "Exiguobacterium". List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature (LPSN). Retrieved 2022-09-09.
  2. Collins MD, Lund BM, Farrow JA, Schleifer KH (1983). "Chemotaxonomic study of an alkaliphilic bacterium, Exiguobacterium aurantiacum gen nov., sp. nov". J. Gen. Microbiol. 129 (7): 2037–2042. doi:10.1099/00221287-129-7-2037.
  3. Vishnivetskaya, Tatiana A.; Kathariou, Sophia; Tiedje, James M. (May 2009). "The Exiguobacterium genus: biodiversity and biogeography". Extremophiles. 13 (3): 541–555. arXiv:1109.6589. doi:10.1007/s00792-009-0243-5. PMID 19381755. S2CID 10667997.
  4. Ordoñeza OF, Lanzarottid E, Kurtha D, Gorritia MF, Revalec S, Cortez N, Vazquez MP, Farías ME, Turjanskie AG (July–August 2013). "Draft Genome Sequence of the Polyextremophilic Exiguobacterium sp. Strain S17, Isolated from Hyperarsenic Lakes in the Argentinian Puna". Genome Announcements. 1 (4): 2037–2042. doi:10.1128/genomeA.00480-13. PMC 3735063. PMID 23887911.
  5. White III RA, Grassa CJ, Suttle CA (July–August 2013). "Draft Genome Sequence of an Exiguobacterium pavilionensis Strain RW-2 with Wide Thermal, Salinity, and pH Tolerance, Isolated from Modern Freshwater Microbialites". Genome Announcements. 1 (4): e00597–13. doi:10.1128/genomeA.00597-13. PMC 3738901. PMID 23929485.
  6. Ordoñez OF, Lanzarotti E, Kurth D, Gorriti MF, Revale S, Cortez N, Vazquez MP, Farías ME, Turjanski AG (July–August 2013). "Draft Genome Sequence of the Polyextremophilic Exiguobacterium sp. Strain S17, Isolated from Hyperarsenic Lakes in the Argentinian Puna". Genome Announcements. 1 (4): 2037–2042. doi:10.1128/genomeA.00480-13. PMC 3735063. PMID 23887911.
  7. Kim IJ, Lee MH, Jung SY, Song JJ, Oh TK, Yoon JH (2005). "Exiguobacterium aestuarii sp. nov. and E. marinum sp. nov., isolated from tidal flat of the yellow sea in Korea". Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 55 (2): 885–889. doi:10.1099/ijs.0.63308-0. PMID 15774680.
  8. Raichand R, Pareek S, Singh NK, Mayilraj S (2012). "Exiguobacterium aquaticum sp. nov., a new member of the genus Exiguobacterium". Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 62 (Pt 9): 2150–2155. doi:10.1099/ijs.0.035790-0. PMID 22058319.
  9. Chaturvedi P, Shivaji S (2006). "Exiguobacterium indicum sp. nov., a psychrophilic bacterium from the Hamta glacier of the Himalayan mountain ranges of India". Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 56 (103): 2765–2770. doi:10.1099/ijs.0.64508-0. PMID 17158975.
  10. Singh NK, Raichand R, Kaur I, Kaur C, Pareek S, Mayilraj S (2013). "Exiguobacterium himgiriensis sp. nov., a novel member of the genus Exiguobacterium, isolated from the Indian Himalayas". Antonie van Leeuwenhoek. 103 (4): 789–796. doi:10.1007/s10482-012-9861-5. PMID 23229437. S2CID 2499061.
  11. Crapart S, Fardeau ML, Cayol JL, Thomas P, Sery C, Ollivier B, Combet-Blanc Y (2007). "Exiguobacterium profundum sp., nov., a moderately thermophilic, lactic acid-producing bacterium isolated from a deep-sea hydrothermal vent". Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 57 (Pt 2): 287–292. doi:10.1099/ijs.0.64639-0. PMID 17267965.
  12. Lopez-Cortes A, Schumann P, Pukall R, Stackebrandt E (2006). "Exiguobacterium mexicanum sp. nov. and Exiguobacterium artemiae sp., nov., isolated from the brine shrimp Artemia franciscana". Syst. Appl. Microbiol. 29 (3): 183–190. doi:10.1016/j.syapm.2005.09.007. PMID 16564954.
  13. Hossain TJ, Chowdhury SI, Mozumder HA, Chowdhury MN, Ali F, Rahman N, Dey S (2020). "Hydrolytic Exoenzymes Produced by Bacteria Isolated and Identified From the Gastrointestinal Tract of Bombay Duck". Front. Microbiol. 11 (2097): 2150–2155. doi:10.3389/fmicb.2020.02097. PMC 7479992. PMID 32983064.
  14. Carneiro AR; Ramos RT; Dall’Agnol H; Pinto AC; de Castro Soares S; Santos AR; Guimarães LC; Almeida SS; Baraúna RA; das Graças DA; Franco LC; Ali A; Hassan SS; Nunes CI; Barbosa MS; Fiaux KK; Aburjaile FF; Barbosa EG; Bakhtiar SM; Vilela D; Nóbrega F; dos Santos AL; Carepo MS; Azevedo V; Schneider MP; Pellizari VH; Silva A (2012). "Genome sequence of Exiguobacterium antarcticum B7, isolated from a biofilm in Ginger Lake, King George Island, Antarctica". J. Bacteriol. 194 (23): 6689–6690. doi:10.1128/JB.01791-12. PMC 3497522. PMID 23144424.
  15. Gutiérrez-Preciado A, Vargas-Chávez C, Reyes-Prieto M, Ordoñez OF, Santos-García D, Rosas-Pérez T, Valdivia-Anistro J, Rebollar EA, Saralegui A, Moya A, Merino E, Farías ME, Latorre A, Souza V. (2017). "The genomic sequence of Exiguobacterium chiriqhucha str. N139 reveals a species that thrives in cold waters and extreme environmental conditions". PeerJ. 5: e3162. doi:10.7717/peerj.3162. PMC 5399880. PMID 28439458.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: uses authors parameter (link)
  16. White III RA, Soles SA, Gavelis G, Gosselin E, Slater GF, Lim DSS, Leander B, Suttle CA. (2019). "The complete genome and physiological analysis of the eurythermal firmicute Exiguobacterium chiriqhucha strain RW2 isolated from a freshwater microbialite, widely adaptable to broad thermal, pH, and salinity ranges". Frontiers in Microbiology. 9: 3189. doi:10.3389/fmicb.2018.03189. PMC 6331483. PMID 30671032.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: uses authors parameter (link)
  17. White III RA, Soles SA, Gavelis G, Gosselin E, Slater GF, Lim DSS, Leander B, Suttle CA. (2019). "The complete genome and physiological analysis of the eurythermal firmicute Exiguobacterium chiriqhucha strain RW2 isolated from a freshwater microbialite, widely adaptable to broad thermal, pH, and salinity ranges". Frontiers in Microbiology. 9: 3189. doi:10.3389/fmicb.2018.03189. PMC 6331483. PMID 30671032.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: uses authors parameter (link)
  18. "Plastic-eating worms may offer solution to mounting waste, Stanford researchers discover - Stanford News Release". news.stanford.edu. 2015-09-29.
  19. Yang Y, Yang J, Wu WM, Zhao J, Song Y, Gao L, Yang R, Jiang L (2015). "Biodegradation and Mineralization of Polystyrene by Plastic-Eating Mealworms: Part 2. Role of Gut Microorganisms". Environ. Sci. Technol. 49 (20): 12087–93. Bibcode:2015EnST...4912087Y. doi:10.1021/acs.est.5b02663. PMID 26390390.
  20. Sayers; et al. "Exiguobacterium". National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) taxonomy database. Retrieved 2022-09-09.
  21. "The LTP". Retrieved 23 February 2022.
  22. "LTP_all tree in newick format". Retrieved 23 February 2022.
  23. "LTP_01_2022 Release Notes" (PDF). Retrieved 23 February 2022.
  24. "GTDB release 07-RS207". Genome Taxonomy Database. Retrieved 20 June 2022.
  25. "bac120_r207.sp_labels". Genome Taxonomy Database. Retrieved 20 June 2022.
  26. "Taxon History". Genome Taxonomy Database. Retrieved 20 June 2022.
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