恐懼

See also: 恐惧

Chinese

		afraid; frightened; to fear	to fear
trad. (恐懼)		恐	懼
simp. (恐惧)		恐	惧

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Pinyin): kǒngjù

(Zhuyin): ㄎㄨㄥˇ ㄐㄩˋ
Cantonese (Jyutping): hung² geoi⁶
Min Nan (POJ): khióng-kū / khióng-kī / khióng-khū

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)
  - Pinyin: kǒngjù
  - Zhuyin: ㄎㄨㄥˇ ㄐㄩˋ
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: koongjiw
  - IPA ^(key): /kʰʊŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹¹ t͡ɕy⁵¹/
  - Homophones:
    [Show/Hide]
    ^edit
    ^edit
    孔鋸／孔锯
    恐懼／恐惧
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou)⁺
  - Jyutping: hung² geoi⁶
  - Yale: húng geuih
  - Cantonese Pinyin: hung² goey⁶
  - Guangdong Romanization: hung² gêu⁶
  - IPA ^(key): /hʊŋ³⁵ kɵy̯²²/
Min Nan
- (Hokkien: Quanzhou, General Taiwanese, Xiamen)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: khióng-kū
  - Tâi-lô: khióng-kū
  - Phofsit Daibuun: qiofngku
  - IPA (Taipei): /kʰiɔŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ ku³³/
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /kʰiɔŋ⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ ku⁴¹/
  - IPA (Xiamen): /kʰiɔŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ ku²²/
  - IPA (Kaohsiung): /kʰiɔŋ⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ ku³³/
- (Hokkien: Zhangzhou)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: khióng-kī
  - Tâi-lô: khióng-kī
  - Phofsit Daibuun: qiofngki
  - IPA (Zhangzhou): /kʰiɔŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ ki²²/
- (Hokkien: variant in Taiwan)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: khióng-khū
  - Tâi-lô: khióng-khū
  - Phofsit Daibuun: qiofngqu
  - IPA (Kaohsiung): /kʰiɔŋ⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ kʰu³³/
  - IPA (Taipei): /kʰiɔŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ kʰu³³/

Adjective

恐懼

frightened; terrified; scared

Synonyms

恐慌 (kǒnghuāng)
惶恐 (huángkǒng)
驚恐／惊恐 (jīngkǒng)

驚惶／惊惶 (jīnghuáng) (literary or Min Nan)
驚慌／惊慌 (jīnghuāng)
驚駭／惊骇 (jīnghài) (literary)

Verb

恐懼

to fear
- 林憶蓮首度談初戀男友　坦言不會恐懼再婚(組圖) [MSC, trad.]
  林忆莲首度谈初恋男友　坦言不会恐惧再婚(组图) [MSC, simp.]
  From: 2005, , 信息时报
  Lín Yìlián shǒudù tán chūliàn nányǒu; tǎnyán bùhuì kǒngjù zàihūn (zǔtú) [Pinyin]
  (please add an English translation of this example)
- 易卜生一直恐懼從高處向下或者從平地向深淵看 [MSC, trad.]
  易卜生一直恐惧从高处向下或者从平地向深渊看 [MSC, simp.]
  From: 2006, 林兆华心灵对话易卜生晚年作品《建筑大师》, 北京日报
  Yìbǔshēng yīzhí kǒngjù cóng gāochù xiàng xià huòzhě cóng píngdì xiàng shēnyuān kàn [Pinyin]
  (please add an English translation of this example)
- 使人恐懼死亡或重傷而進行勒索 [MSC, trad.]
  使人恐惧死亡或重伤而进行勒索 [MSC, simp.]
  From: 2019, 社媒流传警官涉勒索‧柔警展开调查, 星洲日报
  shǐ rén kǒngjù sǐwáng huò zhòngshāng ér jìnxíng lèsuǒ [Pinyin]
  (please add an English translation of this example)

Noun

恐懼

fear
- 數字13：古老恐懼變成現代浪漫 [MSC, trad.]
  数字13：古老恐惧变成现代浪漫 [MSC, simp.]
  From: 2004, 北京科技报
  shùzì 13: gǔlǎo kǒngjù biànchéng xiàndài làngmàn [Pinyin]
  (please add an English translation of this example)
- 我雖然非常好奇，但心中的恐懼卻在左右我的行為。 [MSC, trad.]
  我虽然非常好奇，但心中的恐惧却在左右我的行为。 [MSC, simp.]
  From: 2018, 含羞草的约定, 联合早报
  Wǒ suīrán fēicháng hàoqí, dàn xīnzhōng de kǒngjù què zài zuǒyòu wǒ de xíngwéi. [Pinyin]
  (please add an English translation of this example)
- 愛與求知，帶我打敗恐懼 [MSC, trad.]
  爱与求知，带我打败恐惧 [MSC, simp.]
  From: 2019, , 新浪健康
  ài yǔ qiúzhī, dài wǒ dǎbài kǒngjù [Pinyin]
  (please add an English translation of this example)

Derived terms

恐懼症／恐惧症 (kǒngjùzhèng)

See also

恐怖 (kǒngbù)

Japanese

Kanji in this term
恐	懼
きょう Grade: S	く Hyōgaiji
on’yomi

Noun

恐懼 (hiragana きょうく, rōmaji kyōku)

being struck with awe

Verb

恐懼する (hiragana きょうくする, rōmaji kyōku suru)

to be struck with awe

Conjugation

Conjugation of "恐懼する" (See Appendix:Japanese verbs.)

Stem forms
Imperfective (未然形)	恐懼し	きょうくし	kyōku shi
Continuative (連用形)	恐懼し	きょうくし	kyōku shi
Terminal (終止形)	恐懼する	きょうくする	kyōku suru
Attributive (連体形)	恐懼する	きょうくする	kyōku suru
Hypothetical (仮定形)	恐懼すれ	きょうくすれ	kyōku sure
Imperative (命令形)	恐懼せよ¹ 恐懼しろ²	きょうくせよ¹ きょうくしろ²	kyōku seyo¹ kyōku shiro²
Key constructions
Passive	恐懼される	きょうくされる	kyōku sareru
Causative	恐懼させる恐懼さす	きょうくさせるきょうくさす	kyōku saseru kyōku sasu
Potential	恐懼できる	きょうくできる	kyōku dekiru
Volitional	恐懼しよう	きょうくしよう	kyōku shiyō
Negative	恐懼しない	きょうくしない	kyōku shinai
Negative continuative	恐懼せず	きょうくせず	kyōku sezu
Formal	恐懼します	きょうくします	kyōku shimasu
Perfective	恐懼した	きょうくした	kyōku shita
Conjunctive	恐懼して	きょうくして	kyōku shite
Hypothetical conditional	恐懼すれば	きょうくすれば	kyōku sureba
¹ Written imperative ² Spoken imperative

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