Arteriosclerosis

Not to be confused with Atherosclerosis.
Arteriosclerosis
File:PMC3531254 1471-2369-13-139-1.jpg
  • Top:Blood vessel-plaque and cholesterol

  • Bottom: Arteriosclerosis defined as a thickening of intima
SpecialtyPathology
SymptomsSudden weakness[1]
CausesSmoking, High blood pressure[1]
Diagnostic methodBlood test, EKG[1]
TreatmentTreatment of underlying condition[2]

Arteriosclerosis is a vascular disorder characterized by abnormal thickening, hardening, and loss of elasticity[3] of the walls of arteries;[4] this process gradually restricts the blood flow to one's organs and tissues and can lead to severe health risks brought on by atherosclerosis, which is a specific form of arteriosclerosis caused by the buildup of fatty plaques, cholesterol, and some other substances in and on the artery walls (it can be brought on by smoking, a bad diet, or many genetic factors).

Atherosclerosis is the primary cause of coronary artery disease (CAD) and stroke, with multiple genetic and environmental contributions. Genetic-epidemiologic studies have identified a long list of genetic and non-genetic risk factors for CAD. However, such studies indicate that family history is the most significant independent risk factor.

Signs and symptoms

The signs and symptoms of arteriosclerosis depend on the vessel affected by the disease. If affecting cerebral or ophthalmic vessels, as in cerebrovascular accidents or transient ischemic attacks, signs and symptoms may include sudden weakness, facial or lower limb numbness, confusion, difficulty understanding speech, and problems seeing.[1] If affecting coronary vessels, as in coronary artery disease (including acute myocardial ischemia or a "heart attack"), signs and symptoms may include chest pain.

Pathophysiology

Monckeberg's arteriosclerosis

The lesions of arteriosclerosis begin as the intima (innermost layer of blood vessel wall) of the arterial wall start to fill up with the deposition of cellular wastes. As these start to mature, they can take different forms of arteriosclerosis. All are linked through common features such as the stiffening of arterial vessels, thickening of arterial walls and degenerative nature of the disease.[5][6][7][8]

  • Arteriolosclerosis, unlike atherosclerosis, is a sclerosis that only affects small arteries and arterioles, which carry nutrients and blood to the cells.[9]
  • Atherosclerosis is the narrowing of arteries from a buildup of plaque, usually made up of cholesterol, fatty substances, cellular waste products, calcium, and fibrin, inside the arteries. This affects large and medium-sized arteries; however, its positioning varies person to person.[10]
  • Monckeberg's arteriosclerosis or medial calcific sclerosis is seen mostly in the elderly, commonly in arteries of the extremities.[11]
  • Hyperplastic: Hyperplastic arteriosclerosis refers to the type of arteriosclerosis that affects large and medium-sized arteries.[12]
  • Hyaline type: Hyaline arteriosclerosis, also referred to as arterial hyalinosis and arteriolar hyalinosis, refers to lesions that are caused by the deposition of homogenous hyaline in the small arteries and arterioles.[13]

Diagnosis

EKG
Further information: atherosclerosis § Diagnosis

Diagnosis of an individual suspected of having arteriosclerosis can be based on a physical exam, blood test, EKG and the results of these tests (among other exams).[1]

Treatment

Treatment is often in the form of preventive measures of prophylaxis. Medical therapy is often prescribed to help prevent arteriosclerosis for underlying conditions, such as medications for the treatment of high cholesterol (e.g., statins, cholesterol absorption inhibitors), medications to treat high blood pressure (e.g., ACE inhibitors, angiotensin II receptor blockers),[2] and antiplatelet medications. Lifestyle changes are also advised, such as increasing exercise, stopping smoking, and moderating alcohol intake.[1]

ACE inhibitor

There are a variety of types of surgery:

  • Angioplasty and stent placement: A catheter is first inserted into the blocked or narrowed part of the artery, followed by a second one with a deflated balloon that is passed through the catheter into the narrowed area. The balloon is then inflated, pushing the deposits back against the arterial walls, and then a mesh tube is usually left behind to prevent the artery from retightening.[14]
  • Coronary artery bypass surgery: This surgery creates a new pathway for blood to flow to the heart. The surgeon attaches a healthy piece of vein to the coronary artery, just above and below the blockage to allow bypass.[15]
  • Endarterectomy: This is the general procedure for the surgical removal of plaque from the artery that has become narrowed or blocked.[16]
  • Thrombolytic therapy: This is a treatment used to break up masses of plaque inside the arteries via intravenous clot-dissolving medicine.[17]

Epidemiology

In 2008, the US had an estimate of 16 million atherosclerotic heart disease and 5.8 million strokes. Cardiovascular diseases that were caused by arteriosclerosis also caused almost 812,000 deaths in 2008, more than any other cause, including cancer. About 1.2 million Americans are predicted to have a heart attack each year.[18]

History

The diagnostics and clinical implications of this disease were not recognized until the 20th century. Many cases have been observed and recorded, and Jean Lobstein coined the term arteriosclerosis while he was analyzing the composition of calcified arterial lesions.[19]

The name "arteriosclerosis" is derived the Greek words ἀρτηρία (artēría, artery) and σκληρωτικός (sklērōtikós, hardened).[20]

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 "How Is Atherosclerosis Diagnosed? - NHLBI, NIH". www.nhlbi.nih.gov. Archived from the original on 2017-10-05. Retrieved 2015-06-19.
  2. 1 2 "ACE inhibitors". MedlinePlus. Archived from the original on 2016-07-05. Retrieved 2023-10-05.
  3. ↑ Yokobori, Jr; Ohmi, Toshihito; Monma, Ryouhei; Tomono, Yuki; Inoue, Kyousuke; Owa, Michiaki; Ichiki, Masataka; Mochizuki, Noriko; Yamashita, Hidetoshi (2013-01-01). "Correlation between the characteristics of acceleration and visco elasticity of artery wall under pulsatile flow conditions (physical meaning of I * as a parameter of progressive behaviors of atherosclerosis and arteriosclerosis)". Bio-Medical Materials and Engineering. 23 (1–2): 75–91. doi:10.3233/BME-120734. ISSN 0959-2989. Archived from the original on 2023-10-11. Retrieved 2023-10-05.
  4. ↑ "arteriosclerosis" at Dorland's Medical Dictionary
  5. ↑ Dihlmann, S.; Peters, A. S.; Hakimi, M. (September 2019). "[Development of arteriosclerosis]". Der Pathologe. 40 (5): 559–572. doi:10.1007/s00292-019-00656-z. ISSN 1432-1963. Archived from the original on 2023-10-19. Retrieved 2023-10-12.
  6. ↑ "The pathogenesis of arteriosclerosis". International Journal of Epidemiology. 44 (6): 1791–1793. December 2015. doi:10.1093/ije/dyv347. Archived from the original on 5 June 2018. Retrieved 12 October 2023.
  7. ↑ Rubin, Raphael; Strayer, David S.; Rubin, Emanuel (2011-02-01). Rubin's Pathology: Clinicopathologic Foundations of Medicine. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. ISBN 9781605479682. Archived from the original on 2023-10-19. Retrieved 2023-10-05.
  8. ↑ Insull, William (2009). "The Pathology of Atherosclerosis: Plaque Development and Plaque Responses to Medical Treatment". The American Journal of Medicine. 122 (1 Suppl): S3–S14. doi:10.1016/j.amjmed.2008.10.013. PMID 19110086.
  9. ↑ Diehm, C.; Allenberg, J.-R.; Nimura-Eckert, K.; Veith, F. J. (2013-11-11). Color Atlas of Vascular Diseases. Springer Science & Business Media. ISBN 9783662062876. Archived from the original on 2023-10-19. Retrieved 2023-10-05.
  10. ↑ "Atherosclerosis". MedlinePlus. Archived from the original on 2016-07-05. Retrieved 2023-10-05.
  11. ↑ Mohan, Harsh (2012-11-30). Pathology Practical Book. JP Medical Ltd. ISBN 9789350902660. Archived from the original on 2023-10-19. Retrieved 2023-10-05.
  12. ↑ "hyperplastic arteriosclerosis". Archived from the original on 2018-11-20. Retrieved 2015-06-19.
  13. ↑ "hyaline arteriolosclerosis". Archived from the original on 2018-11-20. Retrieved 2015-06-19.
  14. ↑ "Angioplasty". MedlinePlus. Archived from the original on 2016-07-04. Retrieved 2023-10-05.
  15. ↑ "Coronary Artery Bypass Surgery". MedlinePlus. Archived from the original on 2016-07-05. Retrieved 2023-10-05.
  16. ↑ "Atherosclerosis -Treatment". UK NHS. Archived from the original on 5 June 2016. Retrieved 21 November 2013.
  17. ↑ MedlinePlus Encyclopedia: Thrombolytic therapy
  18. ↑ "Atherosclerosis". Merck Manuals. Archived from the original on 27 March 2015. Retrieved 13 February 2015.
  19. ↑ Mayerl, Christina; Lukasser, Melanie; Sedivy, Roland; Niederegger, Harald; Seiler, Ruediger; Wick, Georg (2006). "Atherosclerosis research from past to present—on the track of two pathologists with opposing views, Carl von Rokitansky and Rudolf Virchow". Virchows Archiv. 449 (1): 96–103. doi:10.1007/s00428-006-0176-7. PMID 16612625. S2CID 10899998. Archived from the original on 2022-03-16. Retrieved 2023-10-05.
  20. ↑ Copstead-Kirkhorn, Lee-Ellen C.; Banasik, Jacquelyn L. (2014-06-25). Pathophysiology. Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 322. ISBN 9780323293174. Archived from the original on 2023-10-19. Retrieved 25 July 2016.

Further reading

Classification
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