White sponge nevus

White sponge nevus
Other names: White sponge naevus, Cannon's disease, Hereditary leukokeratosis of mucosa, White sponge nevus of Cannon, Familial white folded dysplasia,[1][2] or Oral epithelial nevus[3]
White sponge nevus has an autosomal dominant pattern of inheritance.

White sponge nevus WSN, is an autosomal dominant[4] condition of the oral mucosa (the mucous membrane lining of the mouth). It is caused by a mutations in certain genes coding for keratin, which causes a defect in the normal process of keratinization of the mucosa. This results in lesions which are thick, white and velvety on the inside of the cheeks within the mouth. Usually, these lesions are present from birth or develop during childhood. The condition is entirely harmless, and no treatment is required.

Signs and symptoms

Lesion view

It presents itself in the mouth, most frequently as a thick, bilateral, symmetrical white plaques with a spongy, corrugated or velvety texture. Most usually, the lesions are on the buccal mucosa, but sometimes on the labial mucosa, alveolar ridge, floor of the mouth, ventral surface of the tongue or soft palate. The gingival margin and dorsum of the tongue are almost never affected. Less commonly, sites outside the mouth are affected, including the nasal, esophageal, laryngeal, anal and genital mucosae.[5]

It usually is present from birth, or develops during childhood. Rarely, the lesions may develop during adolescence. Apart from the appearance of the affected areas, there are usually no other signs or symptoms.[5]

Pathophysiology

WSN is caused by a mutation of the keratin 4 or keratin 13 genes,[4][6] located respectively at human chromosomes 12q13[7] and 17q21-q22.[8] The condition is inherited in an autosomal dominant manner.[4] This indicates that the defective gene responsible for a disorder is located on an autosome (chromosomes 12 and 17 are autosomes), and only one copy of the defective gene is sufficient to cause the disorder, when inherited from a parent who has the disorder.

Diagnosis

Differential diagnosis

It is often mistaken for leukoplakia.[9]

Classification

The ICD-10 lists WSN under "other congenital malformations of mouth". It could be classified as a skin condition,[10] or more precisely as a genodermatosis (a genetically determined skin disorder).[5]

Treatment

There is no treatment, but because this is a benign condition with no serious clinical complications, prognosis is excellent.

See also

References

  1. ↑ Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM): 193900
  2. ↑ Rapini, Ronald P.; Bolognia, Jean L.; Jorizzo, Joseph L. (2007). Dermatology: 2-Volume Set. St. Louis: Mosby. pp. 709, 734, 738, 740. ISBN 978-1-4160-2999-1.
  3. ↑ Soames, JV; Southam, J.C. (1999). Oral pathology (3rd ed.). Oxford [u.a.]: Oxford Univ. Press. pp. 141. ISBN 978-0192628947.
  4. 1 2 3 Terrinoni A, Rugg EL, Lane EB, et al. (Mar 2001). "A novel mutation in the keratin 13 gene causing oral white sponge nevus". J. Dent. Res. 80 (3): 919–923. doi:10.1177/00220345010800031401. PMID 11379896. S2CID 12340591.
  5. 1 2 3 Bouquot, Brad W. Neville, Douglas D. Damm, Carl M. Allen, Jerry E. (2002). Oral & maxillofacial pathology (2. ed.). Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders. pp. 645–646. ISBN 978-0721690032.
  6. ↑ McGowan KA, Fuchs H, Hrabé de Angelis M, Barsh GS (Jan 2007). "Identification of a Keratin 4 mutation in a chemically induced mouse mutant that models white sponge nevus". J. Invest. Dermatol. 127 (1): 60–64. doi:10.1038/sj.jid.5700498. PMID 16858417.
  7. ↑ Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM): 123940
  8. ↑ Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM): 148065
  9. ↑ Villa A, Woo SB (April 2017). "Leukoplakia-A Diagnostic and Management Algorithm". Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery. 75 (4): 723–734. doi:10.1016/j.joms.2016.10.012. PMID 27865803.
  10. ↑ James, William D.; Berger, Timothy G.; et al. (2006). Andrews' Diseases of the Skin: Clinical Dermatology. Saunders Elsevier. p. 807. ISBN 978-0-7216-2921-6.
Classification
External resources
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